US Department Of Agriculture Food Research Articles

The Association Between Food Insecurity and Census Tract-Based Indexes in an Urban Academic Reproductive Clinic: Can Residence Predict Food Insecurity in Reproductive Patients? [ID 2683613

INTRODUCTION: Identifying food-insecure patients remains a priority in reproductive clinics given nutrition’s effect on maternal health. We sought to determine the association between self-reported food insecurity with census tract-based indexes including the Childhood Opportunity Index (COI), Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) low-income and low-food access areas (LILAs), to identify which indexes can help identify at-risk patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey study (UMBHP-00099693) of patients presenting for reproductive care at one urban academic center. Food insecurity was scored as greater than 0 on the 6-Item USDA Food Security Module, and living within a LILA was collected from the 2019 USDA database. We categorized social vulnerability as moderate/low/very low vulnerability or high/very high vulnerability using the SVI. We categorized childhood opportunity using the COI as very low/low and moderate/high/very high. RESULTS: Of the 179 participants in the study, 84 (47%) reported food insecurity. The following proportions lived in a: LILA 96 (54%); high/very high vulnerability tract 138 (77%); and low/very low childhood opportunity (CO) tract 144 (86%). Living within a LILA was associated with an increased odds of experiencing food insecurity (odds ratio [OR] 1.8 [1.0, 3.4]). Living within a high/very high vulnerability tract was not significantly associated with food insecurity (OR 1.2 [0.6, 2.4]), nor was living within a low/very low CO tract (OR 1.6 [0.8, 3.5]). CONCLUSION: Residence within a LILA could be associated with food insecurity in patients seeking reproductive care, which can inform the development of future clinical and geographic interventions. As one in two patients were food insecure, we recommend universal screening of all patients at reproductive appointments.

The LSU AgCenter Healthy Communities Initiative: Community-Participatory Policy, Systems, and Environmental Change

The LSU AgCenter Healthy Communities Initiative: Community-Participatory Policy, Systems, and Environmental Change

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella and Campylobacter Isolates from Raw Chicken Breasts in Retail Markets in the United States and Comparison to Data from the Plant Level

Chicken is the most popular meat in the United States, and consumers may be exposed to multidrug resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter through consumption of retail chicken breasts. This study aimed to (i) determine the percentage of raw, packaged, retail chicken breasts from 27 metro areas that tested positive for Salmonella and Campylobacter; (ii) investigate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of a subset of the isolates; and (iii) compare the Salmonella prevalence data to establishment level Salmonella categorization data published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG) methodology was used to isolate and identify Salmonella (n = 672), Campylobacter (n = 499) from 400 g samples. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) methodology was followed for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella (n = 52) and Campylobacter (n = 16) isolates. Salmonella was found in 8.6% of samples and Campylobacter in 4.2%. Having a 3 rating in USDA's Salmonella Categorization of Individual Establishments for chicken parts was predictive of having a higher Salmonella percent positive in our data set (p ≤ 0.05). A total of 73.1% of Salmonella isolates, and 62.5% of Campylobacter isolates were resistant to ≥one class of antibiotics, with 48.1% of Salmonella isolates resistant to ≥three classes. Current results support interventions that take a 'farm-to-fork' approach with distinction by poultry types and parts as well as serovars, to lower antibiotic resistant Salmonella infections in humans due to poultry. Highlights:Salmonella was found in 8.6% and Campylobacter in 4.2% of chicken breasts tested; A 3 rating by USDA was predictive of a higher Salmonella percent positive; 48.1% of Salmonella isolates were resistant to 3 or more classes of antibiotics.

Trends in Food Consumption Among Children Aged 1–4 Years by Participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, United States, 2005–2018

