Usability Issues Research Articles

A Novel Approach to Smart Mirror Technology for Enhanced Elderly Health Monitoring

Abstract—The integration of smart mirror technology for health monitoring in elderly populations discusses the benefits and challenges of using smart mirrors as a proactive healthcare solution. The study emphasizes features such as facial recognition, posture analysis, and skin condition detection, enabling real-time data collection and personalized recommendations for preventive care. Usability, privacy concerns, and integration issues are considered. Through a review of relevant research, the paper highlights the potential of smart mirrors for proactive health monitoring in the elderly. It offers insights to researchers and healthcare professionals seeking innovative solutions for personalized care. Keywords—Smart mirror, smart assistant, health issues, elderly care, human healthcare, IoT, emotion recognition, mental monitoring

A Tablet-Based App to Support Nursing Home Staff in Delivering an Individualized Cognitive and Physical Exercise Program for Individuals With Dementia: Mixed Methods Usability Study.

The promotion of physical activity in individuals with dementia living in nursing homes is crucial for preserving physical and cognitive functions and the associated quality of life. Nevertheless, the implementation of physical activity programs in this setting is challenging, as the time and expertise of nursing home staff are limited. This situation was further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Mobile health apps may be a sustainable approach to overcome these challenges in the long term. Therefore, the Individualized Cognitive and Physical Exercise-App (the InCoPE-App) was developed to support nursing home staff in delivering and implementing tailored cognitive and physical exercise training for individuals with dementia. This study aims to assess the usability of the InCoPE-App in terms of user performance and user perception in a laboratory setting using a mixed methods approach. Nursing home staff were encouraged to perform 5 basic tasks within the InCoPE-App. Their thoughts while using the app were captured by implementing a think aloud protocol. Then, participants completed the System Usability Scale questionnaire. The think aloud transcripts were qualitatively evaluated to unveil usability issues. All identified issues were rated in terms of their necessity to be fixed. Task completion (ie, success rate and time) and perceived usability were evaluated descriptively. A total of 14 nursing home employees (mean age 53.7, SD 10.6 years; n=13, 93% women) participated in the study. The perceived usability of the InCoPE-App, as assessed by the System Usability Scale questionnaire, can be rated as "good." The main usability issues concerned navigation logic and comprehensibility of app content. The InCoPE-App is a user-friendly app that enables nursing home staff to deliver and implement cognitive and physical exercise training for individuals with dementia in nursing homes. The InCoPE-App can be used with little training, even by people aged ≥50 years, who may have low digital literacy. To achieve sustainable use and high user satisfaction of the InCoPE-App in the long term, it should be implemented and evaluated in a field study.

I-Cubid: a nonlinear cubic graph-based approach to visualize and in-depth browse Flickr image results.

The existing image search engines allow web users to explore images from the grids. The traditional interaction is linear and lookup-based. Notably, scanning web search results is horizontal-vertical and cannot support in-depth browsing. This research emphasizes the significance of a multidimensional exploration scheme over traditional grid layouts in visually exploring web image search results. This research aims to antecedent the implications of visualization and related in-depth browsing via a multidimensional cubic graph representation over a search engine result page (SERP). Furthermore, this research uncovers usability issues in the traditional grid and 3-dimensional web image search space. We provide multidimensional cubic visualization and nonlinear in-depth browsing of web image search results. The proposed approach employs textual annotations and descriptions to represent results in cubic graphs that further support in-depth browsing via a search user interface (SUI) design. It allows nonlinear navigation in web image search results and enables exploration, browsing, visualization, previewing/viewing, and accessing images in a nonlinear, interactive, and usable way. The usability tests and detailed statistical significance analysis confirm the efficacy of cubic presentation over grid layouts. The investigation reveals improvement in overall user satisfaction, screen design, information & terminology, and system capability in exploring web image search results.

Common contributing factors of diagnostic error: A retrospective analysis of 109 serious adverse event reports from Dutch hospitals

IntroductionAlthough diagnostic errors have gained renewed focus within the patient safety domain, measuring them remains a challenge. They are often measured using methods that lack information on decision-making processes given...

Usability and Preliminary Efficacy of an Artificial Intelligence-Driven Platform Supporting Dietary Management in Diabetes: Mixed Methods Study.

