President Of The United States Research Articles

The Limits of Covert Action in an Election Year: The CIA, Angola, and the 1976 US Presidential Election

ABSTRACT This article focuses upon the decision by President Ford in 1975 to begin a covert operation inside Angola so as to prevent a communist-backed government coming to power. By drawing on recently declassified documents from the United States, this article enhances our understanding of how domestic political factors had such a strong influence over the course of US foreign policy. As such, this article contributes to the wider literature on US foreign policy during the Cold War, which continues to debate how much credence should be placed upon the domestic variable in understanding US foreign policy. Moreover, this article focuses on how the failure of US covert action inside Angola contributed to US policymakers deciding to jettison their policy of superpower détente and return to a more confrontational and militaristic form of Cold War policy.

A Comparative Analysis of American and Vietnamese Presidents' Speeches: A Systemic Functional Grammar Perspective

This study presents a comparative analysis of the inaugural speeches of U.S. President Joe Biden and Vietnamese President To Lam, utilizing Michael Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) framework. By examining the Ideational (Transitivity), Interpersonal (Modality), and Textual (Texture and Cohesion) metafunctions, the study reveals how each leader's linguistic choices mirror the distinct political and cultural contexts of their respective nations. Joe Biden’s speech underscores the urgency of immediate action and crisis management, employing Material Processes to stress the importance of unity and national recovery. Conversely, To Lam's speech is rooted in long-term nation-building and the leadership of the Communist Party, with a focus on Relational Processes to reinforce collective responsibility and national unity. The Modality analysis demonstrates Joe Biden’s use of High Modality to convey decisiveness and transparency, aligning with American expectations for solid and clear commitments. In contrast, To Lam emphasizes collective duty and the Party's enduring leadership, reflecting Vietnam's socio-political ethos. Additionally, both speeches use Theme-Rheme structures and lexical repetition to ensure textual cohesion, though their cultural and ideological differences lead to distinct rhetorical approaches. By deepening our understanding of how political leaders use language to shape identities, communicate visions, and influence public perception, this study contributes to the broader field of political communication, offering insights into the strategic use of language across different cultural contexts.

THREE GEOPOLITICAL SCENARIOS WITH GLOBAL IMPACT

Although it seems chaotic, the international environment is shaped by predictable forces, nurtured by interest and lust for power and domination. However, sometimes, as Nassim Nicholas Taleb pointed out, "black swans" can happen, meaning events that come as a total surprise and have a major effect. This article refers to three predictable geopolitical developments with significant impact on the global power competition, namely: the re-election of Donald J. Trump as US President; Chinese global financial initiative, including a new Asian bloc currency and a new gold/currency benchmark; and the extension of the asymmetric war between Israel and HAMAS. Three foreseeable geopolitical dynamics, which can however be influenced by chance (“black swans”). The study is linear, starting with the hypotheses, continuing with data collection, data analysis and synthesis and ending with conclusions. The research methods belong to geopolitics and combine data analysis and synthesis with inductive-deductive and ambispective methods. The data used are exclusively from open sources and include official documents, literature and journalistic sources.

Trump, China, and the Republicans

AbstractThe Republican Party has been the party most supportive of free trade in US politics for half a century. Donald Trump, the 45th US president, held a different stance from his party on free trade. We assess how Trump's China tariffs in mid‐2018 affected the performance of his party in its midterm House elections later that year. We construct a measure of each county's exposure to Trump's China tariffs and merge that with the Republican share of votes in the county. We find that the counties heavily exposed to the tariffs were more supportive of their Republican House candidates.

HIV Social-network intervention more effective in older populations in Kenya

US President’s Emergency Plan for HIV/AIDS has been credited with saving 25 million lives in sub-Sahara Africa and, as such, constitutes a preeminent US foreign policy achievement of the twenty-first century. However, the implementation of effective HIV/AIDS pharmacological interventions remains a challenge in rural Kenyan communities. Of particular importance are patient retention and care engagement and their interaction with age disparities that are sensitive to different socioeconomic contexts, as well as time-in-treatment. For the first time, we perform an intermediation and triple interaction intent-to-treat secondary analysis on a social network-based randomized controlled trial. We hypothesize that the temporal interactions of critical demographic features with a treatment/control indicator variable may significantly explain patient retention and that these results are intermediated by social network phenomena. We find that not only does extended time-in-treatment significantly improve primary outcomes, but the threefold interaction along with age and treatment itself is sufficiently flexible to fit the data remarkably well without unnecessary elaboration, an effect that is mediated via internalized stigma. This strongly suggests that patient retention varies by age group. Rather than deploying one-size-fits-all solutions, foreign and public policymakers should invest in research that considers how interventions might be optimized for different ages.Trial registration Clinical Trial Number. NCT02474992 (note: the main trial report was published here https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255945.) Date of submission: June 6, 2015.

