Gas Usage Research Articles

Theoretical and Numerical Study on The Effect of Ambient Temperature Towards Gas Dispersion in Indoor Environment using CFD approach

The usage of harmful chemical gas and natural gas has been increasing rapidly which increase the risk of gas leakage incident to occur especially in the indoor environment. It is important to learn the gas dispersal behavior in order to mitigate the casualty caused by gas leakage. In addition, one of the factors that contribute to the dispersion of gas is temperature. This paper focuses to study the role of ambient temperature toward gas dispersion in an indoor environment by looking at the theoretical and numerical knowledge of gas diffusion's relationship with temperature. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been utilized to simulate gas dispersion at different ambient temperature levels in an indoor environment. This study released ethanol vapor to simulate gas dispersion at 5°C, 25°C, and 40°C of ambient temperature to observe the way gas distribute in the indoor environment. Both results from the theoretical calculation and simulation were compared. The result indicates that the gas diffusivity has an increment of 3.5% for every 5°C increment of the temperature. This causes the gas to diffuse rapidly in the warm air compared to the cool air. This paper also finds out that when the initial ambient temperature which is 5°C, was increased to 25°C and 40°C it causes the spread distance of the gas increased by 13.75% and 32.50% respectively.

Rapid Building Energy Modeling Using Prototype Model and Automatic Model Calibration for Retrofit Analysis with Uncertainty

Building performance simulation can be used for retrofit analysis. However, it is time-consuming to create building energy models for existing buildings. This paper presented and implemented a rapid building energy modeling method for existing buildings by using prototype models and automatic model calibration for retrofit analysis with uncertainty. A shopping mall building located in Changsha, China, was selected as a case study to demonstrate the rapid modeling method. First, a toolkit named AutoBPS-Param was developed to generate building energy models with parameterized geometry data. A baseline EnergyPlus model was generated based on the building’s basic information, including vintage, climate zone, total floor area, and percentage of each function type. Next, Monte Carlo sampling was applied to generate 1000 combinations for fourteen parameters. One thousand EnergyPlus models were created by modifying the baseline model with each parameter combination. Moreover, the 1000 simulation results were compared with the measured monthly electricity and natural gas usage data to find 29 calibrated solutions. Finally, the 29 calibrated energy models were used to evaluate the energy-saving potential of three energy conservation measures with uncertainty. The retrofit analysis results indicated that the electrical energy saving percentage of chiller replacement ranged from 1.57% to 13.51%, with an average of 8.27%. The energy-saving rate of lighting system replacement ranged from 1.92% to 11.66%, with an average of 6.43%. The energy-saving rate of window replacement ranges from 0.31% to 1.81%, with an average of 0.55%. The results showed that AutoBPS-Param could rapidly create building energy models for existing buildings and can be used for retrofit analysis after model calibration.

The Consequences of Legal Challenges for Oil and Gas Industry: Global Trends in Climate Change Litigation and Management

Background: Globally, there is mounting concern regarding climate change, which scientific consensus confirms through the undeniable rise in global temperatures. The blame for this unwavering trend can be attributed to anthropogenic activities, specifically non-renewable resource combustion like oil and gas usage. Consequently, there is an urgent need to curb greenhouse gas emissions and make the transition towards more eco-friendly energy sources. In recent years, the oil and gas sector has come under scrutiny and faced numerous legal challenges due to its role in perpetuating greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change litigation has emerged as an effective instrument for enforcing corporate accountability and promoting the adoption of sustainable energy alternatives. Methods: A thorough examination was carried out using a multi-faceted strategy that took into account legal, environmental, economic, and social aspects. The study encompassed an exhaustive assessment of both domestic and international laws and regulations relevant to climate change and the oil and gas sector. Moreover, various secondary sources concerning emission standards governing bodies, carbon pricing mechanisms, as well as other climate- related policies impacting the industry were also taken into consideration. Furthermore, pertinent case law records and dispute resolution systems were examined to evaluate the efficacy of existing legal frameworks. Results and conclusion: It has been noted that there has been a notable escalation in the number of legal disputes regarding climate change worldwide in recent times. These legal actions are intended to determine corporate accountability and encourage the implementation of ecologically sustainable sources of energy. The petroleum and natural gas industry is a significant contributor to the emission of greenhouse gases, which causes detrimental ecological effects both locally and globally. The key cause of climate change is the release of greenhouse gases, and it is crucial for this sector to limit these emissions if it is to effectively tackle the challenges posed by climate change.