Nutrition plays an important role in diabetes self-management. Web-based diabetes care, driven by artificial intelligence (AI), enables more personalized care. This study aimed to examine the usability and preliminary efficacy of a web-based AI-driven nutrition platform to support people with diabetes and their carers in identifying healthy recipes, meal planning, and web-based shopping. Diabetes UK signposted people with diabetes and their carers to the platform's study-specific portal through its website, social media, and newsletters. A total of 73 adult participants with prediabetes or diabetes or their carers completed the baseline web-based survey. Of these 73 participants, 23 (32%) completed a web-based survey after 8 weeks of platform use. Web-based semistructured interviews were conducted with platform users (7/23, 30%) who agreed to be followed up and diabetes experts (n=3) who had nutrition and platform knowledge. The intervention consists of a web-based platform that incorporates AI to personalize recipes, meal planning, and shopping list experiences and was made available for 8 weeks. Baseline characteristics, satisfaction, system usability, and diabetes-related and general health indicators were assessed before and after using the platform for 8 weeks. Reductions in weight (mean difference 4.5 kg/m2, 95% CI 1.0-12.0; P=.009; Cliff δ=0.33) and waist size (mean difference 3.9 cm, 95% CI 2.0-6.5; P=.008; Cliff δ=0.48) were found. Most of the participants (151/217, 69.6%) did not regularly use the platform and had low or very low engagement scores. However, the platform was perceived as accessible with no need for additional assistance (11/21, 52%), user-friendly (8/21, 38%), and easy to use (8/21, 38%), regardless of some usability issues. Saving recipes was the most popular feature, with 663 saved recipes. This study indicated that the usability of the nutrition platform was well perceived by users and their carers. As participants managed their diabetes well, adding an education component would be specifically relevant for people less familiar with the role of diet in diabetes management. To assess the platform's effectiveness in improving diabetes-related health indicators, controlled studies with a larger and more diverse participant sample are recommended.

Wearable technologies for health research: Opportunities, limitations, and practical and conceptual considerations

One of the most notable limitations of laboratory-based health research is its inability to continuously monitor health-relevant physiological processes as individuals go about their daily lives. As a result, we have generated large amounts of data with unknown generalizability to real-world situations and also created a schism between where data are collected (i.e., in the lab) and where we need to intervene to prevent disease (i.e., in the field). Devices using noninvasive wearable technology are changing all of this, however, with their ability to provide high-frequency assessments of peoples’ ever-changing physiological states in daily life in a manner that is relatively noninvasive, affordable, and scalable. Here, we discuss critical points that every researcher should keep in mind when using these wearables in research, spanning device and metric decisions, hardware and software selection, and data quality and sampling rate issues, using research on stress and health as an example throughout. We also address usability and participant acceptability issues, and how wearable “digital biomarker” and behavioral data can be integrated to enhance basic science and intervention studies. Finally, we summarize 10 key questions that should be addressed to make every wearable study as strong as possible. Collectively, keeping these points in mind can improve our ability to study the psychobiology of human health, and to intervene, precisely where it matters most: in peoples’ daily lives.

A Tailored mHealth App for Improving Health and Well-Being Behavioral Transformation in UK Police Workers: Usability Testing via a Mixed Methods Study.

When considering the policing environment of 2022, many roles previously in the domain of warranted officers (police officer) are now performed by nonwarranted police staff equivalents. These police staff roles have expanded rapidly into other areas such as investigations, custody, and contact management, which were traditionally seen as police officer functions and put staff under some of the same stresses as police officers. A UK police force requested help in investigating technologies that could be used to improve health and well-being for both officers and staff. The aim of this study was to create a health and well-being app for police officers and staff, which considered the unique requirements of the users throughout the designing, building, prototyping, and testing stages. This study involved quantitative approaches (demographic web-based survey questions and the System Usability Scale) and qualitative approaches (open web-based survey questions and semistructured interviews). Unsupervised usability testing of a prototype app was undertaken by members (N=48) of the commissioning client using their smartphones. After completing a preregistration application for screening purposes, participants downloaded a trial version of the app. Then, they completed a web-based questionnaire after testing the app for 10 days. A subsample of participants (9/48, 19%) was interviewed. Deductive thematic analysis was undertaken to identify key themes and subthemes. Data collected during usability testing concerned the 6 domains of the app-food and diet, activity, fluid intake, sleep, good mental health, and financial well-being-and informed the creation of improved design during prototyping. Some usability and design issues and suggestions for improvements were also addressed and implemented-including shift management and catch-up cards-during this cycle of development. This study highlights the importance of coparticipation with officers and staff across the entire development cycle, to coproduce a human-centered design methodology to enable the development of a considered and user-centered solution. It demonstrates the need for producing a multifunctional tool rather than focusing purely on an individual element for this user group. It also highlights how linking and being able to track optional, personalized elements of health data against one another, cross-referenced to individual shift patterns, might help to inform and provide users with a chance for reflection and therefore influence behavior change.

