US Troops Research Articles

오키나와의 기지화 과정과 제주4·3, 여수·순천10·19

This study provides an overview of the incidents of April 3 and October 19 and their impact on the U.S. fortification of Okinawa. During World War II, the Japanese militarized Okinawa and Jeju, while U.S. forces invaded Okinawa. Although they didn’t invade Jeju, the presence of Japanese troops and the geographical location delayed the arrival of U.S. troops, while the People's Committee gained great power. Even in the left-leaning Suncheon area, residents became increasingly dissatisfied with the US occupation, which inherited the police system of the Japanese occupation and favored the pro-Japanese right. Meanwhile, the United States initially considered a long-term presence of U.S. troops with the primary goal of preventing Soviet domination of South Korea. However, some military personnel in the US government considered the occupation as a burden and raised the idea of troop withdrawal. In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly resolved the withdrawal of occupation forces after general elections and establishment of new government. Under these circumstances, the April 3 Incident occurred against the backlash against the US occupation, and the October 19 Incident, which occurred to reject the suppression of Jeju, considered as “communist riots” and were subject to suppression. While these events delayed the withdrawal of US troops, the United States, which wanted to balance power in East Asia, decided to militarize Okinawa and hold it for a long time. With the end of the US occupation in Korea, military personnel with experience in Korea became involved in the military government of Okinawa.

CHANGES IN PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ENTRY OF US TROOPS INTO AFGHANISTAN

In this article, the entry of US troops into Afghanistan and as a result the change of Pakistan's foreign policy towards Afghanistan, the change of Pakistan's position on the international scale, the beneficial and harmful aspects for Pakistan are shown. Also, the increasing role of the US government between the governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan and its consequences are mentioned.

Narratives and Power in Digital Media Coverage of the US Troop’s Withdrawal from Afghanistan

This study examined the digital media coverage of the U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021, focusing on how narratives within China Daily constructed and communicated power. This critical juncture in international relations provided a unique opportunity to analyze media narratives that shaped public perception and policy discourse, particularly through the lens of China Daily, a significant voice in Chinese and global media. The objective was to dissect how China Daily’s reporting reflected and influenced geopolitical narratives, utilizing Teun van Dijk’s framework for news discourse analysis. This involved a detailed examination of the discourse strategies and ideological constructs in the coverage of the troop withdrawal. By analyzing 192 articles from China Daily published between April and September 2021, the study explored the construction of narratives and their underlying ideologies. Findings indicated that China Daily strategically framed the U.S. withdrawal in terms of regional instability and terrorism risks, emphasizing the consequences of what it portrayed as a hasty and irresponsible U.S. action. This narrative strategy was aligned with broader Chinese political stances on non-interference and respect for national sovereignty. This research contributed to the field by highlighting the role of media in shaping international perceptions and added a non-Western perspective to discourse studies on global military engagements.

Koreagate Revisited: ROK Government Lobbying on the Human Rights Issue

ABSTRACT Republic of Korea (ROK) lobbying in the United States during the 1970s, which blew up into the Koreagate scandal, is a widely known but understudied episode in US-ROK relations. Utilizing declassified documents from the ROK Ministry of Foreign Affairs, this article argues President Park Chung Hee was pressured by Congressional condemnation of his human rights abuses and he sought to tame criticism through lobbying. To this end, ROK diplomats actively lobbied Congress in an attempt to guide the narrative of human rights hearings, temper legislation to cut military aid and force withdrawal of US troops from Korea, and silence critics.

The view on the Situation in Afghanistan in the Chinese Media within China’s National Security

The withdrawal of US troops and the rapid takeover of Kabul by the Taliban (recognized as a terrorist organization and banned in the Russian Federation) in Afghanistan in 2021 shocked the world community. Even though the PRC actively opposes international terrorism, which the Taliban movement (recognized as a terrorist organization and banned in the Russian Federation) is accused of supporting, it has become one of the few countries that have begun to cooperate with the new Afghan regime. In the light of these events, China’s view of the situation in Afghanistan is puzzling, in particular, we are interested in how these events are reported in Chinese press. In this paper, first, we trace the evolution of the PRC’s official position on Afghanistan, and then, using frame analysis, analyze the coverage of the events of 2021 in the PRC by focusing on three authoritative newspapers, Chinese language versions of “People’s Daily”, “Global Times”, and “The Paper”. Our study demonstrates that the Chinese press supports China’s foreign policy in general and its policy in Afghanistan in particular. Stability in Afghanistan and cooperation with the Taliban (recognized as a terrorist organization and banned in the Russian Federation) on issues of Uighur separatism are important for China’s national security. In the Chinese media, the Taliban (recognized as a terrorist organization and banned in the Russian Federation) are not presented as accomplices of terrorism, which China is fighting within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization but are described as representatives of the Afghan people who aim to restore the security and stability in the country. When discussing the Taliban (recognized as a terrorist organization and banned in the Russian Federation) takeover in the Chinese media, the focus is often not on the crimes of the new regime - repression, abuse of power, restriction of rights, but on shortcoming of the US policy. The latter reflects an important discursive practice in the Chinese media, “othering” the United States.