Improvement of Saccharomyces propagation performance through oxygen-enriched air and aeration parameter variation

A variety of yeast applications in the food and beverage industry require individual and reproducible yeast propagation at high yields and consistent quality. One quality-determining parameter for yeast propagation is effective aeration to avoid oxygen depletion. Therefore, this work investigated three important aeration parameters: airflow, pulse time, and oxygen concentration, for their influence on yeast propagation. The aeration of a propagator involves phase transitions which are gradient-driven processes and can be accelerated with higher gradients between the liquid medium and the gas bubbles. In this study, oxygen-enriched air generated with membrane filters was used to aerate the system in an easy and cost-efficient way without the need for expensive technical gas usage. Propagation experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale reactor equipped with a membrane filter system for enhanced oxygen concentrations in ingas and online sensors for representative monitoring of the process. The membrane filter system is based on the separation of nitrogen in compressed air, leading to oxygen enrichment. Using oxygen-enriched air for propagation aeration showed higher oxygen transfer into the medium and the anaerobic process time caused by oxygen depletion due to high cell numbers was reduced by an average of 7.4% for pulsed aeration. Additionally, we conducted experiments with controlled measures of dissolved oxygen using different oxygen concentrations for aeration. The main objective of this study is to present a new and affordable optimization of propagation aeration using membrane filtration to enrich process air. The results showed increased cell counts for higher ingas oxygen concentrations and no negative impact on cell vitality was observed. Hence, our investigations showed that using oxygen-enriched air reduced the frequency of pulsed aeration, thus hindering foam formation, a limiting factor of the yeast propagation process.

Solutions to Achieve High-Efficient and Clean Building HVAC Systems

The building sector accounts for a substantial amount of energy consumption, resulting in higher carbon emissions and environmental impact worldwide. Electrification and energy efficiency in building systems can be the key to decarbonization in buildings. This research proposes new heating and cooling loops consisting of heat pumps to lower natural gas usage in building systems. Typical chillers and boilers in the cooling and heating loops are replaced with heat pumps to serve the loads and maintain thermal comfort in the building. In addition, a new optimal supply air temperature (SAT) reset strategy is also implemented with the proposed configuration for better system performance. A large multi-zone office building is simulated as a case study to measure the conventional system’s electricity and natural gas consumption and the proposed design. Even with heat pumps that use electricity as the energy source, electricity consumption is reduced by 3.3% to 11.8% in different climate zones for the proposed system. On the other hand, 10.2% to 67% lower natural gas is consumed when the proposed system and the optimal SAT reset are utilized. The carbon emission is also reduced by 10.8% to 38% compared to the conventional system. The results show that the proposed design and optimization strategy can lead to significant energy and cost savings in conjunction with lower carbon emissions.

Effects of split diesel injection strategies on combustion, knocking, cyclic variations and emissions of a natural gas-diesel dual fuel medium speed engine

Accelerated by the harms and depletion risk of fossil fuels, transition to low-carbon or renewable fuels have become an urgent need for combustion engines to decarbonize transport sectors. Natural gas-diesel dual-fuel combustion is a promising method to achieve these goals by allowing the usage of natural gas in diesel engines. However, this concept has drawbacks of low combustion efficiency, high unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and high cyclic variations at low engine loads. These drawbacks hinder the benefits of dual-fuel such as low NOx and soot emissions. To find solutions to these drawbacks, split diesel injections with variable injection timings and mass split ratios (ratio of first injection diesel mass to total diesel mass) were investigated experimentally and numerically on a medium speed marine engine at low load using constant natural gas and diesel amounts.Experimental results of the split injection were compared to single injection dual-fuel and conventional diesel operation. Single injection case resulted in slightly lower HC emissions and cyclic variations and higher NOx emissions than split cases in a narrow injection timing interval. Apart from that, split injections increased combustion efficiency and decreased cyclic variations in a broader timing interval. For split cases, early first injection timing prevented high premixed heat release peak, suppressed NOx emissions and knocking. Especially, using 70% split ratio with retarded second injections increased combustion efficiency, decreased knocking level and provided simultaneous reduction of HC and NOx emissions compared to lower split ratio cases. In short, despite not giving the minimum values at all conditions, split injection showed potential to find a remedy to high HC emissions and cyclic variations issues by keeping robust operation in a wider injection timing interval.The numerical results support the experiments in which better combustion and decreased HC emissions are attained using sufficiently early diesel injections. Simulations show that, compared to late single injection, early single injection dual-fuel case enables more homogeneous temperature distribution and better oxidization of methane near the cylinder wall and central region above the piston crown. Besides, split injection shows improved methane oxidation near the cylinder wall and inside top-land crevice volume.

