US Government Printing Office Research Articles

More reliable determination of daily evaporation from the pan in cold regions by limited meteorological factors

Evaporation from water surfaces is influencing many environmental science processes. Evaporation from pan data is not available as the most well-known method of determining evaporation in many areas, and therefore, the application of experimental mathematical equations in this field is considered. Most of the data for extracting these equations did not belong to cold regions, and as a result, the accuracy of these equations in cold regions has low reliability. In this study, the equations of Trabert (Meteorol Z 13:261–263, 1896), Kohler (Tech Rep Geol Survey Prof Paper 269:127–148, 1954), Kohler et al. (Evaporation from pans and lakes, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1955), Papadakis (Soil Sci 93:76, 1961), Ântal (Evapotranspiration from com field. Term paper submitted for Dr. R. F. Dale's Agronomy 537 class. Received from personal communication with Dr. Dale (Dept. of Agronomy, Purdue, 1973), Linacre (Agric Meteorol 18:409–424, 1977), Linacre (Water Int 19:5–14, 1994) in Two default and revised modes (14 equations in total) have been used to determine evaporation in cold regions (Emberger climate classifications). Performance index (PI) as an error metric was used to analyze the efficiency of the equations. Findings show that in the absence of proper datasets for revision, Kohler et al. (Evaporation from pans and lakes, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1955) and Papadakis (Soil Sci 93:76, 1961) equations are more proper options for determining evaporation in cold regions. The revision process increased the efficiency of all equations, with the slightest improvement for Papadakis (Soil Sci 93:76, 1961) and the most improvement for Trabert (Meteorol Z 13:261–263, 1896). According to the behavior of Papadakis (Soil Sci 93:76, 1961) equation in the revision process and its efficiency in both default and revision modes, it can be considered a firm equation in the cold region. The findings reveal that the revised equations have little efficiency difference. It indicates that in cold regions, the influence of the default parameters of the equations on efficiency is more significant than their mathematical formula of the equation. Also, the revision has led to Trabert (Meteorol Z 13:261–263, 1896) equation with relatively good results due to less relative flexibility than other equations. Therefore, it can be concluded that the essential factor to increase the reliability of the application of experimental mathematical equations in determining evaporation from the pan is the use of revised equations with data from cold regions. In addition, among all the equations studied, the revised Kohler et al. (Evaporation from pans and lakes, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1955) equation was recognized as the most efficient equation for determining evaporation from the pan in the cold regions studied.

Expounding on Shared Decision-Making in Pediatrics

Although the term “shared decision-making” would not be officially coined until the 1983 President’s Commission report on Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment, the concept was described 10 years earlier by Duff and Campbell in their highly controversial 1973 publication in the New England Journal of Medicine. 1 United States President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment. Washington DC: US Government Printing office. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/559344/deciding_to_forego_tx.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yDate: 1983 Date accessed: September 11, 2022 Google Scholar ,2 Duff R.S. Campbell A.G.M. Moral and ethical dilemmas in the special-care nursery. N Engl J Med. 1973; 289: 890-894 Crossref PubMed Scopus (335) Google Scholar In discussing 299 consecutive deaths that occurring in a special care nursery (what is now known as a neonatal intensive care unit), Duff and Campbell spoke the unspeakable by acknowledging that 43 of the deaths (14%) were related to withholding treatment: “After careful consideration of each of these 43 infants, parents and physicians in a group decision concluded that prognosis for meaningful life was extremely poor or hopeless, and therefore rejected further treatment [italics added].” 2 Duff R.S. Campbell A.G.M. Moral and ethical dilemmas in the special-care nursery. N Engl J Med. 1973; 289: 890-894 Crossref PubMed Scopus (335) Google Scholar p.890 The group decision was a decision made by parents and physicians together. Duff and Campbell acknowledged the tension that their manuscript would create, “Perhaps more than anything else, the public and professional silence on a major social taboo and some common practices has been broken further. That seems appropriate, for out of the ensuing dialogue perhaps better choices for patients and families can be made.” 2 Duff R.S. Campbell A.G.M. Moral and ethical dilemmas in the special-care nursery. N Engl J Med. 1973; 289: 890-894 Crossref PubMed Scopus (335) Google Scholar p.894