The origins and growth of the Meatless Monday movement.

Meatless Monday is a global movement that encourages people to reduce meat in their diets for their own health and the health of the planet. We conducted a comprehensive review of primary and secondary sources and archival material documenting the origins, historical roots, and growth of Meatless Monday and simultaneous developments in public health. Sources for the paper included publications of the US Food Administration and articles and media identified using searches of ProQuest Historical Newspapers, Newspapers.com Academic, ProQuest US Newsstream, ProQuest Canadian Newstream, ProQuest International Newsstream databases, and Google.com. Meatless Monday was conceived by the advertising executive and public health advocate Sid Lerner in 2003, inspired by the meatless days observed during World War I and II. Meatless Monday grew steadily from 2003 to 2023 through advocacy by food writers, talk show hosts, and celebrity chefs, and through participation by schools, cities, restaurants, corporations, and institutions worldwide. School systems began to observe Meatless Monday, such as Baltimore City Public Schools in 2009 and New York City Public Schools in 2019. Meat-Free Monday campaign was launched by Paul McCartney and his daughters in 2009 in the United Kingdom. The Humane Society of the United States became an advocate for Meatless Monday and helped institute it in >200 US school systems. From 2003 to 2023, Meatless Monday spread to over 40 countries and was observed in public schools in countries such as Brazil, Ireland, and Belgium. Findings regarding high meat consumption and its adverse effects on health, high greenhouse gas production and environment degradation, and problems with animal welfare under conditions of industrial food animal production emerged during the same period and influenced many to advocate Meatless Monday. Meatless days of World War I and II were driven by patriotic motivations to provide food for the US troops and the Allies in Europe, whereas motivations for observing Meatless Monday were largely related to concerns regarding personal health, the environment, and animal welfare. Meatless Monday grew from relatively humble origins to a highly recognized worldwide movement with wide appeal as a way to begin reducing meat consumption for personal and planetary health.

A Delicate Balance: Iraq’s Security Culture Between Iran and the United States

Iraq’s leaders are working to modernise its national-security institutions, and to manage the challenges arising from multiple subnational armed groups. The main groups, the Kurdish Peshmerga and the largely Shia Popular Mobilisation Units, or Hashd, are linked to the armed forces, but enjoy considerable autonomy. Iraq also has militias linked to region-wide resistance forces with ties to Iran. The Gaza war has triggered dozens of lethal encounters between these groups and the 2,500 US troops in Iraq, leading Baghdad to renegotiate the terms of security cooperation with Washington. Even if US and NATO forces leave Iraq, the Iraqi government will work to balance its relations with Tehran and Washington. Iraq therefore has a role to play in determining how the region finds a new equilibrium after the Gaza war. Iraq’s emerging security culture also provides an important case study of a country in transition from authoritarian rule.

Accuracy and Dignity: Staging Madama Butterfly in Occupied Japan

ABSTRACT Puccini’s opera Madama Butterfly has long been viewed in Japan and abroad as demeaning Japan, portraying Japanese women as helpless victims of a cruel society, easily exploited by Japanese and American men. But a remarkable 1948 production by two Japanese men, Fujiwara Yoshie (1898–1976) and Aoyama Yoshio (1903–1976), reimagined the typical Euro-American staging to display their vision of a ‘real’ Japan, one they also believed most faithful to Puccini. Not only did their production mute the inequities present in the opera; it was initiated, funded, and fully supported by the US Troop Information and Education (TI&E) Section in Tokyo. Ultimately, the Fujiwara and Aoyama interpretation became the dominant staging of the opera worldwide for decades to come. Exploring the institutional, political, and popular interest in Madama Butterfly in occupied Japan, this article examines how this 1948 production bolstered the Cold War narrative of the US as a non-colonialist, democratizing power striving to liberate Japanese women while celebrating Japan’s ‘return’ to its native aesthetic traditions.