THE ROAD BEYOND ACADEMIC PHARMACY LEADERSHIP

Individuals in positions of leadership, of which there are a myriad of these positions in pharmacy education, will experience a transition from this position in most situations. This transition from a leadership position, be it voluntary or involuntary, can be challenging time. It can leave an individual wondering how to either channel their passion to new areas or recognize a new passion for future opportunities. The two questions this individual will need to answer is "what is next" and what is needed for them to feel valued and engaged in their future academic career or alternative career paths. The "what is next" challenge is not unique to pharmacy education. In reflecting on this question, the authors found examples of individuals who struggled with "what is next" after they left their leadership position. These individuals were seven former Presidents of the United States. As discussed in the book titled Life After Power, Seven Presidents and their Search for Purpose Beyond the White House by Jared Cohen, each of these Presidents went through a unique journey of either re-discovery or self-discovery during their post-presidency years. Their stories offer important insights into answering the question "what is next" when an individual is considering opportunities following their leadership transition in our colleges or schools of pharmacy.

A Comparison between the ‘Vice Presıdents’ in Turkish Type Presidential System and the US Presidential System: Addressing Controversial Issues Regarding the Turkish Vice Presidency

Abstract The role of the vice presidents, as successors in the case of a presidential vacancy, has become more important in the executive branch over the years and today, vice president position is seen as a possible path to rise through the political ranks and become the president. Vice presidency is unique to presidential systems. When the United States Constitution came into force in 1789, the United States became the first presidential republic, with George Washington as the first president and John Adams as the first vice president. Over time, other countries that accepted the presidential regime, also included this institution in their constitutions. Vice presidency has been introduced into the Turkish constitutional system by the 2017 constitutional amendments which transformed the Turkish Governmental System into “Turkish Type Presidential System”. The US Presidential System has been considered as a model to promote and encourage the transition to a presidential governmental system in Turkey. However; the vice presidency in this new system, which has led to heated debates, is designed quite different from the one in the US Presidential System. In this paper, the vice presidents of the Turkish Type Presidential System and the US Presidential System will be compared not only because the US Presidential System, known as the pure (typical, quintessential) form of the presidential system, has been seen as a model to support the transition of the new governmental system in Turkey, but also the US Vice Presidency is the most favorable basis for comparison, as it is the oldest example of this institution. After mentioning the process of inclusion of the vice presidency into the Turkish constitutional system, the democratic legitimacy debate and other controversial issues regarding the Turkish Vice Presidency will be enlightened from a comparative perspective. In conclusion, evaluations and suggestions will be provided in line with the criticism against the Turkish Vice Presidency.

Amerika Syarikat, Misi Judd dan Darurat di Tanah Melayu, 1948–1960

This study centres on the discussion of the special mission visit of the United States of America to Malaya during national state of emergency in the year from 1948 until 1960. The Judd Mission visit took place in Malaya and other countries in Southeast Asia on 1953. To meet the objective of this study, the Judd Mission visit was assessed in terms of the benefit it has on Malaya as well as its importance at Southeast Asian level. The chronology of the discussion is then followed by its geostrategic importance which includes the distribution of economic aid for Malaya. To fulfil the aim of the study, a qualitative research approach was employed. An analysis on primary documents obtained from an archive was utilised to form a more informative and authoritative discussion of the research topic. The primary documents analysed in this study were published papers such as documents from Foreign Relation of the United States (FRUS) and Pentagon Papers as well as other related primary documents available online. Besides that, this study also employed sources from The Department of State Bulletin, Hathi Trust Digital Library and Public Papers of the President of the United States. All of the sources were analysed, translated, organised and processed to form the chronology of discussion of the Judd Mission in Malaya. Secondary sources such as books, articles, journals and doctoral thesis were also utilised to build a more systematic narrative of the discussion. Lastly, this study concluded that the Judd Mission visit from the United States to Malaya during the national state of emergency brought forth geostrategic and economic importance for both parties.

IMEEC: Boon for Logistics Sector

IMEEC is a planned economic corridor that aims to bolster economic development by fostering connectivity and economic integration between Asia, the Persian Gulf and Europe through UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel and Greece. On 10 Sep 23, the MoU was signed during the 2023 G20 New Delhi Summit by the Govt. of India, United States, UAE, Saudi Arabia, France, Germany, Italy and European Union. The US President Joe Biden, Indian Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi along with the Crown Prince and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia Mohammad Bin Abdulazir Al Saud and President of European Commission Ursula Von der Leyen on Sep 9, 2023, announce the India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor to create a “better future” at the sideline of 18th G-20 Summit in New Delhi. This is the first of its kind initiative on co-operation on connectivity and Infrastructure involving India, UAE, Saudi Arabia, EU, France, Italy, Germany and the USA.

