Trichomoniasis Research Articles

Sustained high prevalence of viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundThe 1980’s economic boom has been associated with a rapid expansion of China’s sex industry over the past three decades. Consequently, the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and hepatitis infections among female sex workers (FSW) has become an important public health issue in China. This study identifies prevalence and risks of hepatitis and STIs in Chinese FSWs.MethodFour electronic databases were searched for Chinese and English language peer-reviewed studies conducted between 01/2000-12/2011 that reported prevalence of hepatitis and STIs (excluding HIV) among Chinese FSW. Following the PRISMA guidelines, meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled prevalence and 95 % confidence intervals for each infection.ResultThree hundred and thirty nine articles (34 in English and 305 in Chinese) investigating 603,647 FSWs in 29 Chinese provinces were included in this review. Over the period 2000–2011, the seroprevalence of active hepatitis B and hepatitis C among FSW were 10.7 % (7.3–15.5 %) and 1.0 % (0.7–1.3 %), respectively. The most prevalent STI was human papillomavirus (HPV, 27.0 % [10.1–55.1 %]), followed by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2, 15.8 % [11.7–20.9 %]), chlamydia (13.7 % [12.1–15.4 %]), gonorrhoea (6.1 % [5.3–7.0 %]), syphilis (5.2 % [4.8–5.7 %]), genital warts (3.3 % [2.5–4.2 %]) and Trichomonas vaginitis (2.1 % [1.5–24.2 %]). Disease burden of both hepatitis and STI among FSW were concentrated in South Central and Southwest China. In particular, chlamydia and syphilis demonstrated a significant declining trend during the studied period (P < 0.05). Compared with the general Chinese population, FSW had significantly higher prevalence of all STIs except Trichomonas vaginitis. Further, compared to the general FSW population, HIV-positive FSW had significantly higher prevalence of syphilis, chlamydia, HSV-2 and Trichomonas vaginitis.ConclusionPrevalence of hepatitis and STIs remained high and mostly stable among Chinese FSW over the period of 2000–2011. Targeted STI and hepatitis surveillance and interventions should be strengthened among Chinese FSWs, especially those who are HIV-positive.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1322-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Sexually transmitted infections in pediatric renal transplant recipients: Time to take notice!

We sought to assess the prevalence of STIs, contraception use, and unintentional pregnancy in our pediatric renal transplant recipients. We performed a retrospective chart review. Forty-nine of 65 patients in our program are currently in the high-risk age window of 13 yr or older (34 men, 15 women; mean age 17 yr old, range 13-23 yr old). There was a disproportionate difference in sexual behavior among the men and women, such that while only 15% of the men reported being sexually active, 53% of the women were sexually active. Among high-risk age-group women, 40% were on hormonal contraception. This increased to 75% in sexually active women. There were no cases of unintentional pregnancy. Thirty percent of sexually active recipients had at least one STI. This was higher among sexually active women (37.5%) compared to men (20%). STIs identified included gonococcal and chlamydial urethritis/cervicitis, Trichomonas vaginitis, HSV-2 genital sores, pelvic inflammatory disease, and HIV. In conclusion, STIs are a realistic public health concern in our pediatric renal transplant recipients. Consensus guidelines on STI screening and reproductive health counseling are needed to address this understudied problem.

An experience of local drugs using in a treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis

Urogenital trichomoniasis is an actual medical and social problem. It requires an active searching of new effective therapeutic regimens with modern parenteral drugs in combination with topical application using. It were conducted the studies (involving 50 patients with trichomoniasis and the control group of 15 women) of suppositories Osarbon in combination with parenteral ornidazole using in order to the effectiveness increasing of urogenital trichomoniasis therapy. The results showed high clinical efficacy Osarbon.As a result, it was propose a complex treatment with the Osarbon use for patients with urogenital trichomoniasis.

Study on types of vaginitis and association between bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infection in pregnant women

Introduction: Infectious vaginitis which includes bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and trichomoniasis are common disorder in women. Both vaginitis and urinary tract infection (UTI) during pregnancy have risk to lives of both the mother and fetus. Present study was done to assess type of vaginitis and to evaluate the risk of UTI in pregnant women with BV. Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study of 230 pregnant women was done from 1 st July to 30 th December 2010 at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Duplicate High Vaginal Swab and urine sample were collected from each patient. BV was diagnosed using Amsel’s criteria. VVC was determined by culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Candida albicans was identified by Germ tube test. Trichomoniasis was detected by observing motile trophozoites under microscope. Diagnosis of UTI was made when there were at least 10 5 organisms/ml of urine. Results: Out of 230 patients, 92 were positive for infectious vaginitis and 32 had UTI. Among 92 infected patients, BV and VVC were found in 36(39.13%) and 28(30.43%) respectively while mixed infection was found in 28(30.43%) of the infected patients. UTI was more than twice common among in pregnant women with BV than without it (p<0.05). Conclusion: Hence, BV was the most common vaginitis among pregnant women and women with BV are at increased risk for UTIs. We recommend all pregnant women during antenatal checkup should be screened for the presence of BV and UTI.

Trichomoniasis: Is it always sexually transmitted?

Trichomoniasis: Is it always sexually transmitted?

