Usage In Different Applications Research Articles

Biogenic Carbon Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Applications.

The new class of nanomaterials termed carbon dots: a quasi-spherical nanoparticle having a size less than 10 nm, possesses some unique characteristics like good aqueous solubility, colloidal stability, resistance to photobleaching, and fluorescence tunability, resulting in the unfolding of their various properties and their usage in different applications. Materials that are naturally derived or produced by living organisms are termed 'biogenic'. Over the past few years, there has been a gradual increase in the use of naturally derived materials in synthesizing carbon dots. Green precursors or biogenic materials are of low cost, readily available, renewable, and environmentally benign. Most importantly, they provide essential benefits not found in synthesized carbon dots. This review focuses on the use of biogenic materials for the synthesis of biogenic carbon dots developed in the past five years. It also briefly explains different synthetic protocols used, along with some significant findings. Thereafter, an overview of the use of biogenic carbon dots (BCDs) in different applications like chemo and biosensors, drug delivery, bioimaging, catalysis and energy applications, etc., is discussed. Thus biogenic carbon dots are future sustainable materials that are now fast replacing conventional carbon quantum prepared from other sources.

Influence of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Enhancing the Properties Activity of Organic Polymeric Materials for Industrial Applications

Novel composite (MC/TiO2) films consisting of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and organic polymer methylcellulose (MC), were synthesized for applied in photocatalysis and industrial sectors. The preparation of the nanocomposites MC/TiO2 films were verified successfully by EDX technique, which demonstrated the uniform distribution of TiO2 in the MC. Moreover, in frequency of 20 Hz to 5.5 MHz, the dielectric properties of MC as a function of TiO2 concentration were determined. The conductivity improved from 5.8 × 10−8 S.cm−1 for MC to 3.8 × 10−6 S.cm−1 for the composite MC/TiO2, and the dielectric constant ε′ has risen from 87 for MC to 179 for the composite MC/TiO2. In addition, the energy density increases from 3.86 × 10−4 J m−3 for MC to 7.94 × 10−4 J m−3 for MC/TiO2, and the relaxation time τr dropped from 11.5 × 10−5 sec to 2.58 × 10−5. In summary, the data investigated that the dielectric characteristics of MC/TiO2 were modified for usage in different applications as wastewater treatment and energy storage devices.

Efficient and Optimized Usage of Various Image Formats ( JPEG/ JPG vs PNG) in Applications

Images are an integral part of modern applications, ranging from websites to mobile apps and desktop software. To ensure optimal performance and user experience, developers must make informed decisions when choosing image formats. This article explores the characteristics of popular image formats such as JPEG, JPG, and PNG and provides guidelines for their efficient and optimized usage in different applications. By understanding the trade-offs between these formats, developers can make informed choices that align with their specific application requirements.

Prediction of the physico-chemical properties of vegetable oils using optimal non-linear polynomials

Vegetable oils (VOs) comprise 90%–98% triglycerides (three fatty acids esters and glycerol), with trace amounts of mono-glycerides and di-glycerides. The content of glycerides in VOs can vary depending on the specific type of oil, the processing methods used, and other factors such as the cultivar and harvest date. VOs have been examined for usage in different applications due to their physicochemical properties, including stationary engines, big ships, and Diesel engines of low and medium speed. There are around 350 VOs that have the potential to be used as fuel sources, the vast majority of which have yet to have their physicochemical properties investigated. Regression models based purely on VOs fatty acid content are beneficial in this context. This study conducts a regression analysis of VOs density (DE), kinematic viscosity (KV), flash point (FP), and low and high heating values (LHV and HHV) as a function of their fatty acids. Several experimental databases were selected, including the values of VOs fatty acid composition and physico-chemical properties. Optimal non-linear polynomials were chosen for the regression procedure. Scheffé polynomials offer different fitting alternatives to adjust the VOs experimental databases using their five main fatty acids: from simple linear polynomials (including five terms) to full cubic polynomials (including 35 terms). The polynomials are validated by showing how well their results correspond with the experimental databases. The standard error values for the proposed full polynomials concerning the databases for DE, KV, FP, LHV, and HHV are 0.70%, 7.79%, 7.86%, 1.66%, and 0.19%, respectively.