Food Insecurity on College and University Campuses: A Context and Rationale for Solutions

Food Insecurity on College and University Campuses: A Context and Rationale for Solutions

Supporting Those Holding the Thin Blue Line: Using Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Law Enforcement Families

Law enforcement officers have one of the most dangerous and demanding careers in the United States (Price in JAMA 35:113–123, 2017). Challenges such as shiftwork, hypervigilance, and anti-police rhetoric can lead to burnout and trauma responses (e.g. Neylan et al., in JAMA 27:1493–1508, 2010). These stressful trials do not only impact the officer, but also their spouses and families (e.g. Alexander & Walker in JAMA 10:131–138 1994; as reported by Bibbins (in:Resse (ed) Psychological Services for Law Enforcement, US Government Printing Office, 1986). Unfortunately, there are minimal suggestions for use of a systemic psychotherapy approach involving the entire family. This article discusses challenges officers and their families frequently face and proposes the use of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for law enforcement families. This article also provides suggestions for altering interventions to increase sensitivity for families and an example dialogue.

Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions

Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions

Simulated high frequency ray paths considering traveling ionospheric disturbances

This study presents a modified version of a classical 3-D numerical ray tracing code [originally by Jones and Stephenson (A versatile three-dimensional ray tracing computer program for radio waves in the ionosphere. Office of Telecommunications Report 75–76, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1975)], now linked to ionosphere, neutral atmosphere, Earth’s magnetic field, and traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) models. This method is applied to study the effect of TIDs on radio waves by simulating the waves’ propagation in a disturbed ionosphere. A 3-D cubic interpolation method is implemented in the ray tracing code to solve discontinuities and guarantee the ray tracing validity and accuracy under all conditions. Changes of the ground range distance (R) and the bearing angle (σ) are assessed for various simulated ray paths. A Pedersen ray case is also shown, for which small changes of signal frequency lead to enhanced variations. The study of HF ray path variations in terms of various TIDs characteristics and under different background ionospheric conditions and transmitter locations and radiation pattern can contribute to the mitigation of TIDs effects, either helping to improve existing methods or to develop new ones. The 3-D ray tracing code described and implemented in this work may well work for this purpose.

Erratum.

