Usage Of Fossil Fuels Research Articles

New National and International Processes of Human Dimensions of the Environmental Rights

Due to activities such as illegal deforestation, production of chemicals and plastics, exploitation of fossil fuels, and other large-scale extractive activities, businesses operating in the global economy routinely compromise human rights to have a healthy, clean, and sustainable environment. This human right was recognized by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2021 and it includes fundamental rights related to clean air, safe climate, access to safe water and adequate sanitation, healthy and sustainable food production, informal environments for living and working, studying and playing, and biodiversity and a healthy ecosystem. By jeopardizing this human right related to nature, life, health, livelihood, and sustainable development, business activists threaten the life prospects of billions of people. The most vulnerable beneficiaries affected by commercial activities such as children, women, indigenous peoples, local communities, farmers, people with disabilities, and especially those whose identity exists in multiple vulnerable groups usually face the most difficult barriers, including financial, language, information barriers, social labeling associated with human rights violations, lack of access to legal representation, and corruption of law enforcement officials, to adopt effective solutions. When victims in countries with limited law enforcement and economic capacity face corruption and other weaknesses in the rule of law, and when justice must be served through transnational legal actions that are beyond the capacity of most human rights victims, solutions effectively are particularly elusive.

Iron-Sensitized Solar Cells (FeSSCs).

ConspectusThe harvesting and conversion of solar energy have become a burning issue for our modern societies seeking to move away from the exploitation of fossil fuels. In this context, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have proven to be trustworthy alternatives to silicon-based cells with advantages in terms of transparency and efficiency under low illumination conditions. These devices are highly dependent on the ability of the sensitizer that they contain to collect sunlight and transfer an electron to a semiconductor after excitation. Ruthenium and polypyridine complexes are benchmarks in this field as they exhibit ideal characteristics such as long-lasting metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states and efficient separation between electrons and holes, limiting recombination at the dye-semiconductor interface. Despite all of these advantages, ruthenium is a noble metal, and the development of more sustainable energy devices based on earth-abundant metals is now a must. A quick glance at the periodic table reveals iron as a potential good candidate, since it belongs to the same group of ruthenium, which suggests similar electronic properties. However, striking photophysical differences exist between ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes and their Fe(II) analogues, the latter suffering from short-lived MLCT states resulting of their ultrafast relaxation into metal-centered (MC) states. Pyridyl-N-heterocyclic carbenes (pyridylNHC) brought a strong σ-donor character required to promote a higher ligand field splitting of the iron d orbitals. This induces destabilization of the MC states over the MLCT manifold and a consequent slowdown of the excited states deactivation providing iron(II) complexes with tens of picoseconds lifetimes, making them more promising for applications in DSSCs. This Account highlights our recent advances in the development and characterization of iron-sensitized solar cells (FeSSCs) with a focus on the design of efficient sensitizers going from homoleptic to heteroleptic complexes (bearing different anchoring groups) and the tuning of electrolyte composition. Our rational approach led to the best photocurrent and efficiency ever reported for an iron sensitized solar cell (2% PCE and 9 mA/cm2) using a cosensitization process. This work clearly evidences that the solar energy conversion based on iron complex sensitization is now an opened and fruitful route.

Simulation of Maximum Power Point Tracking with Fuzzy Logic Control Method on Solar Panels Using MATLAB

One of the newest sources energy is the sun. To limit the usage of fossil fuels, solar power facilities that harness sunlight are beginning to be created. Currently, research on solar panels is increasingly being carried out. Because solar panels are an unlimited source of energy. And solar panels can reduce exhaust emissions from conventional vehicles by 92%. However, the performance of solar panels is strongly influenced by several factors such as sunlight intensity and ambient temperature. So that solar panels can reach the maximum power point, the Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is employed to maximize the performance of solar panels. In this research, an mppt system will be created using fuzzy logic control in matlab simulink. Fuzzy logic control is a method that can control the system against load changes. To analyze this fuzzy logic-based mppt system, simulations are carried out using matlab simulink. Simulink is software used to model, simulate, and analyze dynamic systems. From the simulations that have been carried out, solar panels without mppt have a duty cycle change time of 0.1 seconds while with mppt the duty cycle change is 0.7 seconds, where the duty cycle change time without mppt is faster but the operating value is unstable while power tracking with mppt the duty cycle change time is longer but the operating value is more stable.