The Tehran discussions, formal and informal

A comparative study of memoirs and documentary sources pertaining to the Tehran Conference allows the author to challenge and correct some of the prevalent positions held within both historiography and popular literature on the subject. In contrast with the pervasive assumption regarding the stance of the “Big Three” on the matter of the Second Front (Stalin and Roosevelt were proponents of an expeditious invasion of Normandy, in contrast to Churchill’s ‘Mediterranean-Balkan’ strategy), he demonstrates that the US President, ostensibly under the influence of his military advisers, was initially amenable to supporting British plans. It was only through the persistent efforts of Soviet diplomacy that the American leader was persuaded to join Stalin in prioritising Operation Overlord. The real breakthrough on the Second Front issue occurred during and after an informal dinner hosted by Roosevelt after the first session of the conference on 28 November 1943, which was earlier than had previously been asserted. In the course of these informal discussions, which have been largely overlooked in previous historiography, the Soviets proposed several important projects for a post-war settlement in Europe. These proposals were largely agreed upon by Western representatives. A consensus was reached on the issue of changing the Soviet-Polish and Polish-German borders, which was subsequently updated and ratified at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences. Additionally, the article addresses other matters pertaining to the Tehran Conference, including discussions on German war criminals, the role of interpreters, and other pertinent topics.

The Great Lockdown and Economic Voting: Estimating the Impact of the COVID-19 Recession on the 2020 US Presidential Election

The 2020 US presidential election was won by Democrat challenger Joseph Biden over Republican incumbent Donald Trump and was contested during the global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Unemployment increased sharply during the pandemic but was followed by a large federal relief package. We investigate whether there was economic voting in the 2020 election, that is, whether the increased unemployment rate and the subsequent government response during the pandemic affected Trump’s vote negatively or positively overall. We examine 48 states (by excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and DC). Using a triple-differences (DDD) model (that is, examining changes in a candidate’s county-level vote-share depending on the change in unemployment and historical Republican-Democrat partisanship), we predict what would have happened if the increase in unemployment rate in between March and October 2020 had been more modest. Although many states show significant negative expected impacts on the Trump vote, we predict that only when when the unemployment rates experience little change during the pandemic would overall results have swung in the incumbent’s favour – and only then in Arizona and Georgia.

How does the consent model in Australia’s Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) undermine our human right to privacy?

ABSTRACT Cambridge Analytica was a political consulting business that became known for its use of personal data obtained from social media platform Facebook, to drive election campaigns on behalf of its clients. Their most famous client was the winner of the 2016 US Presidential election. When it was realised that Cambridge Analytica had acquired Australian Facebook users’ data, the Australian privacy regulator started litigation against Facebook to enforce the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth). This article examines how the Facebook litigation and subsequent law reform activities shed light on the central, yet fictitious role of the consent model. A historical and cultural analysis reveals how consent to surrender private information is a symptom of social conditions in which we take it for granted that individuals, rather than business, will bear the costs of poor privacy outcomes. Our collective ‘consent realism’ not only constrains the imagination of policy makers but interferes with a person’s autonomy in forming and developing opinions. However, a right to privacy can be more viably re-asserted, at least in response to the Cambridge Analytica incident, within the framework of Australia’s implied freedom of political communication. Consent realism can thus potentially be overcome in favour of human rights principles.

“There, seated upon the toilet, apparently in the midst of defecation, was the president of the United States”: Toilets and elite politics in the USA and UK

What can we learn about elite politics from the humble toilet? How do the relations between toilets, bodies, and waste materially and discursively reveal, and become enrolled within, the summits of state political power? While there has been a growth in research on the political geographies of the body, including work on toilets, and a long history of research on elite politics, the two intellectual concerns and debates have not been brought together. Yet the toilet and the bathroom, in both their material and discursive reproduction, provide intriguing insights into the seemingly sanitised, even disembodied domain of elite politics. We explore the space, use, and meaning of the toilet in two powerful contexts: the White House in the United States, and Downing Street in the United Kingdom. Shaped by differences in cultural and political context, we study the ways in which toilets feature in the working of elite power, and how that connects to gender, sexuality, race, nakedness, humour, and space in the (re)making of the political. By making the toilet an object of study we aim to shed light on this often forgotten and silenced, yet inevitable geography of elite politics.

The Coming US Presidential Elections: Prospects and Challenges for Russia

The upcoming 2024 US presidential elections will have a tremendous impact on the nations’ domestic and foreign policies. The Republican and Democrat presidential nominees Donald Trump and Kamala Harris hold completely opposite views on a number of key electoral issues. One of these issues is particularly important for Russian national interests — the US involvement in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict.

