Usage Of Electronic Devices Research Articles

Sleep pattern among electronic device users and its relationship with users’ practice in Malaysia university community

A cross-sectional study on the different health effects following the usage of electronic devices among the university community residing in Selangor, Malaysia was carried out using an online self-administered questionnaire. The results showed the cumulative hours spent by respondents (n = 304) on mobile phone, laptop, tablet and portable game console was 8.3 per day. The incidences of eye strain, memory lapse, fatigue, neck pain and back pain were reported. Bivariate analysis showed that these musculoskeletal problems were not associated with the rest interval while using the devices. The average 6.9 h of sleep per day and average 3.3 (0–6) in rating their sleep quality was recorded. The rate on sleep quality was significantly positive correlated (p < 0.013) with sleep hours but negatively correlated (p < 0.026) with hours spent on devices. Furthermore, respondents who left electronic device in switch-on mode while sleeping and kept in dormitory had poorer sleep quality compared to those who switched off. Insomnia symptoms were encountered among the respondents in regard to poor sleep quality, behaviours including leaving electronic device in switch-on mode while sleeping and use of the devices before sleep. Hence, it is advisable to reduce the electronic devices usage to enjoy better sleep quality.

Review of e-learning Practice at the Tertiary Education level in Malaysia

Introduction: The term e-learning can be described as the usage of electronic devices along with or without the help of internet to conduct a learning environment where it can be beneficial for the student. Nowadays e-learning is being integrated in the tertiary education to provide a better learning environment for the student. The review presents the current practice of e-learning at the tertiary education level in Malaysia. Methodology: A database search of PubMed, Science Direct, and Google scholar was conducted using terms such as e-learning, web-based learning, online learning, virtual learning, mobile learning. Results and Discussion: E-learning is not a new trend of teaching and learning method in the Malaysian education system and already been implemented in some of the universities in Malaysia. In this review, perception of lectures and students on e-learning interventionwere described to understand how well e-learning is being accepted in the education system.Besides that, we also mention the barriersand impact of e-learning implementation on students and the institution itself. Implementation of e-learning in health science andpharmacy education had received mixed responses. More studies on e-learning implementation especially on pharmacy education are needed. Conclusion: By understanding the current e-learning practice in Malaysia universities, it will enable continuous improvement on the e-learning programme so that it can be beneficial to all.

Does long time spending on the electronic devices affect the reading abilities? A cross-sectional study among Chinese school-aged children.

Home literacy environment (HLE) is one of most important modifiable risk factors to dyslexia. With the development in technology, we include the electronic devices usage at home, such as computers and televisions, to the definition of HLE and investigate its impact on dyslexia based on the on-going project of Tongji's Reading Environment and Dyslexia Study. The data include 5063 children, primary school students (grade 3-grade 6), from a middle-sized city in China. We apply the principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the large dimension of variables in HLE, and find the first three components, denoted as PC1, PC2 and PC3, can explain 95.45% of HLE information. PC1 and PC2 demonstrate strong positive association with 'total time spending on electronic devices' and 'literacy-related activity', respectively. PC3 demonstrates strong negative association with 'restrictions on using electronic devices'. From the generalized linear model, we find that PC1 significantly increases the risk of dyslexia (OR = 1.043, 95% CI: 1.018-1.070), while PC2 significantly decreases the risk of dyslexia (OR = 0.839, 95% CI: 0.795-0.886). Therefore, reducing the total time spending on electronic devices and increasing the literacy-related activity would be the potential protective factors for dyslexic children in China.

Understanding antecedents to perceived information risks

With increasing usage of electronic devices, people are creating digital footprints of their everyday actions. These footprints come in the form of big data, and can provide useful insights into customer preferences, thus enabling companies to gain business benefits. However, customers may perceive usage of their personal information as a threat. The telecommunications sector is facing this issue. It is capable of collecting huge amount of data due to wide usage of smartphones and mobile Internet. Yet, it is unable to capitalize on these data. To manage customer perception of information risks in giving telecommunications companies permission to use their personal information, this study examines factors that influence customers’ risk perception. A survey of 512 Internet panel members in Korea shows that information practices play an important role in shaping information privacy concerns, trust, and perceived information risks. Information privacy concern is the strongest predictor of perceived information risks, followed by perceived data control, and trust. Perceived policy awareness and perceived information protection significantly influence perceived data control. The findings imply that telecommunications companies ought to increase the level of customer trust, improve their information practices, and reduce customers’ information privacy concerns if they want to lower customer perception toward information risks.