TrSo-BHARAT-V1 Recommender Model: Toward Eco-friendly Energy Based on Optimal Installation for Solar Hydrogen Production

Amidst the drive for a sustainable future and the rising worries about climate change. Furthermore, the need for clean, non-polluting energy sources has become a worldwide concern due to the environmental problems brought on by the ongoing usage of fossil fuels, which are the primary cause of global warming. Evidently have recently been several methods for producing hydrogen with fuel that comes from both non-renewable and renewable sources. Hence, this study is embracing the notion of generating hydrogen energy might be a viable approach to generating energy sustainably. Accordingly, the modern techniques are harnessing for constructing robust recommender model for analyzing and evaluating the possible sites for solar hydrogen production and estimating the optimal site. The evaluation process is conducted through analyzing a set of factors and sub-factors. Hence, we are leveraging Tree soft approach (TrSoA) for modelling these factors and sub-factors into nodes are resident into levels. Moreover, the best Holistic Adaptable Ranking of Attributes Technique (BHARAT) is utilized for evaluating candidates of sites based on factors and sub-factors which modelled into TrSoA. Finally, the modern two techniques are merged for constructing tree soft recommender model (TrSoReM) towaed recommend optimal site for solar hydrogen production.

GIS-based multi-influencing factor (MIF) application for optimal site selection of solar photovoltaic power plant in Nashik, India

The significant natural energy sources for reducing the global usage of fossil fuels are renewable energy (RE) sources. Solar energy is a crucial and reliable RE source. Site selection for solar photovoltaic (PV) farms is a crucial issue in terms of spatial planning and RE policies. This study adopts a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Multi-Influencing Factor (MIF) technique to enhance the precision of identifying and delineating optimal locations for solar PV farms. The choice of GIS and MIF is motivated by their ability to integrate diverse influencing factors, facilitating a holistic analysis of spatial data. The selected influencing factors include solar radiation, wind speed, Land Surface Temperature (LST), relative humidity, vegetation, elevation, land use, Euclidean distance from roads, and aspect. The optimal sites of solar PV power plant delineated revealed that ‘very low’ suitability of site covering 4.866% of the study area, ‘low’ suitability of site 13.190%, ‘moderate’ suitability of site 31.640%, ‘good’ suitability of site 32.347%, and ‘very good’ suitability of site for solar PV power plant encompassing 17.957% of the study area. The sensitivity analysis results show that the solar radiation, relative humidity, and elevation are the most effective on the accuracy of the prediction. The validation of the results shows the accuracy of solar PV power plant prediction using MIF technique in the study area was 81.80%. The integration of GIS and MIF not only enhances the accuracy of site suitability assessment but also provides a practical implementation strategy. This research offers valuable insights for renewable energy policymakers, urban planners, and other stakeholders seeking to identify and develop optimal locations for solar energy power farms in their respective regions.

Transition Towards Renewable Green Energy Resources

The strategy of changing the path away from the conventional usage of fossil fuels to renewable green energy resources like solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, hydrogen or biomass energy is essential to protect our planet and the life it inhabits. This process will restrict the global rise in temperature to 1.5°C above pre-industrialization levels. This maximum rise in temperature level was targeted in the 2015 global Paris Agreement, hence preventing the catastrophic consequences of global warming. The widespread adoption of renewable sources of energy is pivotal for the achievement of a sustainable and resilient energy future, combating climate change, protecting the environment, promoting economic development, and ensuring equitable access to clean energy for all.

Solar architecture: Significance and integration of technologies

Solar architecture is an innovative approach to building design and construction that focuses on integrating solar technology with architectural design. Solar-integrated architecture includes both passive and active use of solar energy. Due to the impact of global warming, today's energy environment is changing significantly from the usage of fossil fuels to the production of clean energy on-site. Buildings and the construction sector are responsible for almost a third of the world's total energy consumption and are the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions. Solar energy as a source of inexhaustible energy represents the future of modern sustainable buildings. This article deals with the basic principles and overview of solar architecture and analyses its impact on the environment. The paper includes the advantages of solar architecture, influencing factors, the latest technological innovations, practical aspects of implementing solar solutions, and examples of successful world projects. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive and informed overview of solar architecture and available solar technologies and solutions. Last but foremost, emphasize the importance of this issue in existing but especially in future designs of energy-efficient buildings.