Risk AnalysisVolume 38, Issue 12 p. 2738-2739 ErratumFree Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Partitioning of Dietary Metal Intake—A Metal Dietary Exposure Screening Tool Nga L. Tran*, Leila M. Barraj, Carolyn Scrafford, Xiaoyu Bi, Terry Troxell, Volume 35Issue 5Risk Analysis pages: 872-881 First Published online: December 24, 2014 First published: 07 December 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13237AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat In Tran et al. (2015), the following errors were published on pages 875 and 881. On page 876, in Table I should have appeared as follows: Table I. Existing exposure limits, background exposure and default screening level limits in the MDEST Metals Exposure Limits Background Exposures Default Screening Level Exposure Limits (MDEST Portion) Inorganic Arsenic TDI: 0.3 μg/kg bw/day(15) – 0.015 μg/kg bw/day (Assumed 5% of TDI) Cadmium PTDI: 0.83 μg/kg bw/day(16) Diet: 0.36 μg/kg bw/day (90th percentile for US 2+ yrs(11)) Drinking water: 0.17 μg/kg bw/day (calculated based on drinking water limit) 0.3 μg/kg bw/day Chromium III 250 μg/day(17, 18) Diet: 15-54 μg/day(19) Drinking water: 7.2 μg/day(20) 188.8 μg/day Chromium VI RfD: 0.9 μg/kg bw/day(21) Drinking water: 1.7 μg/kg bw/day(18) 0.045 μg/kg bw/day (Assumed 5% of exposure limits) Lead PTTI: Children 0-6 yrs: 6 μg/day Children 7+ yrs: 15 μg/day Pregnant Lactating Females: 25 μg/day Adults: 75 μg/day(22) Diet and drinking water: Children 0-6 yrs: 3 μg/day Children 7+ yrs: 7.5 μg/day Pregnant Lactating Females: 12.5 μg/day Adults: 25 μg/day (based on 50% of PTTI for vulnerable population; 2/3 of PTDI for adults) Children 0-6 yrs: 3 μg/day Children 7+ yrs: 7.5 μg/day Pregnant Lactating Females: 12.5 μg/day Adults: 25 μg/day Mercury (Total) PTDI 4 μg/kg bw/week or 0.57 μg/kg bw/day(23) Diet: 0.14 μg/kg bw/day (90th percentile for US 2+ y(11)). Drinking water: 0.067 μg/kg bw/day, calculated based on FDA's maximum allowable level in bottle water of 0.002 mg/L and assuming 2 liters per day and 60 kg bw (FDA, 2007) 0.36 μg/kg bw/day PTDI: Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake, μg: Microgram, bw: Bodyweight, kg: Kilogram, PTTI: Provisional total tolerable intake, RfD: reference dose, TDI: Tolerable Daily Intake, yrs: Years, TDS: total diet study. On page 881: References 15-23 were omitted and should have been included as listed below. 15. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21, part 165 - beverages, subpart b – requirements for specific standardized beverages, sec. 165.110 bottled water. US Government Printing Office; 2013. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm. Accessed December 2, 2013. 16. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, 73rd meeting of the joint fao/who expert committee on food additives. Geneva: World Health Organization Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives; 2010. 17. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific opinion on the safety of trivalent chromium as a nutrient added for nutritional purposes to foodstuffs for particular nutritional uses and foods intended for the general population (including food supplements). EFSA Journal, 2010; 8(12):1882. 18. World Health Organization (WHO). Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996. 19. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Dietary reference intakes for vitamin a, vitamin k, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2001. 20. US Department of Health and Human Services (US HHS), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for chromium – draft for public comment. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services; 2008. 21. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2008. Toxicological profile for chromium – Draft for public comment. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp5.pdf; accessed April 2012. 22. Carrington C, Bolger P. An assessment of the hazards of lead in food. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 1992; 16(3):265-72. 23. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in foodWorld Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2011. We apologize for these errors. Reference Tran, N. L., Barraj, L. M., Scrafford, C., Bi, X., & Troxell, T. (2015). Partitioning of dietary metal intake—a metal dietary exposure screening tool. Risk Analysis, 35, 872– 881. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12322 Volume38, Issue12Special Issue: Communicating About ZikaDecember 2018Pages 2738-2739 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Should the 14-day rule for embryo research become the 28-day rule?

The “14‐day rule”—broadly construed—is used in science policy and regulation to limit research on human embryos to a maximum period of 14 days after their creation or to the equivalent stage of development that is normally attributed to a 14‐day‐old embryo (Hyun et al , 2016; Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2017). For several decades, the 14‐day rule has been a shining example of how science policy and regulation can be developed with interdisciplinary consensus and applied across a number of countries to help fulfil an ethical and practical purpose: to facilitate efficient and ethical embryo research. However, advances in embryology and biomedical research have led to suggestions that the 14‐day rule is no longer adequate (Deglincerti et al , 2016; Shahbazi et al , 2016; Hurlbut et al , 2017). Therefore, should the 14‐day rule be extended and, if so, where should we draw a new line for permissible embryo research? Here, we provide scientific, regulatory and ethical arguments that the 14‐day rule should be extended to 28 days (or the developmental equivalent stage of a 28‐day‐old embryo).