Memristive Structure-Based Chaotic System for PRNG

This paper suggests an approach to generate pseudo-random sequences based on the discrete-time model of the simple memristive chaotic system. We show that implementing Euler’s and Runge–Kutta’s methods for the simulation solutions gives the possibility of obtaining chaotic sequences that maintain general properties of the original chaotic system. A preliminary criterion based on the binary sequence balance estimation is proposed and applied to separate any binary representation of the chaotic time sequences into random and non-random parts. This gives us the possibility to delete obviously non-random sequences prior to the post-processing. The investigations were performed for arithmetic with both fixed and floating points. In both cases, the obtained sequences successfully passed the NIST SP 800-22 statistical tests. The utilization of the unidirectional asymmetric coupling of chaotic systems without full synchronization between them was suggested to increase the performance of the chaotic pseudo-random number generator (CPRNG) and avoid identical sequences on different outputs of the coupled systems. The proposed CPRNG was also implemented and tested on FPGA using Euler’s method and fixed-point arithmetic for possible usage in different applications. The FPGA implementation of CPRNG supports a generation speed up to 1.2 Gbits/s for a clock frequency of 50 MHz. In addition, we presented an example of the application of CPRNG to symmetric image encryption, but nevertheless, one is suitable for the encryption of any binary source.

Development of PP/r-PET Low-speed Wheels: An Approach to Value Added Recycling of PET along with Minimizing Virgin Plastic Usage in the Industry

The increase of plastic usage in different applications has a huge impact on the environment due waste generation. This study was focused not only to find a way to reduce the virgin plastic usage but also to convert a commodity plastic waste into a commercial engineering product. Post consumed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles were used as a source of recycled PET (r-PET) and blended with commercial grade polypropylene (PP) to produce the center part of low speed wheels. Thermomechanical properties of PP/r-PET blends were investigated along with the effect of compatibilization. The quality of prepared wheels was examined with dynamic drum test and impact test. The addition of recycled PET into polypropylene enhanced the properties of blends and it also supported to maintain the fatigue life of the wheel.

A Review on MoS2 Properties, Synthesis, Sensing Applications and Challenges

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one of the compounds discussed nowadays due to its outstanding properties that allowed its usage in different applications. Its band gap and its distinctive structure make it a promising material to substitute graphene and other semiconductor devices. It has different applications in electronics especially sensors like optical sensors, biosensors, electrochemical biosensors that play an important role in the detection of various diseases’ like cancer and Alzheimer. It has a wide range of energy applications in batteries, solar cells, microwave, and Terahertz applications. It is a promising material on a nanoscale level, with favorable characteristics in spintronics and magnetoresistance. In this review, we will discuss MoS2 properties, structure and synthesis techniques with a focus on its applications and future challenges.

Reuse of municipal wastewater for different purposes based on a modular treatment concept

Abstract Due to water scarcity and water pollution, the importance of water reuse is increasing more and more. As part of a German research programme on water reuse, the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant in the coastal region of northern Germany was used to investigate within the project MULTI-ReUse the direct treatment of tertiary effluent for usage in different applications in industry or agriculture. A modular constructed pilot system has been operated to optimize different treatment chains producing different water qualities simultaneously. The technological focus was put on membrane technologies, namely ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO), and also biofiltration, adsorption and disinfection were part of the piloting. Beside the development of monitoring strategies for ensuring biological and chemical safe water qualities, the operational stability and the safe transport of water to the consumers were examined. The direct treatment of wastewater is a demanding task due to the lack of dilution and hydraulic retention time in the receiving water (environmental buffer). However, the multiple barrier approach guaranteed constant secure water. Fine adjustments of individual processes were particularly important. A stable operation of the UF could be realized in particular by using more or less intermittent inline coagulation as coating. The RO performance could be improved significantly by using monochloramine as disinfectant to minimize biofouling.