Aplicação de métodos multicritério ao problema de escolha de modelos de pagamento eletrônico por cartão de crédito

É crescente o uso de meios de pagamentos eletrônicos no sistema econômico. Este trabalho realiza um estudo que compara os resultados da aplicação de diferentes métodos de apoio multicritério à decisão (AMD) à avaliação das três tecnologias de pagamento eletrônico mais comumente utilizadas no Brasil. Para isso utiliza-se um conjunto de métodos: THOR (S1, S2 e S3), ELECTRE (I e II) e PROMETHÉE II. Os resultados da modelagem indicaram que não há uma prevalência significativa de uma alternativa, ou seja, uma tecnologia, sobre as outras. A adoção da abordagem multimétodos possibilitou uma análise de sensibilidade que fundamentou a escolha do decisor e possibilitou encontrar uma pequena vantagem de uma tecnologia. Entretanto, salientou ser essa vantagem mínima, o que ajuda a explicar a adoção dessas três tecnologias nos pagamentos eletrônicos.

المسؤولية الجنائية لجرائم النشر الإلكتروني في ضوء قانون مكافحة جرائم تقنية المعلومات الإماراتي

النشر الالكتروني | استخدام الأجهزة الإلكترونية | إنتاج وتوزيع المعلومات والبيانات ونشرها على الشبكة المعلوماتية (الإنترنت). Electronic Publishing | Usage of Electronic Devices | Production, distribution of information and data and publishing the same via Internet.

Power quality analysis using Discrete Orthogonal S-transform (DOST)

Power quality is one of the major issues in the modern electrical power world. The widespread usage of power electronic devices and non-linear loads make the power system more vulnerable to the power quality disturbances. As the power grids are expanding more and more because of the renewable sources, it necessitates responsive detection and accurate classification of power quality disturbances for corrective measures. This paper presents a new approach for power quality analysis using an orthogonal time–frequency representation of S-transform called Discrete Orthogonal S-transform (DOST). These power quality disturbances are generated on EHV transmission line under different fault and load condition. Different power quality disturbances have been analyzed using the short time Fourier transform (STFT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), S-transform (ST) and DOST. Different case studies validate the superiority of DOST over other transforms in a more efficient way to monitor the power quality disturbances.

Treatment of electronic waste to recover metal values using thermal plasma coupled with acid leaching – A response surface modeling approach

The global crisis of the hazardous electronic waste (E-waste) is on the rise due to increasing usage and disposal of electronic devices. A process was developed to treat E-waste in an environmentally benign process. The process consisted of thermal plasma treatment followed by recovery of metal values through mineral acid leaching. In the thermal process, the E-waste was melted to recover the metal values as a metallic mixture. The metallic mixture was subjected to acid leaching in presence of depolarizer. The leached liquor mainly contained copper as the other elements like Al and Fe were mostly in alloy form as per the XRD and phase diagram studies. Response surface model was used to optimize the conditions for leaching. More than 90% leaching efficiency at room temperature was observed for Cu, Ni and Co with HCl as the solvent, whereas Fe and Al showed less than 40% efficiency.

Effects of Electromagnetic Field Over a Human Body, Sar Simulation with and Without Nanotextile in the Frequency Range 0.9-1.8GHZ