Fugitive Documents: A Case Study of US Forest Service Scientific Reports

Librarians who work with government publications have long been concerned about the many US government documents that remain inaccessible and, in some cases, difficult to discover. In 1976, Ruth Smith reported to the Public Printer’s Depository Library Council, “A conservative estimate is that 50% of the Federal documents published are not main stream publications. In one way or another they manage to elude national announcement. They are not sent to GPO or NTIS [US National Technical Information Service] and are not widely advertised.”1 In 1993, Peter Hernon expressed this common concern: “We can question how the public can learn about the existence of particular information resources and services, how public access can be guaranteed and enhanced, and how information services can be standardized and seamlessly linked for better use.”2 The problem is considered so serious that in 2004 the Fugitive and Electronic-Only Documents Committee of the American Association of Law Libraries Government Documents Special Interest Section sponsored the first annual Fugitive Documents Week to encourage librarians to report fugitive documents to the US Government Printing Office (GPO).3

Picturing the Big Shop: Photos of the U.S. Government Publishing Office, 1900–1980

Picturing the Big Shop features approximately two hundred captioned photographs from the Government Publishing Office historical photo collection to show “the working life” of the GPO. In focusing on primary sources, it offers a different perspective than that provided in Keeping America Informed (US Government Printing Office 2011, revised 2016), the “official sesquicentennial history” of the GPO. The popularity of the photographs in Keeping America Informed, in fact, led to Picturing the Big Shop’s creation.

Energy use, blue water footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions for current food consumption patterns and dietary recommendations in the US

This article measures the changes in energy use, blue water footprint, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with shifting from current US food consumption patterns to three dietary scenarios, which are based, in part, on the 2010 USDA Dietary Guidelines (US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services in Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, 7th edn, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 2010). Amidst the current overweight and obesity epidemic in the USA, the Dietary Guidelines provide food and beverage recommendations that are intended to help individuals achieve and maintain healthy weight. The three dietary scenarios we examine include (1) reducing Caloric intake levels to achieve “normal” weight without shifting food mix, (2) switching current food mix to USDA recommended food patterns, without reducing Caloric intake, and (3) reducing Caloric intake levels and shifting current food mix to USDA recommended food patterns, which support healthy weight. This study finds that shifting from the current US diet to dietary Scenario 1 decreases energy use, blue water footprint, and GHG emissions by around 9 %, while shifting to dietary Scenario 2 increases energy use by 43 %, blue water footprint by 16 %, and GHG emissions by 11 %. Shifting to dietary Scenario 3, which accounts for both reduced Caloric intake and a shift to the USDA recommended food mix, increases energy use by 38 %, blue water footprint by 10 %, and GHG emissions by 6 %. These perhaps counterintuitive results are primarily due to USDA recommendations for greater Caloric intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy, and fish/seafood, which have relatively high resource use and emissions per Calorie.

Federal Expenditures on Children: What Budget Policy Means for Children's Policy and commentaries

Federal Expenditures on Children: What Budget Policy Means for Children's Policy and commentaries

Including “Added Sugars” on the Nutrition Facts Panel: How Consumers Perceive the Proposed Change

Including “Added Sugars” on the Nutrition Facts Panel: How Consumers Perceive the Proposed Change

Can China age healthily?

China has more older people (65 years and older) than any other country. According to the 2010 census, 1 National Bureau of StatisticsCommunique of the People's Republic of China on population census. http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2011-04/28/content_1854048_2.htmDate: 2011 Google Scholar the number of people aged 65 years and older was 119 million, 8·9% of the population. Moreover, China's population is one of the fastest ageing in the world. Although developed countries took around half a century to double the number of people aged 65 years and older (from 7% to 14%), China will do so in half that time. 2 Kinsella K He W An aging world 2008. International population reports. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC2009 Google Scholar By 2050, China's ageing population will match that of many of today's developed countries—and exceed that of countries such as Denmark, New Zealand, Australia, and the USA. 3 UNWorld population prospects: 2012 revision. http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htmDate: 2013 Google Scholar