BackgroundIn 2009, the US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food packages were revised to include more whole fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lower-fat milk. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe trends over time in the consumption of fruits (total and whole), vegetables, whole grains, milk (whole, reduced fat, low-fat or nonfat (LFNF), and flavored), and added sugars, including breakfast cereals, by WIC participation status (current WIC recipient, WIC income-eligible nonrecipient, and WIC income-ineligible nonrecipient). MethodsDietary intakes on a given day for 1- to 4-y-old children (n = 5568) from the 2005–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed to examine trends in the percentage of individuals consuming and amounts consumed over time using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, and race and Hispanic origin. ResultsFrom 2005 through 2018, the percentage of WIC recipients or WIC income-eligible nonrecipients consuming fruits and vegetables on a given day did not change, but the percentage of fruit consumed as whole fruit increased significantly among WIC recipients (36.4%–62.1%), but not among income-eligible nonrecipients. Among the WIC recipients, the percentage of consumption (5.5%–29.3%), the amount of LFNF milk servings consumed (0.1–0.4 cups), and the percentage of the total milk consumed as LFNF milk (4.8%–27%) significantly increased from 2005 to 2018. Conversely, the percentage of energy (12.3%–10.8%) and servings (11.4–10.6 teaspoons) from added sugars declined significantly. Among WIC-eligible nonrecipients, the servings of whole grains increased significantly, whereas servings and percentage of energy from added sugars declined significantly. ConclusionsFrom 2005 through 2018, changes in dietary patterns for WIC recipients did not always mirror those of US children of the same age. The percentage of fruit consumed as whole fruit, and the percentage and quantity of milk consumed as LFNF milk increased significantly among WIC recipients, but not among income-eligible nonrecipients. J Nutr 20XX;xx:xx–xx.

State Implementation of SNAP Waivers and Flexibilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives From State Agency Leaders

ObjectiveTo describe state agencies’ implementation of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) during the first year of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, barriers and facilitators to SNAP implementation, and recommendations to improve SNAP implementation. DesignQualitative methodology guided by Bullock's determinants of policy implementation framework using 7 semistructured, virtual focus groups in April 2021. SettingTwenty-six states representing all 7 US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service regions. ParticipantsFour focus groups with state-level SNAP administrators and 3 focus groups with state-level SNAP supportive services (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education, Employment & Training, and Outreach) supervisors (n = 62). Phenomenon of InterestSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic. AnalysisThematic analysis using a phronetic iterative approach. ResultsSix primary themes emerged: the policy response, technology needs, collaboration, participant communication, funding realities, and equity. Implementation challenges included the design of waivers in the early pandemic response, inadequate federal guidance and funding, outdated technology, and prepandemic regulations limiting state authority. Modernized technology systems, availability of virtual programming, partnerships, and enhanced benefits facilitated SNAP implementation. Conclusions and ImplicationsSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program administrators adapted their programs to deliver services virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic. These experiences highlighted the importance of certain policy determinants, such as modernized technology and streamlined application processes, to improve outcomes for SNAP participants and staff.

Methodology for developing a nutrient and food pattern equivalents database for selected branded foods in the USDA National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey-1

The objective was to develop Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) nutrients and food pattern equivalents (FPEs) for about 3500 branded foods that were among the foods collected in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey-1 that could not be directly linked to foods in the USDA nutrient and food pattern equivalents databases. Computation of the HEI requires energy, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, sodium, and USDA Food Pattern Equivalents for each of the foods. This study used food label data, USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy Release (SR-Legacy), USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) 2013–2014, and USDA Food Patterns Equivalents Databases (FPED/FPID) 2013–2014. Food labels do not contain FPEs. At the time of the study, added sugars was not included in food labels. However, added sugars is one of the 37 components of FPED/FPID. This study illustrates the stepwise process for estimating nutrient and food pattern profiles, with examples such as frozen vegetables, cake mix, fruit and nut bar, and dry dinner mix with rice and seasonings by using publicly available USDA food databases mentioned above.

Obesity and Hunger Threaten the Foundations of Child Health

Obesity and Hunger Threaten the Foundations of Child Health

Ensuring Equitable Access to School Meals

Ensuring Equitable Access to School Meals

Food security and access to healthy foods in Indian country: Learning from the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations

Food access, food security, and nutrition‐related health disparities have long been recognized as particular challenges for Native Americans living on tribal land. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides nutrition assistance to tribal communities through the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR). In 2016, we completed a study of the FDPIR program for USDA's Food and Nutrition Service. This was the first national update since 1990. We found that FDPIR continued to serve people of all ages. However, since 1990, participation by children decreased whereas participation by elders increased. Consistent with the 1990 study, we found that FDPIR households are a very low‐income population. Households reported significantly higher rates of food insecurity than national averages—34% experienced low food security, and about 22% experienced very low food security. Changing demographics call for continued attention to the diverse nutritional needs of young and elderly program participants in tribal communities. Although barriers to food access persist in Indian country, FDPIR and locally sourced food initiatives help to meet needs. Nutrition and wellness education addresses health disparities and fosters healthy lifestyles. Partnerships operating at multiple levels support food production and distribution, improve access to healthy foods, and encourage healthy diets. From a policy and practice perspective, the study findings offer insights for tribal communities and rural areas that have limited access to healthy food options and illustrate how nutrition assistance programs can coexist with local initiatives to provide practical approaches to ensure healthy and adequate nutritional support.