The Influence of Electronic Health Records on Nursing Practice within Hospital Settings

Usability issues with electronic health records (EHRs) represent a growing threat to the health of nurses and patients, despite the fact that few studies have examined these correlations in depth. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the use of electronic health records has affected nursing practice in hospital settings. EHR adoption and care quality have yet to be extensively studied. The American Hospital Association (AHA) data, state patient discharges, and a survey of nurses were all used to conduct cross-sectional studies. The sample includes 1 281 848 surgical patients, 12 004 nurses, and 343 hospitals. Logistic regression models were used for uncontrolled, randomized studies examining the correlation between EHR usability and outcomes. Using logistic regression models, we analyzed the relationship between nurse-assessed quality of care outcomes and the use of even the most fundamental electronic health record systems. Nurses who worked in facilities equipped with even the most basic EHRs reported significantly fewer incidences than their colleagues at hospitals without EHRs; they had worse results in patient security and other quality measures. Implementing even a minimal EHR could improve the quality of nursing care, facilitate more effective care coordination, and boost patient safety

Enhancing User Experience in E-Learning: Real-Time Emotional Analysis and Assessment

This study addresses the limited research on the user experience of e-learning platforms, specifically focusing on cognitive and emotional outcomes. The study proposes a non-invasive method to assess the emotional effects associated with e-learning platforms. The experiment involved 23 university students and compared the effectiveness of a real-time face and eye detection methodology (MIORA) with a retrospective questionnaire (SAM) to understand the emotional responses during user-platform interaction. Usability issues were intentionally introduced in the system to observe students' emotional reactions and examine the consistency between the two tools. The results confirmed the hypothesis that real-time non-invasive tools for assessing emotional reactions are more comprehensive and reliable compared to the SAM questionnaire. These tools also allow for dynamic adaptations to the site's usability and interface based on the student's emotional reactions, potentially enhancing satisfaction, and learning outcomes. These findings provide valuable insights for future research on the impact of emotional responses to e-learning platforms on user experience and learning outcomes. Ultimately, this study lays a foundation for effectively assessing the emotional outcomes of e-learning to improve online and hybrid education.

A Critical Evaluation of Popular UX Frameworks Relevant to E-Health Apps

This research paper aims to evaluate the usability, accessibility, and effectiveness of the current User Experience (UX) frameworks relevant to mobile health apps, with a specific focus on the FitBit app. The selected UX frameworks for evaluation include Nielsen Norman Group's 10 Usability Heuristics, Don Norman's Three Levels of Design, and Human-Centered Design. A mixed-method approach, comprising both qualitative and quantitative analyses, was employed to evaluate these frameworks. The FitBit app was assessed based on the selected frameworks, and the obtained results were compared with existing literature and industry standards. The main subject of this study is the critical evaluation of popular UX frameworks in the context of e-health apps, with a specific emphasis on the FitBit app. The evaluation factors considered include usability, accessibility, and effectiveness. By utilizing the selected UX frameworks, the paper seeks to identify the strengths and limitations of each framework in evaluating e- health apps. The achieved results reveal that Nielsen Norman Group's 10 Usability Heuristics are valuable in identifying usability issues within the FitBit app. Don Norman's Three Levels of Design effectively evaluate the overall user experience, providing insights into the app's design quality. Human- Centered Design, on the other hand, offers a comprehensive and holistic approach to designing for the user, encompassing various aspects of the FitBit app. Through this research, a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and limitations of the evaluated UX frameworks in relation to e-health apps, specifically the FitBit app, is attained. The findings contribute to the existing literature on UX evaluation and provide insights for designers and developers to enhance the user experience of mobile health applications.

Enhancing Website Usability by Utilizing Heuristic Evaluation and User Feedback for Better User Experience

This research focuses on improving the usability of the Portal KUKERTA website used by Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian pada Masyarakat Universitas Riau (LPPM UNRI) for the Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) program. Based on direct observations of the Portal KUKERTA website, several usability issues related to the system were identified. Combining heuristic evaluation and user feedback, the study aims to enhance the user experience and ensure a user-friendly interface. Analysis of feedback from 98 users revealed the highest severity ratings in Flexibility and Efficiency of Use, Error Prevention, and User Control and Freedom. Recommendations were developed to address these issues and improve the user experience. The integration of heuristic evaluation and user feedback provides valuable insights for enhancing the usability of the Portal KUKERTA website, serving the needs of students and lecturers. Additionally, the research results showed scores for various usability principles, including visibility of system status (1.838), match between system and real world (2.264), user control and freedom (3.786), consistency and standards (2.325), error prevention (4.062), recognition rather than recall (2.250), flexibility and efficiency of use (4.075), aesthetic and minimalist design (2.713), and help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors (2.843). These findings further guide the improvement of specific areas to enhance the overall usability of the Portal KUKERTA website.