A critical discourse analysis of Joe Biden's justificatory speeches about the US the troops' withdrawal from Afghanistan

This paper conducts a critical discourse analysis of justification in the speeches of the American president of the United States of America, Joe Biden, about the US troops' withdrawal from Afghanistan. It aims to analyze the manipulative language that the American president uses in order to justify the decision to withdraw in 2021. The paper tries to bridge a gap in the linguistic research concerning critically investigating the concept of 'justification' in Biden's speeches. The analysis is done by answering the following questions: (1) What manipulative language strategies does the US president employ in his speech in order to justify his decision to withdraw? (2) What speech acts and rhetorical strategies does the president employ to persuade his audience to accept and support his decision to withdraw? The paper adopts van Dijk's (2006c) 'Discourse and Manipulation' as a model for analyzing the selected data. The paper concluded that the American president uses a particular effective and manipulative language in order to justify the decision to withdraw, and ideologically, the American president, depending on his status and power, tries to use particular speech acts and rhetorical strategies to impose his ideologies to get his decision justified.

Afghanistan after US troop withdrawal: assessing internal stability and terrorist threats

The results of the review of the situation in Afghanistan given in the article indicate continued instability in the country. It is emphasized that the structural reasons for the collapse of the economy are more political than economic in nature, and economic recovery will largely depend on the political decisions of the Taliban government. It is shown that although the international community's interest in Afghanistan is waning, the humanitarian situation remains dire, and the UN must continue constructive interaction with the Taliban government. Assesses the risks of terrorist threats from Afghanistan, notes the increased freedom enjoyed by al-Qaeda, and concludes that ISIS-Khorasan maintains terrorist potential.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Online News Reports on the Withdrawal of US Troops from Afghanistan

This study undertakes a CDA of online news reports from China Daily regarding the 2021 withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan. Drawing upon van Dijk’s (1988) theory of news discourse analysis, the study examines the discursive features of China Daily’s coverage between April and September 2021. A corpus of 192 reports, with ten selected for detailed examination, offers a thorough analysis of how this important geopolitical event has been portrayed in the media and its ideological foundations. The major findings reveal a refined presentation of muti-angled discourses. These reports politically emphasize China’s stance on the event and advocates for a moral obligation toward Afghanistan’s future and a broad, inclusive government arrangement post-withdrawal and economically calls for policies that consider the welfare of local populations. These findings underscore the strategic use of discourse to navigate complex geopolitical narratives, illustrating the media’s role in ideological dissemination.

Coup Government of Afghanistan From the Perspective of Islamic Constitutional Law

The Taliban are currently in control of the government in Afghanistan after taking over the authority from President Ashraf Ghani. The takeover is classified as a government coup because it was not conducted under the Afghan Constitution. Departing from this issue, this normative research examines the background of the Afghan government coup d’etat and analyzes it from the Islamic Constitutional Law perspective. The result concludes that (1) the coup of the Afghan government by the Taliban was triggered by the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan as a follow-up to the Doha agreement made between the United States and the Taliban. After the Taliban succeeded in occupying several areas, including the capital city of Kabul, Ashraf Ghani fled from Afghanistan to the United Arab Emirates, causing the collapse of the government; and (2) from the perspective of Islamic Constitutional Law, the Afghan government coup can be viewed from (a) the obligation to comply with the constitution, and (b) post-coup benefit considerations.
 
 Keywords: goverment; coup de etat; Islamic constitutional law.