Behavioural change interventions encouraging clinicians to reduce carbon emissions in clinical activity: a systematic review

BackgroundClinical activity accounts for 70–80% of the carbon footprint of healthcare. A critical component of reducing emissions is shifting clinical behaviour towards reducing, avoiding, or replacing carbon-intensive healthcare. The objective of this systematic review was to find, map and assess behaviour change interventions that have been implemented in healthcare settings to encourage clinicians to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their clinical activity.MethodsStudies eligible for inclusion were those reporting on a behaviour change intervention to reduce carbon emissions via changes in healthcare workplace behaviour. Six databases were searched in November 2021 (updated February 2022). A pre-determined template was used to extract data from the studies, and risk of bias was assessed. The behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used in the interventions were coded using the BCT Taxonomy.ResultsSix full-text studies were included in this review, and 14 conference abstracts. All studies used a before-after intervention design. The majority were UK studies (n = 15), followed by US (n = 3) and Australia (n = 2). Of the full-text studies, four focused on reducing the emissions associated with anaesthesia, and two aimed at reducing unnecessary test ordering. Of the conference abstracts, 13 focused on anaesthetic gas usage, and one on respiratory inhalers. The most common BCTs used were social support, salience of consequences, restructuring the physical environment, prompts and cues, feedback on outcome of behaviour, and information about environmental consequences. All studies reported success of their interventions in reducing carbon emissions, prescribing, ordering, and financial costs; however, only two studies reported the magnitude and significance of their intervention’s success. All studies scored at least one item as unclear or at risk of bias.ConclusionMost interventions to date have targeted anaesthesia or pathology test ordering in hospital settings. Due to the diverse study outcomes and consequent inability to pool the results, this review is descriptive only, limiting our ability to conclude the effectiveness of interventions. Multiple BCTs were used in each study but these were not compared, evaluated, or used systematically. All studies lacked rigour in study design and measurement of outcomes.Review registrationThe study was registered on Prospero (ID number CRD42021272526) (Breth-Petersen et al., Prospero 2021: CRD42021272526).

Understanding Consumer perception towards the usage of natural gas as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Piped Natural Gas (PNG)

Natural gas is one of the cleanest and most environment-friendly fuels compared to all other alternative fuels. It can potentially be the next-generation fuel in India, but there is still limited use of natural gas. The paper aims to understand consumer perception and identify the main driving factors influencing consumers to use natural gas as a fuel source. A survey was conducted to understand consumers’ perceptions, and a sample size of 105 individuals was tested for various hypotheses. Most of the responses from the individuals are from Delhi, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The data collected was analyzed by IBM SPSS software through factor analysis followed by regression. The result showed that implementing policies is one of the highest influential factors in accelerating the use of natural gas. Further, it was analyzed that affordability, infrastructure, environmental benefits, and performance of natural gas are the factors on which policies should be focused to increase the use of natural gas as Compressed natural gas (CNG) and Piped natural gas (PNG).

Carbon Footprint Assessment of LPG Gas Usage in Small Industries: A Case Study of Sami Laris Swalayan Shopping Center

This study aims to assess the carbon footprint associated with the consumption of LPG gas in Sami Laris Swalayan shopping center, focusing on small industries. The research investigates the environmental impact of LPG usage, emphasizing the importance of carbon emissions reduction in the context of sustainable practices. The study quantifies the annual CO2 emissions resulting from LPG gas consumption through data collection and analysis, highlighting the linear relationship between gas usage and carbon emissions. The findings provide valuable insights for the shopping center to develop mitigation strategies and promote sustainable practices for carbon footprint reduction. In addition, the research contributes to the knowledge on carbon emissions in small industries and emphasizes the need for energy-efficient measures and alternative energy sources to minimize environmental impact.