Within only the last decade, usage of mobile phones and many other electronic devices with high speed wireless RF connection is rapidly increasing. Modern life requires reliable, quick and high-quality information connections, which explains the widely spreading craze for electronic mobile devices of various types. The vast technological advances we are witnessing in electronics, electro-optics, and computer science have profoundly affected our everyday lives. Meanwhile, safety concerns regarding the biological effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation have been raised, in particular at a low level of exposure which we everyday experience. A variety of waves and signals have to be considered such as different sine waves, digital signals used in radio, television, mobile phone systems and other information transfer systems. The field around us has become rather complicated and the “air space” is getting more and more dense with RF. The establishing of safety recommendations, law norms and rules augmented by adequate measurements is very important and requires quite an expertise. But as many scientific researches suggest, what we are currently witnessing is very likely to generate a great public danger and a bad influence over the human body. There are many health organisations warning the public for possible development of cancer, mental and physical disorders etc [7, 8]. These suggestions are quite serious and should not be neglected by the official bodies and the test laboratories. In the following work, the effects of electromagnetic field over a virtual model of a human head have been simulated in the frequency range from 900 MHz to 1800 MHz (commonly created in the real life by mobile GSM system) with the help of the program MEFiSTo 2D Classic [1]. The created virtual models using the 2D simulation&computation software proved that the use of new high tech nanotextile materials for shielding layers around the human body can reduce the effects of EM fields dramatically if chosen properly according to the area of application.

Self-assembled organic micro-/nanowires from an air stable n-semiconducting perylenediimide derivative as building blocks for organic electronic devices

In the course of proceeding miniaturization of electronic devices and circuits micro- and nanostructures are gaining in importance. In this regard organic functional materials are becoming more important beside their inorganic counterparts because of their favorable properties. In this paper we report on fabrication of highly uniform micro-/nanowires from n-semiconducting perylenetetracarboxylic diimide derivative N,N-diperfluorophenyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (DFPP). A solution-based method is used to prepare well-separated one-dimensional structures with high aspect ratio on a desired substrate. Integration of these fibers in field effect transistors shows the potential of usage in air-stable organic electronic devices and allows for extraction of charge carrier mobility.

Theoretical Design of Coupled Organic-Inorganic Systems

Metallo-organic molecules with highly conjugated pi-electrons, like phthalocyanines (Pc's), are widely investigated for usage in electronic and electro-optic devices. However, their weak coupling with semiconductors is an obstacle to technological applications. Here we report a first-principle theoretical study of some fundamental features of the Pc-semiconductor interaction. Our results shed light on the general problem of organic-inorganic coupling and show that an effective coupling can be achieved by a careful choice of the Pc-substrate system and the semiconductor doping. Our results also reveal a universal alignment of the Pc electronic levels to the semiconductor band gap and suggest a general procedure for designing efficiently coupled organic-inorganic systems.

Failure of electronic devices due to condensation

The increasing usage of electronic devices and the progressive trend of miniaturisation in automotive applications require different installation locations. According to varying locations, different climate conditions will occur. In this article, the influence of condensation on the reliability of electronic devices is examined. For the detection of failures or the loss of functionality it is essential to determine the occurrence of condensation. A new microsensor based on the CCC-principle (condensate controlled capacitance) allows the measurement of the condensed water mass directly. Depending on the gaps of special designed stray field capacity in combination with a water drop sensitive detection system, a change of the capacity with increasing water mass is shown. It is necessary to analyse failure mechanisms like corrosion induced leakage currents and electrochemical migration. For the research of these failure mechanisms special test patterns were designed and assembled. These samples were exposed to a certain climate profile, which produces a reproducible and defined amount of condensation, this can occur in certain locations in automotives. On the bases of these test patterns, which consist of both combs with different spaces and chip capacities with variable sizes, diverse influences were examined. Beside field strength also the surface metallisation and the cleanliness of the samples were investigated and quantified.