A new vector map watermarking technique in frequency domain based on LCA-transform

Two-dimensional vector maps are vulnerable to issues related to copyright owner’s protection, which have an impact on the vector-data usage in different applications. Watermarking schemes are required in order to prevent this type of attack rotation, uniform scaling and translation (RST), invariance property, embedding distortion control and a high level of capacity in their concealment of a digital vector map’s information. This process typically involves transforming an original map and embedding the watermark. In this paper, a new approach to copyright protection for vector maps is proposed using a linear cellular automata (LCA) algorithm. The approach taken is as follows: (1) an original map, which is LCA-transformed, is obtained; (2) the watermark bit insertion process is conducted on the coefficient of the transformation result frequency into the LSB pattern; and (3) the inverse LCA transformation of the map is employed to obtain the watermarked map. Subsequent analysis has found that this approach provides desirable levels of fidelity, invisibility, capacity and computational complexity. It is also resistant to geometric and signal-operations attacks and provides multi-frequency domains for digital watermarking.

Moderne Massenspektrometer in Vakuum‐Applikationen

SummaryModern mass spectrometers in vacuum applicationsThe article describes the functionality of quadrupole mass spectrometers and their usage in different applications. Several examples illustrate the importance of careful interpretation of the respective spectra. Some applications allow the direct installation into a vacuum chamber while other applications require an external pump system which is only weakly connected to the vacuum chamber.

Understanding Internet User Profiles: A Case Study of Thailand

Thailand is experiencing the unforeseen growth in Internet penetration like in many developing countries. Internet users are eager to go online and try our new applications. In order to understand the whole picture of the market, it is important for one to understand the user behaviors first. This study aims to analyze the Internet user behaviors, using Thailand as a case study, and group the users according to their usage behaviors. The findings show four groups of Internet users which are different from traditional literature which has not been updated since 2012. They are, namely, (1) Online Hardcores, (2) Rational Users, (3) Social Addicts, and (4) Social Followers. These groups have different behaviors when it comes to the usage of different applications on the Internet. It is found that most Thai users use social network applications and short messaging services, such as Line and Whatsapp. Therefore, the majority tend to be the socializers. However, it was found that Thai users often use many applications in one day. They do not stay only on social networks but also use other programs as well. The results also show that Internet users grouping is still the area that can be further developed as the users and applications keep changing.

Investigation of Thermo Physical Properties of Liquids By Using Ultrasonic Method

To investigate the thermo physical properties of a liquid by varying temperature without altering its chemical composition. Physical properties influence the characteristics of the liquid. The main aim of this research was to determine the thermal conductivity of the liquids such as water, ethylene glycol, glycerin and benzene by using ultrasonic method and compare it with the standard values. These selected liquids are more commonly used as an additional agent in the already existing base liquid to enhance the heat transfer capabilities and also as base liquids in some applications. The thermal conductivity of these liquids greatly influences their usage in different applications. Basically their thermo physical properties are function of temperature, pressure, density and volume. Ultrasonic Interferometer was used to investigate the thermal conductivity, inter molecular free length and specific heat capacity by means of various theoretical relations. This ultrasonic method involving experimental setup makes use of 10 cc constant volume liquid sample taken for each analysis. It has been found that the frequency of ultrasonic waves (2 MHz and 4 MHz) also influence the thermal conductivity and it has been found that thermal conductivity increases with increasing frequency of ultrasonic waves. The experiment is carried out with different temperature and obtained wavelength is substituted to find the velocity of sound. Thermal conductivity obtained from these velocities using Bridgman relation coincides nearly with standard values, and the analysis is extended to find the free length and specific heat capacity using Schaaff relation. The conclusion of this research is that one thermo physical property can be theoretically determined by relation with other thermo physical properties.

Pull-In Instability and Vibrations of a Beam Micro-Gyroscope

Gyroscopes are used as rotation rate sensors. Conventional gyroscopes are heavy and bulky, which creates important problems regarding their usage in different applications. Micro-gyroscopes have solved these problems due to their small size. The beam micro-gyroscope is one of the popular types of inertial sensors. Their small dimensions and low energy consumption are key reasons for their popularity. In this investigation, the model of an electrostatically actuated beam-based micro-gyroscope is used to study the effect of design parameters on pull-in voltage and fundamental frequency. The micro-gyroscope includes a rotating cantilever beam and a tip mass attached to the free end. DC voltages are applied to both sense and drive electrodes to actuate the system. The tip mass is actuated by an AC voltage in the drive direction to produce oscillations in the sense direction. Equations of motion are solved numerically to study different pull-in and vibrational parameters. Eigenvalues of the uncoupled system are computed to obtain the fundamental frequency of the micro beam for different values of DC voltages and design parameters. The frequencies are computed and validated with those in the literature. The results are beneficial for the design process of micro-gyroscopes.