2 1991 Gulf War Women Veterans: Neurotoxicant Exposures and Cognitive Outcomes

Objective:The women who served in the 19901991 Persian Gulf War (GW) are unique in that they were the first group to have fewer restrictions in terms of military occupations and exposure to combat. Of the nearly 41,000 US troops who were women deployed to the GW, many were serving in frontline positions and were exposed to the same toxicants as their male counterparts. Toxicant exposures such as pesticide sprays and creams, oil well fires, diesel fuels, chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents and anti-nerve gas (PB) pills have been found to result in cognitive impairments across a range of neuropsychological tests. Our research team has been following cohorts of women who were deployed to the GW and correlated exposures with neuropsychological outcomes. Overall, in small cohorts of women veterans we found that higher levels of exposures to pesticide sprays and creams and CBW are correlated with short-term memory, mood, and motor deficits. These findings were different from those of their male counterparts. In a recently developed data-repository we have compiled larger groups of women veterans to validate our prior findings.Participants and Methods:The current study is an analysis of data from a national bio/data-repository (Boston Biorepository Recruitment and Integrative Network for Gulf War Illness; BBRAIN) which includes key data samples from prior GW studies that have been merged and combined into retrospective datasets. Data include general health and chronic symptom questionnaires, demographics, deployment and self-reported exposure histories (separated into no exposure, fewer than 7 days exposure and greater than or equal to 7 days exposure), as well as key neuropsychological test variables. Three separate datasets were combined to include 62 women. Exposures to chemical alarms, oil well fires, pesticide cream or spray, pesticide fogging, and PB pills were self-reported. Linear regression models were produced for each continuous cognitive outcome, modeled on a given exposure, and controlling for age, education level, PTSD, and other exposures.Results:Of the 62 women, the majority were White (77%). 74% of women surveyed were employed and 55% were married. 63% of women had at least a high school education. Deployed women who had > 7 days of exposure to pesticide sprays, CBW, smoke from oil well fires, and PB pills were more likely to show deficits in the areas of verbal learning and short-term memory (p < .03) and those with exposure to CBW, smoke from oil well fires, pesticides creams and PB pills had more errors on a test of executive functioning (p < .01). These data differ from the findings from cohorts of men.Conclusions:These data validate the findings of our prior studies and add credence to the need for separate analyses for men and women. The unique outcomes may lead to individualized treatments for women veterans that may also help women with similar exposures from other deployments in addition to women with occupational exposures.

MASS DEPORTATION OF AFGHAN REFUGEES FROM PAKISTAN: REFUGEE LAW AT STAKE OR SOLUTION FOR HALTING TERRORISM?

Pakistan has been a host to millions of afghan refugee for about more than 40 years. Initially, Pakistan provided asylum to the afghan refugees on the basis of Islamic brotherhood and called the afghan refugees as “Muhajirs.” Even though, Pakistan is not a signatory to the 1951 convention of refugee and its protocols of 1967. Yet Pakistan has a morale responsibility to give protection to the Muslims around the world because Pakistan is assumed as a castle of Islam. However, there has been a shift in this open door policy of Pakistan for Afghan refugees and in 2002 approximately four million Afghan refugees returned to their homeland with the support of UNHCR. After the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, the afghan refugees have been reluctant to return to their country of origin due to their affiliation with the US. Lately, the caretaker government of Pakistan issued a statement about the deportation of unauthorized immigrants that largely impacted the Afghan refugees due to their large number living in Pakistan. This verdict of government included two phases of repatriation: in the first phase voluntary deportees were facilitated, whereas the second phase included the use of force in the repatriation process. This whole process of repatriation was presented as cessation of terrorism in Pakistan by the governmental authorities. This paper analyses the status of Pakistan and the refugee law for sending back the afghan refugees to the Afghanistan. This paper also examines how the mass migration has alleviated the problem of terrorism in Pakistan.

Navigating the Aftermath: U.S. Policy in Afghanistan Following Troop Withdrawal

The withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan in the middle of 2021 has put at stake and turned to shock the world community. The world, which was fighting COVID-19, faced more concerns about the US withdrawal from Afghanistan. It became not only a concern of Middle East countries, but it raised questions in Europe too. While the Middle East countries were anxious about security issues in the region, Europe was anxious about the mass migration of refugees. Russia, the country which is crucially interested in stable peace in the Middle East, and China, which is cooperating with Afghanistan in the economic sector, began negotiations with the Taliban government to stabilize the situation peacefully after the withdrawal of American troops.The article analyzes the changes in US policy in Afghanistan after the withdrawal of troops in August 2021. The withdrawal of the US military contingent from Afghanistan has changed the balance of power in Central Asia, which, on the one hand, creates new risks to international security, and on the other hand, opens up new opportunities for interested players in the international arena in the region. In the new conditions, the United States is forced to restructure its policy towards Afghanistan and change its security strategy in accordance with the new balance of forces in the region. The findings of the study relate to the actual interests of the United States in the field of security in Afghanistan and in the Central Asian region as a whole.

The growing of Chinese influence in Iraq under U.S. invasion (2003-2013)

The invasion of Iraq in 2003 by the United States and its allies, is one of the most important events of the early 21st century, that has had a major impact on Iraq, the Middle East and the relations among the great powers. Although the United States succeeded in occupying and destroying Saddam's regime, but this victory did not strengthen the US position in Iraq, rather until the withdrawal of US troops in 2011, Iraqis, despite political and military problems, strongly resisted the occupation. While the war cost the United States more than 3 trillion USD, it did not benefit economically and commercially from Iraq. On the contrary, China was one of the countries that initially opposed the war, both during and after the war, and did not join the US led coalition to invade Iraq, also considered the unilateral US decision to invade Iraq as a clear violation of international values and law. In addition, learned lessons from the occupation to renew his military and intelligence capabilities. On the other hand, it has formulated its political strategy on the basis of the new postwar gifts. On the other hand, it has increased its economic and commercial influence in Iraq, to the extent that scholars believe China is the biggest winner of the war.