Book Review: Cataloging Collaborations and Partnerships

Cataloging and Partnerships. Edited by Rebecca L. Mugridge. New York: Routledge, 2014. 317 p. $145 hardcover (ISBN: 978-0-415-71235-4). Libraries have a long history of collaboration with other libraries, especially with regards to cataloging. This book contains many articles originally published in Cataloging l? Classification Quarterly (CCQ) volume 51, issue 1-3, which discuss collaborative efforts of cataloging units within libraries. The articles are broken down into the following broad categories: * Collaborations in Cooperative Cataloging and Authority Initiatives * Collaborative Cataloging Initiatives * Collaborations in Merging and Migrating Online Catalogs * Collaborative Development of Training and Documentation * Collaborative Approaches to Special Projects As acknowledged by the editor of this work, there is not a lot of published information on collaboration within cataloging units. To help increase the amount of library literature on this topic, the editor of this book placed a call for articles that were brought together into a triple issue of CCQ. This book brings to light a representative sampling of the different types of collaborative cataloging efforts that are currently underway in libraries. While there are many collaborative projects mentioned in this book, the following is a summary of a few of these ideas. The first section of the book discusses different projects that have been completed to enhance authority initiatives. This includes information on how the Library of Congress worked with different libraries to develop the Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms (LCGFT) as well as the Electronic Cataloging in Publication (ECIP) Cataloging Partnership Program. The second section gives some examples of cataloging initiatives with regards to bibliographic records. One of the projects includes the idea of insourcing the cataloging of music items within multiple libraries of the University of California system. Another cooperative cataloging project discussed is with the University of Montana working closely with the US Government Printing Office to catalog pre-1976 US Forest Service publications. In a section on merging and migrating online catalogs, two different articles discuss the benefits and problems with combining multiple library catalogs into one system. These two use cases, completed in Florida and the West Indies, have similarities in that a major goal of each was to reduce the number of resources that each institution was committing to maintaining the same types of databases and systems. Combining their catalogs made it possible to have a centralized unit responsible for the management of their integrated library systems (ILS). Another interesting collaboration demonstrated in this section includes the migration to an open-source ILS at a library in the Galapagos Islands, which is mainly staffed by volunteers. …

Air Travel and Pneumothorax

The number of medical emergencies onboard aircraft is increasing as commercial air traffic increases and the general population ages, becomes more mobile, and includes individuals with serious medical conditions. Travelers with respiratory diseases are at particular risk for in-flight events because exposure to lower atmospheric pressure in a pressurized cabin at cruising altitude may result in not only hypoxemia but also pneumothorax due to gas expansion within enclosed pulmonary parenchymal spaces based on Boyle's law. Risks of pneumothorax during air travel pertain particularly to those patients with cystic lung diseases, recent pneumothorax or thoracic surgery, and chronic pneumothorax. Currently available guidelines are admittedly based on sparse data and include recommendations to delay air travel for 1 to 3 weeks after thoracic surgery or resolution of the pneumothorax. One of these guidelines declares existing pneumothorax to be an absolute contraindication to air travel although there are reports of uneventful air travel for those with chronic stable pneumothorax. In this article, we review the available data regarding pneumothorax and air travel that consist mostly of case reports and retrospective surveys. There is clearly a need for additional data that will inform decisions regarding air travel for patients at risk for pneumothorax, including those with recent thoracic surgery and transthoracic needle biopsy.

Putting the Dietary Guidelines for Americans into Action: Behavior-Directed Messages to Motivate Parents—Phase III Quantitative Message Testing and Survey Evaluation