Use of Absorption Heat Pumps to Raise District Cooling Waste Heat Temperature for District Heating Supply in Tallinn: Technical and Economic Analysis

Abstract Decarbonisation of District Heating (DH) networks is essential to achieving the European Union’s climate goals. In this context, there is growing interest among DH stakeholders in the recovery and reuse of underutilised heat sources. Waste heat recovery from district cooling (DC) networks offers a compelling option that can be used as input for various heat pump integrated DH solutions. In this regard, absorption heat pumps (AHP) showcase a promising solution to elevate a lower-temperature waste heat source with reduced electricity consumption. However, AHPs are not widely applied in DH context, primarily due to the lack of suitable waste heat sources or the necessary conditions for their effective operation. This article aims to explore various configurations of AHP and their potential integration with DC plant waste heat for DH application. The potential for adopting AHPs to boost efficiency and lower carbon emissions is evaluated through a techno-economic examination of three distinct technological configurations. For Tallinn case study, it was observed that AHPs can be more efficient, reduce energy consumption, and achieve a lower LCOH while being combined with HP condenser cooling. This study is expected to provide a theoretical support for the positive impact of using AHPs to reduce the usage of fossil fuels in the Tallinn DH network.

Comparative analysis of the performance of supervised learning algorithms for photovoltaic system fault diagnosis

New trends were introduced in using PhotoVoltaic (PV) energy which are mostly attributable to new laws internationally having a goal to decrease the usage of fossil fuels. The PV systems efficiency is impacted significantly by environmental factors and different faults occurrence. These faults if they were not rapidly identified and fixed may cause dangerous consequences. A lot of methods have been introduced in the literature to detect faults that may occur in a PV system such as using Current-Voltage (I-V) curve measurements, atmospheric models and statistical methods. In this paper, various machine learning techniques in particular supervised learning techniques are used for PV array failure diagnosis. The main target is the identification and categorization of several faults that may occur such as shadowing, degradation, open circuit and short circuit faults that have a great impact on PV systems performance. The results showed the technique’s high ability of fault diagnosis capability. The K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) technique showed the best fault prediction performance. It achieves prediction accuracy of 99.2% and 99.7% Area Under Curve-Receiver Operating Curve (AUC-ROC) score. This shows its superiority in fault prediction in PV systems over other used methods Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, and Logistic Regression.

Applications of ZnSe quantum dots for solar energy harvesting

To reduce the large usage of fossil fuels, scholars have made great efforts to develop green energy such as wind energy, biomass energy, and solar energy. Solar energy has special benefits, thus solar energy harvesting technologies including solar cells, luminescent solar concentrators, photocatalysis have been studied widely. It is meaningful to study the working principle of those technologies. For the special properties of ZnSe, different kinds of nanostructure of it have been used for solar energy harvesting. Among them, since quantum qot structure has some specific characters, the application of it for solar energy harvesting are worthwhile to mention. This study aims to introduce solar cells, luminescent solar concentrators, photocatalysis technologies and the applications of ZnSe quantum dots for them. It found that ZnSe quantum dots enhanced the behavior of Si nanowire solar cells. Besides, the outstanding performance of luminescent solar concentrators based on InP/ZnSe quantum dots is partly own to ZnSe shell structure. Moreover, some quantum dots including ZnSe shell structure behave good photocatalytic H2 evolution performances. At the same time, the nanostructures of the quantum dots mentioned are shown.

The integrated influence of energy security risk and green innovation on the material footprint: An EKC analysis based on fossil material flows

The OECD community consumes excessive amounts of raw materials and materials, which leads to pollution and increases the material footprint. The material footprint is directly linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)-8 and 12. The main reason for the material footprint is the usage of fossil fuels, and the dependence of OECD countries on fossil fuels continues to this day. By expanding renewable energy utilization due to rising energy security risk, a community can take steps to improve ecological quality and reduce its material footprint. In this context, the paper focuses to examine the impact of energy security, green innovation, economic policy stringency and income on the fossil fuel material footprint for 24 OECD countries over the period 1995–2018. To this end, the paper uses the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) method and novel Half Panel Jackknife (HPJ) causality and estimation approach. The study adds value to existing knowledge by empirically testing the determinants of fossil fuel material footprint for OECD countries for the first time using the novel HPJ approach. The results of the AMG show that increasing energy security risk index reduces the material footprint, while green innovation and economic policy stringency have no impact on environmental degradation. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in the form of an inverted U and an inverted N are valid for OECD countries. The HPJ approach also illustrates that there is a causality from green innovation and energy security risk to material footprint, and innovation and risk are support footprint reduction. Based on these results, the study recommends that OECD policymakers pay attention to ensuring energy security to reduce the material footprint by expanding renewable resources and allocate more economic resources to green innovations with higher returns, considering the validity of the EKC.