Recommendation Machine for Gas Outflow in LPG Cylinder

Abstract: Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is commonly used in hotels and homes for all cooking purposes. Furthermore, despite the fact that many explosions have occurred as a result of LPG outflow, it is very user friendly to all users. We have implemented a module in our system to address these societal issues. In this system that includes a gas sensor to detect gas outflow. If the sensor detects the level of gas outflow and compares it to the threshold value previously set in the software. If it exceeds the fixed threshold value, the buzzer activates and the relay connected to the circuit turns on. The entire power supply will then be turned off. People nowadays are unaware of their daily gas usage, which causes a delay in refilling the LPG cylinder. To overcome such difficulties, our system has one more module. The load sensor is used to continuously monitor the gas level. The load cell's output is connected to the microcontroller. The microcontroller manipulates the data so that the weight of the gas cylinder, the level of gas leakage, and the amount of gas used per day are displayed on the LCD. If the gas cylinder's level falls dangerously low, a new cylinder is automatically booked and the status is transmitted to the user via the Wi-Fi module

Characteristics of summertime ambient volatile organic compounds in Beijing: Composition, source apportionment, and chemical reactivity

Comprehensive observations of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted in Beijing (the capital of China) in the summer of 2018 with high temporal resolution, and the compositions, sources, ozone formation potential (OFP), and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) were examined. A high mixing ratio of total VOCs (TVOCs) (26.6 ± 9.5 ppbv) was observed in this study, which was similar to that obtained in 2014 and 2016 in Beijing. The dominant components were alkanes (51.1% of TVOCs), alkenes (24.1%), and aromatics (19.5%). According to backward trajectories and potential source contribution function analysis, medium-distance transport from the south of the sampling region contributed more than 50% of the trajectories, and the potential source regions were mainly located in Shandong and Hebei Provinces. The seven sources identified by the positive matrix factorization receptor model included natural/liquified petroleum gas (NG/LPG) usage and gasoline evaporation (21.68%), solvent usage (20.14%), combustion sources (16.07%), industrial emissions (15.24%), diesel exhaust (14.89%), gasoline exhaust (6.05%), and biological emissions (5.92%). Alkenes (50.05%) and aromatics (36.20%) contributed the most to the total OFP, whereas aromatics contributed more than 90.00% to the total SOAP. The source with the greatest contribution to OFP and SOAP was solvent usage, the contribution of which exceeded 50%. The results of this study are favorable for the development of control strategies for VOCs and for reducing the formation of photochemical smog and secondary particulate matter.

An open-source framework for simulation-based testing of buildings control strategies

This paper presents a simulation framework for evaluating building control strategies (BCSs), developed with VOLTTRON, an opensource platform that integrates data, devices, and systems for sensing and control applications, and is based on co-simulation interfaces. It realizes an integrated environment for both testing and deploying BCSs, thereby eliminating the need for having a dedicated implementation of BCS for testing. For the first time, this framework provides critical functionalities, including scalable communication management and time-drive simulation advance, i.e., advancing the simulation based on clock time. We applied this framework to evaluating two BCSs from ASHRAE Guideline 36-2008 and ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2019. The evaluation results show that those BCSs primarily benefit the heating operation by reducing gas usage but yield insignificant savings in electricity consumption. The results also emphasize the importance of tuning the parameters of the BCSs to achieve better performances.

Development of modified zeolite for adsorption of mixed sulfur compounds in natural gas by combination of ion exchange and impregnation

The economic and environmental benefits of natural gas in energy applications are widely known; consequently, the usage of natural gas has increased steadily with increasing environmental regulations in recent years. However, the widespread utilization of natural gas has been limited by regulations that require sulfur compounds to be added to natural gas for leak detection. Even traces of sulfur compounds can permanently poison the catalysts used for natural gas; hence, sulfur compounds should be removed for various natural gas applications. In this study, NaY-zeolites were modified by combining Cu ion-exchange and Na2O or CuO impregnation for adsorptive desulfurization. Adsorption experiments were conducted on gas mixtures containing ppm-level tetrahydrothiophene (THT) and tert-butyl mercaptan (TBM) in CH4 to compare the desulfurization performance of pristine and modified Y-type zeolites. The analysis results show that both Na2O and CuO caused changes in the acid sites and binding energies of metal atoms in the Cu ion-exchanged Y-zeolite. Na2O promoted the adsorption of TBM, while CuO inhibited it. Among the tested samples, the Cu ion-exchanged Y-zeolite containing Na2O showed the most efficient adsorption performance with a 3.97 wt% uptake for TBM, which is 30% higher than that of the Cu ion-exchanged Y-zeolite. The Cu ion-exchanged Y-zeolite containing CuO showed the lowest adsorption ability with a 2.21 wt% uptake for TBM.