Evaluating the usability of a co-designed power assisted exercise graphical user interface for people with stroke

BackgroundDigital advancement of power assisted exercise equipment will advance exercise prescription for people with stroke (PwS). This article reports on the remote usability evaluation of a co-designed graphical user interface (GUI) and denotes an example of how video-conference software can increase reach to participants in the testing of rehabilitation technologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of two sequential versions of the GUI.MethodsWe adopted a mixed methods approach. Ten professional user (PU) (2M/8F) and 10 expert user (EU) participants (2M/8F) were recruited. Data collection included a usability observation, a ‘think aloud’ walk through, task completion, task duration and user satisfaction as indicated by the Post Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ). Identification of usability issues informed the design of version 2 which included an additional submenu. Descriptive analysis was conducted upon usability issues and number of occurrences detected on both versions of the GUI. Inferential analysis enabled comparison of task duration and PSSUQ data between the PU and EU groups.ResultsAnalysis of the ‘think aloud’ walkthrough data enabled identification of 22 usability issues on version 1 from a total of 100 usability occurrences. Task completion for all tasks was 100%. Eight usability issues were directly addressed in the development of version 2. Two recurrent and 24 new usability issues were detected in version 2 with a total of 86 usability occurrences. Paired two tailed T-tests on task duration data indicated a significant decrease amongst the EU group for task 1.1 on version 2 (P = 0.03). The mean PSSUQ scores for version 1 was 1.44 (EU group) and 1.63 (PU group) compared with 1.40 (EU group) and 1.41 (PU group) for version 2.ConclusionsThe usability evaluation enabled identification of usability issues on version 1 of the GUI which were effectively addressed on the iteration of version 2. Testing of version 2 identified usability issues within the new submenu. Application of multiple usability evaluation methods was effective in identifying and addressing usability issues in the GUI to improve the experience of PAE for PwS. The use of video-conference software to conduct synchronous, remote usability testing is an effective alternative to face to face testing methods.

Influence of Virtual Reality on User Evaluation of Prototypes in the Development Process—A Comparative Study with Control Rooms for Onshore Drilling Rigs

User evaluations of prototypes in virtual reality (VR) offer high potential for products that require resource-intensive prototype construction, such as drilling rigs. This study examined whether the user evaluation of a VR prototype for controlling an onshore drilling rigproduces results comparable to an evaluation in the real world. Using a between-subject design, 16 drilling experts tested a prototype in VR and reality. The experts performed three different work processes and evaluated their satisfaction based on task performance, user experience, and usability via standardized questionnaires. A test leader evaluated the effectiveness of the work process execution using a 3-level rating scheme. The number of user interactions and time on task were recorded. There were no significant differences in the effectiveness, number of interactions required, perceived usability, and satisfaction with respect to task performance. In VR, the drilling experts took significantly more time to complete tasks and rated the efficiency of the VR prototype significantly higher. Overall, the real-world evaluation provided more insights into prototype optimization. Nevertheless, several usability issues have been identified in VR. Therefore, user evaluations in VR are particularly suitable in the early development phases to identify usability issues, without the need to produce real prototypes.

Heuristic Evaluation of Play4Fit Health and Fitness App: A Comparison Between Experts and Novices Evaluators

Heuristic evaluation (HE) can be used to effectively identify usability issues in various interfaces. However, it has not been widely used in evaluating smartphone apps, especially in the health and fitness domain. One reason is the lack of HCI experts, which makes incorporating HE into the design process difficult. This paper presents the results of a study that compared HE performed by three HCI experts and three novices in evaluating a gamification app for health and fitness on a smartphone. The study used Smartphone Mobile Application heuRisTics (SMART), which focuses on smartphone apps, and a severity rating scale to determine the severity of the usability issues. These issues were mapped to the SMART heuristic. The findings indicate that novices may identify usability issues that the experts overlooked. While the experts identified eighteen usability issues, the novices found only four; however, the novice’s findings may be used as a substitute for HE when experts are unavailable. Both experts and novices identified two similar usability issues, but their severity ratings differed. One possible solution to address the lack of usability issues identified by novices in HE is to use more novices instead of experts in the evaluation process.