Considerations for Evaluation of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Low-Literate Spanish-Speaking Participants in USDA Food and Nutrition Education Programs.

Rates of obesity and associated chronic disease are high in Hispanics in the United States. Nutrition education interventions promoting dietary change in underserved populations have been shown to have positive effects on behaviors such as fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, thereby reducing the chronic disease burden. Evaluation tools in the Spanish language to assess the dietary behavior changes made in response to the intervention are important in determining the success of such efforts. Currently, there are no Spanish-language tools focused exclusively on FV intake and behaviors that include features to enhance readability for use in low-literacy participants of US Department of Agriculture (USDA) food assistance and education programs. There is a need for such tools to determine the degree to which programs are able to promote behavior change. In designing these tools, researchers should take into account potential issues that may arise when administered. For example, respondents may have difficulty estimating consumption for mixed dishes and vegetables added to food. To address such issues, researchers should employ strategies to assist respondents to understand what constitutes FV and appropriately identify amount consumed. Addition of images to tools or development of accompanying instruction guides may be helpful. Once developed and tested, such scales may be used with Spanish-speaking participants of USDA food assistance and education programs aimed at improving FV behaviors and ultimately, intake.

The Grocery Purchase Quality Index-2016 Performs Similarly to the Healthy Eating Index-2015 in a National Survey of Household Food Purchases

BackgroundHousehold food purchases are potential indicators of the quality of the home food environment, and grocery purchase behavior is a main focus of US Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrition education programs; therefore, objective measures of grocery purchases are needed. ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to evaluate the Grocery Purchase Quality Index-2016 (GPQI-2016) as a tool for assessing grocery food purchase quality by using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) as the reference standard. DesignIn 2012, the USDA Economic Research Service conducted the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey. Members of participating households recorded all foods acquired for a week. Foods purchased at stores were mapped to the 29 food categories used in USDA Food Plans, expenditure shares were estimated, and GPQI-2016 scores were calculated. USDA food codes, provided in the survey database, were used to calculate the HEI-2015. Participants/settingAll households in the 48 coterminous states were eligible for the survey. The analytic sample size was 4,276 households. Main outcome measuresGPQI-2016 and HEI-2015 scores were compared. Statistical analyses performedCorrelation of scores was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Linear regression models with fixed effects were used to determine differences among various subgroups of households. ResultsThe correlation coefficient for the total GPQI-2016 score and the total HEI-2015 score was 0.70. For the component scores, the strongest correlations were for Total and Whole Fruit (0.89 to 0.90); the weakest were for Dairy (0.67), Refined Grains (0.66), and Sweets and Sodas/Added Sugars (0.65) (all, P<0.01). Both the GPQI-2016 and HEI-2015 were significantly different among subgroups in expected directions. ConclusionsOverall, the GPQI-2016, estimated from a national survey of households, performed similarly to the HEI-2015. The tool has potential for evaluating nutrition education programs and retail-oriented interventions when the nutrient content and gram weights of foods purchased are not available.

Examining the Feasibility of Healthy Minimum Stocking Standards for Small Food Stores

ObjectiveIn response to recent national efforts to increase the availability of healthy food in small stores, we sought to understand the extent to which small food stores could implement the newly published Healthy Small Store Minimum Stocking Recommendations and reflect on the new US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service's final rule for stocking of staple foods for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–approved retailers. DesignWe collected qualitative and quantitative data from 57 small stores in four states (Arizona, Delaware, Minnesota, and North Carolina) that accepted Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program but not Special Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children benefits. Data from semistructured, in-depth interviews with managers/owners were transcribed, coded, and analyzed. We collected quantitative store inventory data onsite and later performed descriptive analyses. ResultsStore interviews revealed a reluctant willingness to stock healthy food and meet new recommendations. No stores met recommended fruit and vegetable stocking, although 79% carried at least one qualifying fruit and 74% carried at least one qualifying vegetable. Few stores met requirements for other food categories (ie, whole grains and low-fat dairy) with the exception of lean proteins, where stores carrying nuts or nut butter were more likely to meet the protein recommendation. Water and 100% juice were widely available and 68% met basic healthy beverage criteria. ConclusionsIn contrast to the inventory observed, most owners believed store stock met basic recommendations. Further, findings indicate that small stores are capable of stocking healthy products; however, technical and infrastructure support, as well as incentives, would facilitate shifts from staple to healthier staple foods. Retailers may need support to understand healthier product criteria and to drive consumer demand for new products.