The Energy Storage Technology Revolution to Achieve Climate Neutrality

The intensive exploitation and usage of fossil fuels has led to serious environmental consequences, including soil, water, and air pollution and climate changes, and it has compromised the natural resources available for future generations. In this context, identifying new energy storage technologies can be considered a sustainable solution to these problems, with potential long-term effects. In this work, were analyzed different alternatives that can be suitable for replacing non-renewable sources, where hydrogen, wave, wind, or solar energies were considered. Although they have numerous advantages in terms of usage and substantially reducing the environmental impact, this paper is focused on lithium-ion batteries, whose high performance and safety during operation have made them attractive for a wide range of applications. The study of potential replacement technologies and the technical requirements for the main materials used is the starting point in reducing the environmental footprint, without affecting the technical capabilities, followed by the transition toward economic circularity and climate neutrality.

Experimental Studies to Reduce Usage of Fossil Fuels and Improve Green Fuels by Adopting Hydrogen–Ammonia–Biodiesel as Trinary Fuel for RCCI Engine

Experimental Studies to Reduce Usage of Fossil Fuels and Improve Green Fuels by Adopting Hydrogen–Ammonia–Biodiesel as Trinary Fuel for RCCI Engine

Strategies to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use in Food Manufacturing.

Our food production relies on the input of fossil fuels to create the high variety of different food products currently on the market. This reliance has caused challenges due to the inherent emissions generated by the combustion of fossil fuels and the dependence of many countries on only a small number of fossil fuel suppliers. This review aims to look at these challenges and discusses several mitigation strategies to reduce the usage of fossil fuels in the food processing part of the food value chain. In this specific step, there is substantial potential to change the type of energy that is used to transform the raw materials into an edible food matrix because the operations mainly include processes that rely often on natural gas for heating and electricity that is used for machine operation and cooling. Both energy sources can be replaced by clean and renewable alternatives, especially with alternative heating options such as geothermal heating and electrical boilers being installed and offered more frequently. However, short-term solutions like energy reduction through process optimization and the integration of smart sensors can also help to reduce the overall energy use in the short term. These strategies are outlined in this review along with in-depth analyses of the types of energy used in food processing, the available clean and renewable energy technologies that do not rely on fossil fuels, and the current hurdles and limitations. It becomes evident that most of the required technologies are already available on the market and that considerable investments are necessary to implement a comprehensive energy strategy that does not rely on fossil fuels in food manufacturing.

Numerical investigation for performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with soybean methyl ester biodiesel - Diesel blend

The usage of conventional fossil fuels is reducing day by day due to the overwhelming use of business and personal automobiles for transportation, delivery, and ambulance. Factories also require conventional fuels to run their machines, which serve the primary purpose of production and factory operation. As a result, conventional fuels have a wide range of applications in our daily lives. However, there are certain downsides to utilizing traditional fuels, such as increased pollution, which adds to an increase in the temperature of the globe, causing global warming. Alternative fuels not only minimize pollution but also do not impair vehicle performance. There are other forms of alternative fuels available, including biodiesel, electricity, and solar energy, which have already gained popularity. This paper focuses on SME (Soybean Methyl Ester) as an alternative biofuel and provides a full review of the fuel by running it through an engine virtual simulation. The biofuel is combined with 20% and 80% diesel mixtures. The virtual simulation revealed that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) of diesel and SMEB20 is nearly identical. SMEB20 emit more NOx and CO2 than diesel under all load whereas emit less particulate matter (PM) and smoke emission than diesel under all engine load.

Techno-economic feasibility analysis of Kuwait-specific photovoltaic-based street lighting system

Nowadays, the surge in energy demand due to economic growth and extreme weather conditions has put immense pressure on the usage of fossil fuels in Kuwait. As a result, scheduled load-shedding is performed in some regions during the summer season to meet the energy demand. To address this issue, this paper proposes a photovoltaic-based street lighting system as an alternative solution to meet the rising energy demand in Kuwait during the daytime. This study initially investigates the existing street lighting systems in the state of Kuwait. Subsequently, three different configurations of photovoltaic panels are proposed based on the existing streetlight pole structures. The simulation models are then developed and evaluated using physical security information management and PVSyst simulation platforms, aiming to validate their performance against conventional power generation models in Kuwait. The proposed photovoltaic system is designed based on feedback information collected from the existing installed capacity. Finally, an overall energy model is presented to demonstrate how solar potential can offset energy consumption during peak demand hours. Practical testbed data from the Al-Jahra residential area of Kuwait is used for validation. The results indicate that the proposed photovoltaic street lighting system can generate a maximum power output of 18.8 GWh in August and a minimum of 11.8 GWh in December, compared to the monthly consumption of 30.45 GWh. The study showcases the economic viability of the solution, with an average degradation ratio of 13% of the total cost. Moreover, the proposed system contributes to a reduction in CO2 emissions from traditional power plants.