Modeling the Demand-Supply Mismatch and Price Optimization of Natural Gas in Nigeria

Natural gas usage in Nigeria is increasing and capturing a higher percentage of the country’s energy mix. However, the demand is ever-increasing while supply is not able to feed domestic demand. The federal government has devised several strategies, policies, and regulations to ensure the market runs smoothly, but the lack of gas supply infrastructure and low gas prices among other factors remained a major issue. This study analyzes the demand-supply dynamics and price optimization of natural gas in Nigeria using the 2SLS. The study utilizes historical data and mathematical modeling techniques to identify the factors influencing the market, quantify the supply-demand mismatch, and develop an optimized pricing strategy. The research provides insights into the Nigerian natural gas market, offering policy recommendations to address the imbalance and optimize prices. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities in the natural gas sector in Nigeria.

Local Approach to Forecasting Household Gas Consumption in Poland: A Comparison of ARIMA and ETS with Fuzzy Methods

In this study, the objective was to determine which forecasting approach, either fuzzy or statistical, is more effective for predicting household gas usage in Poland at the commune level. The data utilized were sourced from various geographical areas within Poland. Those dataset are characterized by short length of single time series.

Conversion of food waste to renewable energy: A techno-economic and environmental assessment

Increasing quantities of food waste have become a concern due to high disposal costs in landfills and high greenhouse gas emissions. With this increase in food waste generation, there is also an increasing demand for renewable natural gas to supplement traditional fossil fuel combustion and offset the impacts of climate change. Collecting food waste from landfills and turning it into renewable natural gas using anaerobic digestion could be a win-win option for both food waste disposal and renewable energy production. While some literature exists on the energy potential, economic feasibility, and environmental benefit of food waste disposal via anaerobic digestion, no existing study simultaneously evaluates the energy, economic and environmental effect of food waste to renewable energy via anaerobic digestion, especially on a plant and city scale. This study is focused on the techno-economic and environmental assessment of food waste to energy via anaerobic digestion in order to fill this gap. Four anaerobic digestion pathways are considered in this study: flare, pipeline natural gas, combined heat and power, and combined cycle for efficient power generation. Using a city of 1 M people the results show that renewable natural gas from food waste could supply the natural gas usage for 1.9% of residential use, 2.7% of commercial use, 1.1% of industrial use, 167.5% of the compressed natural gas vehicle fleet, 0.7% of electric power generation, or 2.5% of industrial high-temperature heating processes. All pathways except pipeline natural gas will have a positive net present value in the baseline scenario, and the pipeline natural gas pathway will become economically viable with a net present value of 31 USD/t of food waste with renewable energy credits. Lastly, all of the pathways achieve negative greenhouse gas emissions, which indicates that anaerobic digestion is a more environmentally friendly method for the handling of food waste than landfills.

Performance analysis of solar-assisted-geothermal combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems incorporated with a hydrogen generation subsystem