Back to Basics: All About MyPlate Food Groups

Back to Basics: All About MyPlate Food Groups

Potato Chips, Cookies, and Candy Oh My! Public Commentary on Proposed Rules Regulating Competitive Foods.

The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 authorizes the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to establish nutritional standards for all foods sold in schools participating in federally funded meal programs. These foods, known as competitive foods, are commonly found in school cafeterias, vending machines, fundraisers, and snack bars and are associated with unhealthy dietary patterns. However, little is known about the regulatory process and opportunities for public participation to improve school food. This study investigates public commentary on the USDA's proposed rules governing competitive foods in schools. On February 8, 2013, the USDA's Food and Nutrition Service solicited public comments via Regulations.gov. A corpus of 247,871 public comments was obtained. Duplicate and near-duplicate comments were removed resulting in 3,032 unique comments. Two researchers content analyzed 10% of the sample, removing nonrelevant comments ( n = 249). A majority of commenters are women, and mention their affiliation. Comments tend to be short, and exhibit low levels of complexity. An overwhelming majority of comments expressed concerns about the public health of youth vis-à-vis the new rule, whereas a small but vocal minority opposed the rule for financial and labor reasons and/or opposition to further government regulation. Commentary on proposed rules should be specific, avoiding off-topic remarks. Commenters should be strategic, include their credentials, and provide a rationale for their position. The rules governing competitive foods are poised to reverse the childhood obesity epidemic, and public commentary may shape these rules.

Tomato Consumption in the United States and Its Relationship to the US Department of Agriculture Food Pattern

Not many vegetables rank as a “favorite” among Americans, but tomatoes can fit that description. Consumption of tomatoes in the United States is second only to potatoes. Because of their nutrient density and widespread consumption, tomatoes were highlighted in the 2010 US Department of Agriculture Food Pattern’s red and orange vegetable subgroup, with the goal of making vegetable intake more achievable. Whether tomatoes can make vegetable intake more achievable has not been shown empirically, but examination of tomato consumption in the What We Eat in America diet survey can help describe the forms and recipes reported by those who consume the most tomatoes and show whether higher tomato intake is related to higher vegetable intake. The objectives of this report are to (1) describe the tomato forms (tomato products or raw) consumed by US adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey What We Eat in America survey (2005–2010) and (2) describe the relationship between tomato intake and the US Department of Agriculture Food Pattern/MyPlate recommendations. The results showed that most tomatoes were consumed as tomato products and that heavy tomato consumers ate a greater share of tomatoes as tomato products (68%) than did typical tomato consumers (57%). The primary recipe that contributed to tomato consumption was pasta with sauce, accounting for 21% of total tomato intake by heavy consumers. Heavy tomato consumers achieved a mean total vegetable intake of 2.47 cups per day, approximating the 2.5 cup equivalent MyPlate vegetable target amount at the 2000 kcal level. These findings can inform strategies of dietitians, educators, and consumers in the ongoing challenge to increase vegetable intake among Americans.

An insight into the isolation, enumeration, and molecular detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food.

Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen that can cause listeriosis through the consumption of food contaminated with this pathogen. The ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in extreme conditions and cause food contaminations have become a major concern. Hence, routine microbiological food testing is necessary to prevent food contamination and outbreaks of foodborne illness. This review provides insight into the methods for cultural detection, enumeration, and molecular identification of L. monocytogenes in various food samples. There are a number of enrichment and plating media that can be used for the isolation of L. monocytogenes from food samples. Enrichment media such as buffered Listeria enrichment broth, Fraser broth, and University of Vermont Medium (UVM) Listeria enrichment broth are recommended by regulatory agencies such as Food and Drug Administration-bacteriological and analytical method (FDA-BAM), US Department of Agriculture-Food and Safety (USDA-FSIS), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Many plating media are available for the isolation of L. monocytogenes, for instance, polymyxin acriflavin lithium-chloride ceftazidime aesculin mannitol, Oxford, and other chromogenic media. Besides, reference methods like FDA-BAM, ISO 11290 method, and USDA-FSIS method are usually applied for the cultural detection or enumeration of L. monocytogenes. most probable number technique is applied for the enumeration of L. monocytogenes in the case of low level contamination. Molecular methods including polymerase chain reaction, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, real-time/quantitative polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, DNA microarray, and next generation sequencing technology for the detection and identification of L. monocytogenes are discussed in this review. Overall, molecular methods are rapid, sensitive, specific, time- and labor-saving. In future, there are chances for the development of new techniques for the detection and identification of foodborne with improved features.