Adaptation and Implementation of a Shared Decision-Making Tool From One Health Context to Another: Partnership Approach Using Mixed Methods.

Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of pain and disability. Knee osteoarthritis accounts for nearly four-fifths of the burden of osteoarthritis internationally, and 10% of adults in the United Kingdom have the condition. Shared decision-making (SDM) supports patients to make more informed choices about treatment and care while reducing inequities in access to treatment. We evaluated the experience of a team adapting an SDM tool for knee osteoarthritis and the tool's implementation potential within a local clinical commissioning group (CCG) area in southwest England. The tool aims to prepare patients and clinicians for SDM by providing evidence-based information about treatment options relevant to disease stage. This study aimed to explore the experiences of a team adapting an SDM tool from one health context to another and the implementation potential of the tool in the local CCG area. A partnership approach using mixed methods was used to respond to recruitment challenges and ensure that study aims could be addressed within time restrictions. A web-based survey was used to obtain clinicians' feedback on experiences of using the SDM tool. Qualitative interviews were conducted by telephone or video call with a sample of stakeholders involved in adapting and implementing the tool in the local CCG area. Survey findings were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Content analysis was conducted on qualitative data using framework analysis, and data were mapped directly to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Overall, 23 clinicians completed the survey, including first-contact physiotherapists (11/23, 48%), physiotherapists (7/23, 30%), specialist physiotherapists (4/23, 17%), and a general practitioner (1/23, 4%). Eight stakeholders involved in commissioning, adapting, and implementing the SDM tool were interviewed. Participants described barriers and facilitators to the adaptation, implementation, and use of the tool. Barriers included a lack of organizational culture that supported and resourced SDM, lack of clinician buy-in and awareness of the tool, challenges with accessibility and usability, and lack of adaptation for underserved communities. Facilitators included the influence of clinical leaders' belief that SDM tools can improve patient outcomes and National Health Service resource use, clinicians' positive experiences of using the tool, and improving awareness of the tool. Themes were mapped to 13 of the 14 TDF domains. Usability issues were described, which did not map to the TDF domains. This study highlights barriers and facilitators to adapting and implementing tools from one health context to another. We recommend that tools selected for adaptation should have a strong evidence base, including evidence of effectiveness and acceptability in the original context. Legal advice should be sought regarding intellectual property early in the project. Existing guidance for developing and adapting interventions should be used. Co-design methods should be applied to improve adapted tools' accessibility and acceptability.

USABILITY AS A PROBLEM OF EXPRESSIVE WEB DESIGN TOOLS: FROM THE PRACTICE OF WEB USABILITY TO THE CONTEXT OF WEB ACCESSIBILITY

The article is devoted to the problem of analyzing the issue of web usability and web accessibility of using educational web resources in the context of the problems of expressive web design tools. The author considers web usability and web accessibility systems as components of a universal design problem that goes beyond narrow technical issues of website content consumption. An important component of the research discourse of the publication is the study and interpretation of the experience of using educational Internet resources from the point of view of the system of expressive means, aesthetic solutions and artistic and project properties of web design. It is concluded that the artistic nature of an educational website has the capacity for representation within the user experience. It is proved that the parameter of external consistency of expressive means is extremely important for the problem of web accessibility. If a website's learning model uses more than one visual system, this requires coordination of visual solutions at all levels of interface design. The author emphasizes that the practice of gaining experience using an educational web resource is based on functional criteria. At the same time, the usability characteristics are not enough to identifythe typological structure of a certain site and to determine, on this basis, a universal approach to the construction of visual solutions. Practically in all the considered cases there are artistic-figurative or aesthetic-stylistic features, which are either part of the functioning system, or are considered as independent aesthetic components. The inevitability in the functioning of websites requires designers to come up with such solutions that would determine not only the functional properties of the website, but also its artistic direction. The conducted analysis shows that the aesthetics of network Internet resources is formed based on the principles of usability and is a utilitarian system that has its own functionality and a wide range of usage norms. Based on this, educational websites have significant differences compared to representative web resources that form visual messages within a different artistic and figurative system.