In this study, the response surface method (RSM) and transient assessment was used to evaluate the energy and economic performance of a solar-assisted-geothermal combined cooling, heating, and power system (SG-CCHP). The proposed SG-CCHP process consisted of two steam turbines (STs), photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors, a fuel cell circuit, an absorption chiller, and a heat pump (HP), with battery cells and a hydrogen storage container as the power storage modules. The system's performance was investigated using the TRNSYS modeling tool. The design of experiments (DOE) approach was used to determine the optimal arrangement of the SG-CCHP scheme by controlling the key design factors. A number of simulation scenarios were generated using DOE, and their outcomes were analyzed using RSM. The transient interactions of the controlling design factors on the techno-economic metrics were given after RSM identified the optimal SG-CCHP scheme. The number of PV/T panels, steam turbine capacity, fuel cell power, HP heating capacity and absorption chiller cooling capacity were considered as decision variables. Total electricity consumption (TEU) and auxiliary boiler fuel consumption (ABFU) as indicators of primary energy consumption of the system and predicted average vote (PMV) as an index of thermal comfort of the system and life cycle cost (LCC) as an economic measure to 4 objective functions were selected for optimization. The results indicated that the optimal system significantly reduced its annual life cycle costs, thermal comfort score, total power usage, and auxiliary boiler natural gas usage. The findings also demonstrated that the SG-CCHP system's integration of battery and hydrogen storage components achieved the maximum efficiencies of 90%, 60%, 23%, and 18% for the electrolyzer, fuel cell, PV/T solar collector, and electrical generator, respectively over a year. The optimization results showed that the system cycle cost (LCC) is $514,188.21 per year, the system comfort coefficient (PMV) is 0.257 per year, the boiler fuel consumption is 46,271.40 cubic meters per year, and the total electricity consumption is −50,082.37 kWh per year.

Research on Micro-Water Treatment Technology of High-Voltage SF6 Equipment without Power Failure

With the frequent occurrence of high-voltage SF6 equipment-related problems in recent years, the exceedances of micro-water content and decomposition products of SF6 and other problems are getting increasingly worse. The routine solution involves multiple processes, including powering off the equipment, recovering the SF6 gas in the equipment, flushing, injecting new SF6 gas, and conducting the voltage withstand test, which requires a huge number of manpower and material resources. Besides, the operating process is risky, and power cutting and re-supplying increase the operational risk and impair the reliability of the grid in the power supply. This paper mainly explores an efficient, safe, and intelligent online SF6 purification technology, which can achieve the online detection and purification of SF6 micro-water and impurity gases when the high-voltage SF6 equipment is powered on and make the purification units’ renewable. Applying this technology can prevent the power cut of high-voltage power supply equipment, thereby making sure that the grids are safe. It is also environmentally friendly as it can reduce the usage of SF6 gas.

Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Carbonylative Synthesis of Functionalized Isoquinoline‐1,3‐diones and Oxindoles Using Dimethyl Carbonate as both Solvent and Reactant

AbstractDimethyl carbonate (DMC), a non‐toxic liquid, which shows diverse and tunable reactivity in organic synthesis. Herein, we report a nice study on using DMC as both solvent and reactant in palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular Heck/Carbonylation for the synthesis of functionalized isoquinoline‐1,3‐diones and oxindoles. To avoid the usage of toxic CO gas, formic acid is employed as the CO source, and a variety of functionalized isoquinoline‐1,3‐diones and oxindoles were obtained in very good yields.

How will United States commercial building energy use be impacted by IPCC climate scenarios?

Climate change and anthropogenically-forced shift of weather in the future will impact energy use and resilience of both the built environment and the electric grid. The aim of this analysis is to understand how future climate scenarios will impact electricity and natural gas use of commercial buildings in the United States. This study analyzes this impact for 2030, 2045, and 2100 using Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios defined in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 5. The large, gridded simulation of meteorological variables for RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 are selected and downscaled to make available hourly Future Meteorological Year (FMY) weather files for use and improvement in subsequent studies. High performance computing resources use these FMYs to simulate commercial prototype buildings in every American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) climate zone of the United States (US), and results are scaled to nation-wide energy use using conditioned floor area multipliers. The analysis is conducted without speculating the physical and performance traits of future buildings or the grid characteristics.This analysis quantifies the impact of climate change on source electrical and natural gas usage for commercial buildings in the United States over the next 80 years. If US commercial floorspace remained constant, total energy use by 2100 is predicted between an 1.75% decrease under the greatest emission scenario (8.5) and a 1.76% increase under the lowest emission scenario (2.6). When adjusted for anticipated urban growth by 2100, the predicted range is 65% increase (8.5) and 71% increase (2.6). Under a global temperature rise climate scenario, the warmest US climate zones will see a large increases in electricity use derived from space cooling while the coldest US climate zones will see significant decreases in natural gas use caused by the decrease in heating necessary. While climate change may ultimately require adaptations of the built environment to withstand its effects and because the United States is a country that requires more heating than cooling, from a building energy perspective, climate change (average temperature rise) is a net energy saver for the United States.