Intershell conductance in multiwall carbon nanotubes

In the past decade the interest in molecular electronic devices has escalated. The synthesis of molecular crystals has improved, providing single crystals or thin films with mobility comparable with or even higher than amorphous silicon. Their mechanical flexibility admits new types of applications and usage of electronic devices. Some of these organic crystals also display magnetic effects. Furthermore, the fullerene and carbon nanotube allotropes of carbon are prominent candidates for various types of applications. The carbon nanotubes, in particular, are suitable for molecular wire applications with their robust, hollow and almost one-dimensional structure and diverse band structure. In this thesis, we have theoretically investigated carbon based materials, such as carbon nanotubes, pentacene and spiro-biphenalenyl neutral radical molecular crystals. The work mainly deals with the electron structure and the transport properties thereof. The first studies concerns effects and defects in devices of finite carbon nanotubes. The transport properties, that is, conductance, are calculated with the Landauer approach. The device setup contains two metallic leads attached to the carbon nanotubes. Structural defects as vacancies and bending are considered for single-walled carbon nanotubes. For the multi-walled carbon nanotubes the focus is on inter-shell interaction and telescopic junctions. The current voltage characteristics of these systems show clear marks of quantum dot behaviour. The influence of defects as vacancies and geometrical deformations are significant for infinite systems, but in these devices they play a minor role. The rest of the studies concern molecular crystals, treated with density-functional theory (DFT). Inspired by the enhance of the electrical conductivity obtained experimentally by doping similar materials with alkali metals, calculations were performed on bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes and pentacene crystals doped with potassium. The most prominent effect of the potassium intercalation is the shift of Fermi level in the nanotube bands. A sign of charge transfer of the valence electrons of the potassium atoms. Semi-conducting bundles become metallic and metallic bundles gain density of states at the Fermi level. In the semi-conducting pristine pentacene crystals structural transitions occur upon doping. The herringbone arrangement of the pristine pentacene molecules relaxes to a more π-stacked structure causing more dispersive bands. The charge transfer shifts the Fermi level into the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital band and turns the crystal metallic. Finally, we have studied molecular crystals of spiro-biphenalenyl neutral radicals. According to experimental studies, some of these materials show simultaneous electrical, optical and magnetical bistability. The electronic properties of these crystals are investigated by means of DFT with a focus on the possible intermolecular interactions of radical spins.

Survey of energy and power usage in copiers, duplicators, and electronic reprographic devices

This report investigates power demand and energy consumption of copiers, duplicators, and electronic reprographic devices that are widely used in the office place. Data are presented on power, energy per copy, and energy consumption trends over a 15 year period. The dependence on machine speed and duty cycle is also examined, and the effect of emerging digital and color technologies on energy and power usage is briefly considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

An Investigation Concerning the Material Balance Equation Part One: The Linear Form of the Equation

Abstract The Material Balance Method, as applied to petroleum reservoirs, isinvestigated in this paper. Using less restrictive assumptions than are usuallyemployed, a Material Balance Equation is derived which is linearin theunknown reservoir parameters - initial oil, free gas, interstitial water androck material in place, and water encroachment factor. Both systematic andrandom errors are discussed. The elimination of random errors by the use of the Principle of Least Squares and the detection of systematic errors, althoughonly mentioned at this time, will be shown in detail in the second part of thestudy. Introduction The solution of specific problems in petroleum engineering often dependsupon the successful application of ideas, methods, techniques and tools, originally developed in other branches of engineering or the sciences.Consequently, every year, new ideas are introduced into petroleum engineeringfrom other disciplines. Recently, for instance, the expanding usage ofelectronic computer devices has drawn attention to the mathematical methods of Linear Algebra. Naturally, it is now realized that the application of thismethod need not be restricted to computer usage. In general, the introduction of a new technique will necessitate areappraisal of present methods. This action may result in some modification inthe approach to and the formulation of certain problems. Such alterations mayormay not require modifications of the original principles involved. This investigation presents the case of the ‘Material Balance Principle’ andthe ‘Material Balance Equation’ in view of the above-mentioned Linear Algebra.The original form of the Equation and several of its modifications suffer fromtheir non-linear character, which severely restricts their usefulness, whenconsidering modern requirements. Thus, the application of the Principle of Least Squares - another one of the more recently acquired tools - is found tobe an awkward task. For example, the use of the Principle may lead to atrial-and-error search for the ‘best’ numerical values of certain reservoirparameters.

Experimental heart block: Lundy, Clayton J., and Woodruff, Lewis W. Arch. Int. Med. 43: 184, 1929

The measurement of blood pressure by mercury sphygmomanometer and auscultation is one of the oldest methods, and it is still widely used in health services. Nowadays, the usage of inexpensive electronic oscillometric devices for home and clinical use has increased dramatically. The purpose of this paper is to verify the reliability of such devices.Until now, automated pressure devices have been evaluated by a clinical study utilizing the auscultatory method, which has the disadvantage of resulting in uncertainties related to the perception of Korotkoff sounds. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a full calibration chain based on invasive pressure measurements in order to evaluate the performance of automated pressure devices and to ensure their traceability.