Continuous authentication with feature-level fusion of touch gestures and keystroke dynamics to solve security and usability issues

Behavioral Biometrics (BB) Continuous Authentication (CA) systems monitor user behavior and continuously re-authenticate user identity alongside the initial login process. Most studies use single behavioral modality systems to authenticate users. However, the behaviors of genuine users may change, and systems fail when significant changes occur. This results in either usability or security issues. In the literature, the fusion of biometrics is used to solve this problem and achieves improved results. This paper presents our research on the design and evaluation of new approaches to CA using fusion of touch gestures and keystroke dynamics. To collect the biometric data from mobile device users we have developed the BioGames App which follows an innovative approach based on the gamification paradigm. We examine each modality separately and investigate if we can improve the performance results with a feature-level fusion. For this reason, a new appropriate feature set is developed that combines touch gestures and keystroke dynamics. We used the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and compared their performance. We have shown that feature-level fusion of touch gestures and keystroke dynamics improves the performance of systems and solves security and usability issues. We found that the MLP is superior to LSTM in this context. The MLP achieved Accuracy 98.3% (increased 21.1%), EER 1% (error reduction by 23.7%), TAR 99.4% (increased 46%), TRR 97.4% (increased 10%), FAR 2.6% (reduced by 10.5%), and FRR 0.6% (reduced by 46%).

UQE-3D: a usability evaluation method of 3D user interfaces for the elderly

Health professionals could use 3D user interfaces to support elderly rehabilitation, offering fun and engagement during physical and cognitive activities. The evaluation of these immersive applications needs instruments designed for the specific context. This study presents and validates a new usability evaluation method for 3D user interfaces for the elderly. We developed the UQE-3D questionnaire from previous studies keeping in mind the 3D aspects and technological language suitable for the target public. To apply it, we used a protocol considering a demographic questionnaire, the Mini-Mental State Exam, the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, the SUS Scale, the UQE-3D, and a structured interview. We also executed an experiment considering a heterogeneous group with 30 subjects (60+ years), where seven participants were institutionalized elderly. UQE-3D presented good results showing a mean score of 82.60 (range 1-100). UQE-3D and SUS scores did not show a statistically significant difference, highlighting the UQE-3D to be sufficient and effective in identifying the usability issues seen in the assessment of 3D user interfaces for the elderly. The method has the potential to evaluate and ensure the quality of 3D context-specific applications, considering appropriate terminology and contributing to the development of technologies fitting for the elderly.

Eye Tracking, Usability, and User Experience: A Systematic Review

Usability and user experience (UX) are emerging concerns around not only application development but everything designed to be used by people. Evaluation of the UX is, by nature, intensely subjective and time-consuming. The article focuses mainly on Eye Tracking, Usability, and User Experience from a general point of view, with an emphasis on automatic data processing. In recent years, new technological approaches have been emerging to quantify usability testing data and improve process automation. Eye tracking technology is a great way to analyze users’ interaction with the product, allowing researchers to discover usability issues and even leverage the power of machine learning to recognize various kinds of emotions linked to users’ interactions. Existing research concerned with these three main topics has been methodically explored. For this review, we extensively searched 1988 theme-related articles. One hundred and forty-four articles were selected based on meticulous screening, from which 90 were included in this systematic review. The outcomes reveal a significant shift toward a more technologically advanced evaluation of user experience and usability in various areas. The review proposes several opportunities for future research and missing areas connecting user experience, eye tracking, and machine learning into more products focused on problem pattern identification.

SpaceX Mag

Low-vision users interact with smartphones via screen magnifiers, which uniformly magnify raw screen pixels, including whitespace and user interface (UI) elements. Screen magnifiers thus occlude important contextual information, such as visual cues, from the user's viewport. This requires low-vision users to pan over the occluded portions and mentally reconstruct the context, which is cumbersome, tiring, and mentally demanding. Prior work aimed to address these usability issues with screen magnifiers by optimizing the representation of UI elements suitable for low-vision users or by magnifying whitespace and non-whitespace content (e.g., text, graphics, borders) differently. This paper combines both techniques and presents SpaceXMag, an optimization framework that automatically reduces whitespace within a smartphone app, thereby packing more information within the current magnification viewport. A study with 11 low-vision users indicates that, with a traditional screen magnifier, the space-optimized UI is more usable and saves at least 28.13% time for overview tasks and 42.89% time for target acquisition tasks, compared to the original, unoptimized UI of the same app. Furthermore, our framework is scalable, fast, and automatable. For example, on a public dataset containing 16, 566 screenshots of different Android apps, it saves approximately 47.17% of the space (area) on average, with a mean runtime of around 1.44 seconds, without requiring any human input. All are indicative of the promise and potential of SpaceXMag for low-vision screen magnifier users.