CDC Bottle Bioassays for Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Culex Pipiens, Aedes Albopictus, and Aedes Koreicus Collected on US Army Garrisons, Republic of Korea.

Mosquito-borne pathogens are a threat to US troops stationed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Insecticide resistance has been reported in mosquito vectors in the ROK, highlighting the need for a sustained ROK-wide resistance surveillance program. To address this need from April 2022 until October 2022, larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus, Ae. koreicus, and Culex pipiens were collected from US Army Garrison (USAG) Daegu (Camps Carroll and Henry), USAG Yongsan-Casey (Camp Casey), and USAG Humphreys (Camp Humphreys) and screened for resistance to insecticides using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay. No resistance to deltamethrin or chlorpyrifos was detected in Ae. albopictus populations, but one population showed possible resistance to permethrin. Aedes koreicus populations were found to be resistant to etofenprox and permethrin with possible resistance to deltamethrin but were susceptible to chlorpyrifos. Culex pipiens populations were found to be resistant to chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and deltamethrin. Screening using CDC bottle bioassays will continue, and efforts will be made to determine the operational impact of the assay results on military installation mosquito control programs.

Making of the "Pristine Vegetables": Soil-Transmitted Parasites and U.S. Military Procurement in Korea.

In the twenty-first century Korea, "Pristine Vegetables(청정채소)" refers to organic products grown without the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. However, the meaning of "Pristine" was radically different until 1970s. After the Korean War, the infection rate of intestinal parasite reached almost 100 percent in Korean population. Disruption in chemical fertilizers manufacturing pressured farmers to use night-soil, which was contaminated with parasite eggs, causing the vicious cycle of infection. At the same time, rapid urbanization increased the demands of fresh vegetables in the city, leading to a large amount of semi-urban agricultural practices. This was closely linked with the national economy; as most of Korean vegetable products were contaminated with parasites, they were deemed unsuitable for export. In 1957, US Army stationed in Seoul issued a guideline for producing local vegetables acceptable for US troop consumption. This gave rise to the concept of "Pristine Vegetables" that were free of any infectious materials. These practices continued well into the 1970s. Due to the lack of sewage treatment system, the waste of urban population provided necessary fertilizer for these farmers without much cost. In order to secure public health, the Korean government actively encouraged the use of chemical fertilizers, naming the vegetables "Pristine." This effort included the ban of night-soil in urban and semi-urban farms and the establishment of Pristine Vegetable Shops. However, the rapid decline of parasitic diseases in the population and the rising concerns of environmental pollutions reshaped Pristine Vegetables from chemical to organic in the 1980s. Thus, Pristine Vegetable in Korea during late twentieth century exemplifies rapid transformation of the urban environment, showing shifted concept of cleanness and contaminants among the public and policymakers, as well as acceptable risk of the urban environment in Korea.

USA withdrawal from Afghanistan Challenges and Political-Economic Options for Pakistan in Changing Regional Dynamics

This research explored USA withdrawal from Afghanistan. The incident of 9/11 shocked the whole world, when two hijacked aeroplanes by Al-Qaeda hit twin towers of USA. Subsequently, 10 years of fighting in Afghanistan, on May 2, 2011, Osama, bin Laden was killed by American forces at Abbottabad in Pakistan. On January 20, 2014, President Barak Obama announced the policy of ending war in Afghanistan and withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan. His successor Donald J. Trump continued the same policy. Finally, on August 21, 2021, the last troop of USA withdrew from Afghanistan. The research also examined how Pakistan can play a role to improve the political economy of Afghanistan? The study elaborated how USA-Afghanistan conflict created challenges and political-economic options for Pakistan in changing regional dynamics. The researcher has used primary data using the method of semi-structured interview via purposive sampling, content analysis and documentary analysis to triangulate the data and to avoid the biasness in the research. The researcher has incorporated Rational Choice Theory (RCT) in his research to explore that how states make decisions based on cost and benefits analysis among their relations with each other? States opt the best among the available options, in term of their relations with other.

Al‐Azhar and the Salafis in Egypt: Contestation of two traditions

<scp>Al‐Azhar</scp> and the Salafis in Egypt: Contestation of two traditions