A Review on Solar Energy: Statistical and AI-based Solar Irradiance Forecasting

We must consider the excessive usage of fossil fuels and their disastrous effects on the environment in light of the current electricity crisis. This means that in order to promote sustainable development, renewable resources must be adopted. The integration of such sporadic renewable energy sources into the current grid increased its capacity but also created problems for the stability of the power system. This research offers a realistic solution to these issues using a novel technological idea known as "solar irradiance forecasting," which improves the stability of the system and offers better profile enhancement for the same. This paper reviewed the articles on statistical and AI-based solar irradiance forecasting in order to provide classifications for employees based on the situation. Keywords: Solar Energy, Statistical and AI-based Solar Irradiance Forecasting.

Evaluation of hydrogen fuel cell-based systematic vehicular application to promote the green economy using LabVIEW

BackgroundThis research work aims to create, develop, and evaluate the Hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) model in LabVIEW targeting vehicular applications. Global warming, colonization, and unexpected bursts in population have led to the formation of problems due to the augmented utilization of Petrochemical substances and have impacted our way of living. To meet the urbanization need, energy is being produced at such a large scale that has never been produced in the entire human history. Excess usage of fossil fuels, coal, and other Petrochemical substances for energy generation has influenced the environment and as a result, hazardous and toxic compounds (carbonic gases) started to emerge in the air and affected the ozone layer surrounding the earth. HFC's operated vehicles are a possible way of conventional energy production and can power up electronics in our industries and vehicles. ResultsFor this, LabVIEW VI simulation targeting the mini-car model is created using the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCEV) formulas and strategic design equations. Through LabVIEW simulation, two study cases (one at a constant temperature while others at static fuel pressure) are made to assess the feasibility and performance of the HFC for vehicular application. The result indicates the disparity in performance (in the form of a relationship) of the vehicle by varying the temperature and concentration of fuel contents in the HFC. ConclusionsThe benefits of the research work include obtaining prior information about the HFCEV parameters.

An Experimental Investigation into the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Fueled with Isopropanol Gasoline Blends

Propanol isomers, which are oxygen-rich fuels, possess superior octane ratings and energy density in comparison to methanol and ethanol. Recently, due to advancements in fermentation techniques, these propanol isomers have garnered increased interest as additives for engines. They are being explored to decrease emissions and reduce the usage of conventional fossil fuels. This study delves into this emerging field. One of the alternatives is the use of alcohol fuels in their pure state or as additives to traditional fuels. Alcohols, due to their higher volumetric energy density, are better fuels for spark ignition engines than hydrogen and biogas. Alcohol-blended fuels or alcohol fuels in their pure state may be used in gasoline engines to reduce exhaust emissions. The current research emphasizes the effect of isopropanol gasoline blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. This investigation was conducted with different blends of isopropanol and gasoline (by volume: 10% isopropanol [IP10], 20% isopropanol [IP10], 30% isopropanol [IP30], 40% isopropanol [IP40], and 50% isopropanol [IP50]). The reviewed results showed that with increasing isopropanol in the fuel blends, engine brake power increased while BSFC decreased. In terms of emissions, with the increase in isopropanol in the fuel blends, CO and HC emissions decreased while CO2 and NOx emissions increased.

Metal-TPP (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin) complex compounds as dye sensitizer in dye sensitized solar cells

The excessive exploitation of fossil fuels requires humans to look for alternative renewable energy sources that are environmentally friendly such as DSSC. DSSC is a solar cell technology that can convert photon energy in sunlight into electrical energy. This research aims to study the performance of complex compounds synthesized from tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) ligands with metal ions Cr(III), Mn(II) and Fe(III) and applied as dye sensitizers in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). Metal-TPP complexes have been successfully synthesized using the Adler method. The formation of metal-TPP complex compound is indicated by the characterization result using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, conductometer test and the observed MLCT phenomenon. In a dye sensitizer application, the performance of the Cr(III)-TPP complex compound shows a short circuit current density value (Jsc) of 8.0 mA/cm2 with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.62 V and an efficiency value (ƞ) of 9.13 %. The Mn(II)-TPP complex compound shows that the short circuit current density value (Jsc) of 8.0 mA/cm2 with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.64 V and an efficiency value (ƞ) of 9.16 %. The Fe(III)-TPP complex compound shows that the short circuit current density value (Jsc) of 8.0 mA/cm2 with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.64 V and an efficiency value (ƞ) of 9.36 %.