Exploring the evolution of the concept of liberty in the U.S. presidential inaugurals

Abstract As daily news unveils, fundamental human values such as equality and liberty can be expressed through various terms influenced by multiple factors, reaching significant levels of disparity, ambiguity and controversy, particularly in specific socio-political contexts. This article employs advanced corpus analysis tools to examine the lexical and semantic configuration of the “right to liberty” as expressed in the U.S. Declaration of Independence and as North American presidents have transmitted it throughout their presidential inaugural addresses. The corpus of speeches is analyzed diachronically to identify the prevalent terms, connotations, and associated semantic categories and observe their differences and evolution. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the concept of liberty in this context and highlights its startling malleability in American politics.

Linguistic Strategies in Political Discourse: Hedges and Boosters in the 2024 US Presidential Debate

This study examines the strategic use of hedges and boosters in the first US presidential debate of June 26, 2024, between Joe Biden and Donald Trump. These linguistic devices are crucial in shaping political discourse by modulating confidence and authority. Hedges introduce ambiguity and caution, while boosters amplify certainty and assertiveness. Using the official debate transcript as the primary data source, this analysis employs a qualitative content analysis to identify and categorize these strategies. It highlights distinct usage patterns: Joe Biden frequently uses hedges to express caution and acknowledge complexities, while Donald Trump relies heavily on boosters to project unwavering confidence and decisiveness. Biden’s strategic use of hedges allows him to navigate contentious issues with a balanced tone, while Trump’s emphasis on boosters strengthens his assertive stance and enhances his perceived authority. This research fills a gap in existing literature by specifically analyzing these linguistic devices within the context of presidential debates. The findings provide insights into how both candidates use hedges and boosters to influence voter perceptions and address rhetorical challenges, contributing to a deeper understanding of political communication strategies and their effects on audience reception.

The PollyVote Forecast for the 2024 US Presidential Election

The PollyVote Forecast for the 2024 US Presidential Election

Lessons Learned: Citizen Forecasting, Candidate Resignations, and the 2024 US Presidential Election

Lessons Learned: Citizen Forecasting, Candidate Resignations, and the 2024 US Presidential Election

Exploring Public Emotions on Obesity During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Sentiment Analysis and Topic Modeling: Cross-Sectional Study.

Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial, and relapsing disease, affecting people of all ages worldwide, and is directly related to multiple complications. Understanding public attitudes and perceptions toward obesity is essential for developing effective health policies, prevention strategies, and treatment approaches. This study investigated the sentiments of the general public, celebrities, and important organizations regarding obesity using social media data, specifically from Twitter (subsequently rebranded as X). The study analyzes a dataset of 53,414 tweets related to obesity posted on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic, from April 2019 to December 2022. Sentiment analysis was performed using the XLM-RoBERTa-base model, and topic modeling was conducted using the BERTopic library. The analysis revealed that tweets regarding obesity were predominantly negative. Spikes in Twitter activity correlated with significant political events, such as the exchange of obesity-related comments between US politicians and criticism of the United Kingdom's obesity campaign. Topic modeling identified 243 clusters representing various obesity-related topics, such as childhood obesity; the US President's obesity struggle; COVID-19 vaccinations; the UK government's obesity campaign; body shaming; racism and high obesity rates among Black American people; smoking, substance abuse, and alcohol consumption among people with obesity; environmental risk factors; and surgical treatments. Twitter serves as a valuable source for understanding obesity-related sentiments and attitudes among the public, celebrities, and influential organizations. Sentiments regarding obesity were predominantly negative. Negative portrayals of obesity by influential politicians and celebrities were shown to contribute to negative public sentiments, which can have adverse effects on public health. It is essential for public figures to be mindful of their impact on public opinion and the potential consequences of their statements.

Transnational readings in the Trumpocene: Kim Stanley Robinson’s New York 2140 and Chris Beckett’s America City

This article discusses two climate fiction novels—one British, one American—that were written in the runup to two major political events on either side of the Atlantic in 2016—the Brexit referendum and the election of Donald Trump to the US presidency—and considers how their focus on a future climate emergency serves as an apt reflection on the mutual reinforcements of neoliberalism, precarization, and populism. By looking at these two novels together through the lens of right-wing populism and notions such as the Capitalocene (Moore), the Trumpocene (Colebrook) and the “critical utopia” (Moylan), I consider how the future climate catastrophes that these novels imagine are equally likely “to be used as opportunities to advance and entrench socially regressive forms of politics and unsustainable trajectories […] as inspire forms of ‘disaster collectivism,’ where acts of community and solidarity flourish” (Newell, 2020: 157). As novels that are deeply concerned with the politics of the present, I consider how Robinson’s and Beckett’s novels are inspired by different utopian inflections that lead to different outcomes but similar diagnoses: that the worst effects of climate change will not be averted because humanity seems bent on its current trajectory.