The Impact of the 2009 Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Food Package Revisions on Participants: A Systematic Review

For the first time since 1980, the US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food package policies were revised in 2009 to meet the Institute of Medicine’s nutrition recommendations. These changes included increases in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy to improve nutrition and health of WIC participants. Our systematic review of the literature assessed the influence that the 2009 WIC food package revisions have had on dietary intake, healthy food and beverage availability, and breastfeeding participation. The systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations. Four electronic databases were searched between April 1 and 30, 2014, for peer-reviewed research. Two reviewers screened the articles, extracted the data, and established inter-rater reliability by discussing and resolving discrepancies. Twenty articles were included that met our inclusion criteria. Nine of the studies analyzed changes in dietary intake, eight examined changes in healthy food and beverage availability, and three evaluated breastfeeding participation exclusively. The review demonstrated an improved dietary intake and an increase in the availability of healthier foods and beverages in authorized WIC stores. The revised food package was also associated with improved dietary intake of WIC participants. Mixed results were demonstrated in regard to improved breastfeeding outcomes. Further research is needed to assess the influence of WIC 2009 food package revisions on breastfeeding outcomes and to make conclusions about broad nutrition-related implications.

Updating USDA's Key Foods List for what we Eat in America, NHANES 2011–12

The Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) uses the Key Foods approach to select foods for nutrient analyses, allowing NDL to concentrate analytical resources on foods that contribute significant amounts of nutrients of public health interest to the diet.The Key Foods approach uses food composition data from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR26) for 14 nutrients of public health significance identified in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, intake data from NHANES, What We Eat in America (WWEIA) 2011–12, and the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS 2011–2012) to connect food composition with consumption data. For each food, NDL multiplies the nutrient content by the grams consumed. NDL then ranks all Key Foods for each nutrient and divides the foods into quartiles. The current Key Foods list contains 576 food items, similar to the list generated from NHANES-WWEIA 2007–08,although the number of foods per quartile and rankings of some foodshave changed slightly. Key Foods help NDL provide current, representative data for researchers, policy makers, the food industry, and consumers. This article describes the Key Foods list that NDL developed using data from SR26 and 2011-12 consumption data from NHANES-WWEIA.

Recipe for growing healthy children: child care culinary workshops lead to improved menus, mealtime environments, and nutrition education.

Over 3.3 million children are served meals and snacks daily through the US Department of Agriculture's Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP). 1 US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Child and Adult Care Food Program. http://www.fns.usda.gov/cacfp/child-and-adult-care-food-program. Accessed May 12, 2014. Google Scholar Child care foodservice staff often have minimal training in nutrition or food preparation, and nutrition professionals report a need for healthier and more varied child care menus, more appealing food presentation, and less reliance on ready-to-serve foods high in fat, sugar, and sodium. 2 Benjamin S.E. Briley M.E. Position of the American Dietetic Association: benchmarks for nutrition in child care. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011; 111: 607-615 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (172) Google Scholar

Impact of Typical Rather than Nutrient-Dense Food Choices in the US Department of Agriculture Food Patterns

BackgroundThe US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Patterns, released as part of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, are designed to meet nutrient needs without exceeding energy requirements. They identify amounts to consume from each food group and recommend that nutrient-dense forms—lean or low-fat, without added sugars or salt—be consumed. Americans fall short of most food group intake targets and do not consume foods in nutrient-dense forms. Intake of calories from solid fats and added sugars exceed maximum limits by large margins. ObjectiveOur aim was to determine the potential effect on meeting USDA Food Pattern nutrient adequacy and moderation goals if Americans consumed the recommended quantities from each food group, but did not implement the advice to select nutrient-dense forms of food and instead made more typical food choices. DesignFood-pattern modeling analysis using the USDA Food Patterns, which are structured to allow modifications in one or more aspects of the patterns, was used. Nutrient profiles for each food group were modified by replacing each nutrient-dense representative food with a similar but typical choice. Typical nutrient profiles were used to determine the energy and nutrient content of the food patterns. ResultsModeration goals are not met when amounts of food in the USDA Food Patterns are followed and typical rather than nutrient-dense food choices are made. Energy, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium exceed limits in all patterns, often by substantial margins. With typical choices, calories were 15% to 30% (ie, 350 to 450 kcal) above the target calorie level for each pattern. Adequacy goals were not substantially affected by the use of typical food choices. ConclusionsIf consumers consume the recommended quantities from each food group and subgroup, but fail to choose foods in low-fat, no-added-sugars, and low-sodium forms, they will not meet the USDA Food Patterns moderation goals or the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.