THE 2010 DIETARY GUIDELINES for Americans (DGA) 1 US Department of Agriculture, US Department of Health and Human ServicesDietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th ed. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC2010http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DGAs2010-PolicyDocument.htm Google Scholar and the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2 US Department of Health and Human Services2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/default.aspx Google Scholar provide the foundation for dietetics practitioners to communicate healthful diet, physical activity, and lifestyle messages. With two thirds of adults and one third of children overweight or obese, 3 Ogden C.L. Carroll M.D. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and extreme obesity among adults: United States, trends 1960-1962 through 2007-2008. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf Google Scholar , 4 Ogden C.L. Carroll M.D. Prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents: United States, trends 1963-1965 through 2007-2008. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_child_07_08/obesity_child_07_08.pdf Google Scholar recent guidance emphasizes balancing calorie intake with physical activity and selecting nutrient-dense foods. Still, many consumers struggle to achieve healthful diet and physical activity behaviors. 5 Dietary Guidelines Advisory CommitteeReport of the dietary guidelines advisory committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DGAs2005Guidelines.htm Google Scholar , 6 US Food and Drug Administration2008 Health and Diet Survey. http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/ConsumerResearch/ucm193895.htm Google Scholar , 7 International Food Information Council Foundation2011 Food & Health Survey: consumer attitudes toward food, nutrition & health. http://www.foodinsight.org/Content/3840/2011%20IFIC%20FDTN%20Food%20and%20Health%20Survey.pdf Google Scholar , 8 Food Marketing Institute and Prevention magazine Shopping for Health. Rodale, Inc, Emmaus, PA2011 Google Scholar

New Research Yields Motivational Messages for 2010 Dietary Guidelines

Nutrition education research is the basis for policy and practice, whether we are guiding individuals or communities or countries. For instance, the research base for MyPyramid was published as a JNEB supplement. 1 Murphy S.P. guest ed Development of MyPyramid food guidance system. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2006; 38: S77-S161 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (6) Google Scholar More recently, JNEB authors evaluated how people understand the term “healthy eating” 2 Bisogni C.A. Jastran M. Seligson M. Thompson A. How people interpret healthy eating: contributions of qualitative research. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2012; 44: 282-301 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar and Levine et al provided a framework for evaluating MyPlate. 3 Levine E. Abbatangelo-Gray J. Mobley A.R. McLaughlin G.R. Herzog J. Evaluating MyPlate: an expanded framework using traditional and nontraditional metrics for assessing health communication campaigns. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2012; 44: S2-S12 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar The United States Department of Agriculture’s Nutrition Evidence Library also is moving our profession closer to preventive and therapeutic nutrition messages that have substantial research to support our statements. Indeed, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 4 US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human ServicesDietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th ed. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC2010 Google Scholar and Healthy People 2020 5 US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx. Updated November 20, 2012. Accessed November 21, 2012. Google Scholar have relied on this research when developing both the specific nutrition goals and the messaging that we communicate to consumers.

Late-Life Depression Research: Lessons Learned From the Metabolic Syndrome

Late-Life Depression Research: Lessons Learned From the Metabolic Syndrome

Body Mass Index, Playing Position, Race, and the Cardiovascular Mortality of Retired Professional Football Players

Concern exists about cardiovascular disease (CVD) in professional football players. We examined whether playing position and size influence CVD mortality in 3,439 National Football League players with ≥ 5 pension-credited playing seasons from 1959 to 1988. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) compared player mortality through 2007 to the United States population of men stratified by age, race, and calendar year. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated associations of playing-time body mass index (BMI), race, and position with CVD mortality. Overall player mortality was significantly decreased (SMR 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48 to 0.59) as was mortality from cancer (SMR 0.58, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.72), and CVD (SMR 0.68, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.81). CVD mortality was increased for defensive linemen (SMR 1.42, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.92) but not for offensive linemen (SMR 0.70, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.05). Defensive linemen's cardiomyopathy mortality was also increased (SMR 5.34, 95% CI 2.30 to 10.5). Internal analyses found that CVD mortality was increased for players of nonwhite race (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.51). After adjusting for age, race, and calendar year, CVD mortality was increased for those with a playing-time BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (hazard ratio 2.02, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.85) and for defensive linemen compared to offensive linemen (hazard ratio 2.07, 95% CI 1.24 to 3.46). In conclusion, National Football League players from the 1959 through 1988 seasons had decreased overall mortality but those with a playing-time BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 had 2 times the risk of CVD mortality compared to other players and African-American players and defensive linemen had higher CVD mortality compared to other players even after adjusting for playing-time BMI.