GDM

GPGPUs are evolving from dedicated accelerators towards mainstream commodity computing resources. During the transition, the lack of system management of device memory space on GPGPUs has become a major hurdle. In existing GPGPU systems, device memory space is still managed explicitly by individual applications, which not only increases the burden of programmers but can also cause application crashes, hangs, or low performance. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of GDM, a fully functional GPGPU device memory manager to address the above problems and unleash the computing power of GPGPUs in general-purpose environments. To effectively coordinate the device memory usage of different applications, GDM takes control over device memory allocations and data transfers to and from device memory, leveraging a buffer allocated in each application's virtual memory. GDM utilizes the unique features of GPGPU systems and relies on several effective optimization techniques to guarantee the efficient usage of device memory space and to achieve high performance. We have evaluated GDM and compared it against state-of-the-art GPGPU system software on a range of workloads. The results show that GDM can prevent applications from crashes, including those induced by device memory leaks, and improve system performance by up to 43%.

Improved BSP Clustering Algorithm for Social Network Analysis

A social network is a social structure of individuals, who are linked (directly or indirectly to each other) depending on a common relation of interest, e.g. friendship, trust, etc. Social network analysis is the study of social networks to recognize the structure and behavior of social actor. Social network analysis has gained importance due to its usage in different applications - from product marketing to search engines and organizational dynamics. The conventional clustering approaches group objects based only on objects' similarity which does not suite for social network data. Social network objects should be grouped into classes depending on their links as well as their attributes. In this paper, a clustering algorithm based on BSP (Business System Planning) clustering with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique is proposed. This algorithm produces significant improvement in clusters, as it groups objects in a social network into different classes based on their links and identify relation among classes.

Functional lesions of the motor system with TMS – a challenge for individual functional mapping

Applying functional lesions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful method for investigation of the functional relevance of a given activation site for motor performance in healthy individuals, and also for investigation of the temporal interactions of particular areas during movement preparation. In patients with good cognitive compliance, this procedure may be useful for detection of functional reorganisation or to plan individual therapy directions. Different protocols for applying functional lesions are presented here and their relevance and usage in different applications are explained.

3D Visualization on mobile devices

This paper discusses current status and recent advancements of 3D graphics on mobile platforms and describes open issues concerning its usage in different applications. We have treated two particular application fields. Firstly, we deal with problems of visualization of complex data structures on mobile devices. The implementation of a 3D visualization renderer on the Symbian platform for mobile devices is written as a C++ application and based on the DieselEngine® as a rendering engine. 3D visualization of data is generated in the form of a Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) file meaning that actually any kind of 3D content written in VRML file format can be rendered on such a device. It was the result of a project the objective of which was to provide a user interface on a mobile platform displaying visualization of hierarchical Grid monitoring data. Secondly, we describe the system that brings face animation to embedded platforms. Face animation is considered to be one of the toughest tasks in computer animation today and its delivery to mobile platforms brings possibilities for development of new innovative and attractive services for the mobile market.

UbiData

Mobile users today demand ubiquitous access to their data from any mobile device and under variable connection quality. We refer to this requirement as any-time, any-where data access whose realization requires much more support for asynchronous and disconnected operation than is currently available from existing research prototypes or commercial products. Furthermore, the proliferation of mobile devices and applications, forges the additional requirement of device- and application-transparent data access. Support for such any-device, any-application computing paradigm requires the ability to store and manage data in a generic representation and to transform it for usage in different applications, which may also be running on different platforms. In this article, we give an overview of the UbiData architecture and prototype system and show how it addresses these challenging requirements. We also summarize our ongoing and future efforts.