An Association Between Trichomonas vaginalis and High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Rural Tanzanian Women Undergoing Cervical Cancer Screening

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of vaginitis and its association with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) in women undergoing cervical cancer screening in rural Tanzania. MethodsFor the purpose of cervical cancer screening, cytology and HR HPV polymerase chain reaction data were collected from 324 women aged between 30 and 60 years. Microscopy and gram stains were used to detect yeast and bacterial vaginosis. Cervical nucleic acid amplification test specimens were collected for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ResultsThe majority of women were married (320 of 324) and reported having a single sexual partner (270 of 324); the median age of participants was 41 years. HR HPV was detected in 42 participants. Forty-seven percent of women had vaginitis. Bacterial vaginosis was the most common infection (32.4%), followed by TV (10.4%), and yeast (6.8%). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, TV was associated with an increased risk of HR HPV (odds ratio, 4.2 [95% CI, 1.7–10.3]). Patients with TV were 6.5 times more likely to have HPV type 16 than patients negative for TV (50% vs 13.3%) (odds ratio, 6.5 [95% CI, 1.1–37]). ConclusionsAmong rural Tanzanian women who presented for cervical cancer screening, Trichomonas vaginitis was significantly associated with HR HPV infection (specifically type 16).

Modern principles of treatment of inflammatory diseases of female genital organs

Inflammatory disease of female genital organs is one of the most urgent problems of modern gynecology worldwide. The biggest risk for the health has an inflammation of upper genital tract.Within the clinical forms of inflammatory diseases of the female genitalia lower genital tract is the most important specific infectious vaginitis: bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and Trichomonas vaginitis. The paper describes approaches to their diagnosis and treatment.

Pilot Study of a New Treatment Option for Vaginal Trichomoniasis

Standard therapy for vaginal trichomoniasis is oral metronidazole or tinidazole — but this treatment can cause gastrointestinal distress, and some

Bilateral Conjunctivitis Due to Trichomonas vaginalis without Genital Infection: an Unusual Presentation in an Adult Man

We report an unusual case of extragenital infection with Trichomonas vaginalis of the conjunctiva of a 32-year-old man. Only one other similar case has been reported in the English language literature. The present report reinforces the widening pathologic spectrum of trichomonads in humans, especially in the context of emerging extragenital infections.

Trichomonas vaginalis in Sub-Saharan Africa : occurrence and diagnostic approaches for the male partner

The article aims to focus on trichomoniasis as to highlight the prevalence of this sexually transmitted infection (STI) within Sub-Saharan Africa, and to introduce an alternative means of diagnosing the infection. Globally, trichomoniasis is the STI with the highest burden in resource limited countries such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa; however, it is also the most common curable condition. With challenges faced particularly in the context of South Africa’s public health sector, the implementation of affordable and rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests could allow for a more effective strategy in recognising asymptomatic STI’s, where laboratory infrastructure is lacking.

A new species of Tritrichomonas (Sarcomastigophora: Trichomonida) from the domestic cat (Felis catus)

Feline trichomoniasis is an intestinal disease in cats resulting in chronic diarrhea, flatulence, tenesmus, and fecal incontinence. Bovine trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease of cattle infecting the reproductive tract of cows causing pyometra and possible mid- to late-term abortions. The causative agent for both diseases has been reported to be the flagellated protozoan, Tritrichomonas foetus. However, several published reports support significant biological differences between T. foetus isolated from bovines and felines. In the present study, we describe Tritrichomonas blagburni n.sp. from the domestic cat (Felis catus) as the causative agent of feline intestinal trichomoniasis. We support our proposal based on results of experimental cross-infection studies between cats and cattle using both feline and bovine isolates of the parasite, differences in pathogenicity between the two parasites for the respective host species, and molecular gene sequencing differences between parasites obtained from domestic cats and parasites obtained from cattle.

CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM OF THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS OF UROGENITAL TRICHOMONIASIS

The laboratory diagnostics of urogenital trichomoniasis is an actual problem of modern microbiology of infections of the reproductive tract. In the review, literature data on methods of microbiological diagnostics of trichomoniasis are presented, which include microscopy of wet mount and stained preparations, culture techniques, immunological methods and nucleic acid amplification tests.

Clinical Characteristics of Aerobic Vaginitis and Its Association to Vaginal Candidiasis, Trichomonas Vaginitis and Bacterial Vaginosis

ABSTRACTAim of the work:Examine clinical characteristics of aerobic vaginitis and mixed infection for the purpose of better diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficiency.Materials and methods:Prospective research has been conducted at Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department for Microbiology and Pathology at Polyclinic for laboratory diagnostic and Gynecology and Obstetrics Department at Health Center Sapna. Examination included 100 examinees with the signs of vaginitis.Examination consisted of:anamnesis, clinical, gynecological and microbiological examination of vaginal smear.Results:The average age of the examinees was 32,62±2,6. Examining vaginal smears of the examinees with signs of vaginitis in 96% (N-96) different microorganisms have been isolated, while in 4% (N-4) findings were normal. AV has been found in 51% (N-51) of the examinees, Candida albicans in 17% (N-17), BV in 15% (N-15), Trichomonas vaginalis in 13% (N-13). In 21% (N-21) AV was diagnosed alone while associated with other agents in 30% (N-30). Most common causes of AV are E. coli (N-55) and E. faecalis (N-52). AV and Candida albicanis have been found in (13/30, 43%), Trichomonas vaginalis in (9/30, 30%) and BV (8/30, 26%). Vaginal secretion is in 70,05% (N-36) yellow coloured, red vagina wall is recorded in 31,13% (N-16) and pruritus in 72,54% (N-37). Increased pH value of vagina found in 94,10% (N-48). The average pH value of vaginal environment was 5,15±0,54 and in associated presence of AV and VVC, TV and BV was 5,29±0,56 which is higher value considering presence of AV alone but that is not statistically significant difference (p>0,05). Amino-odor test was positive in 29,94% (N-15) of associated infections. Lactobacilli are absent, while leukocytes are increased in 100% (N-51) of the examinees with AV.Conclusion:AV is vaginal infection similar to other vaginal infections. It is important to be careful while diagnosing because the treatment of AV differentiates from treatment of other vaginitis.

Combined Screening of Cervical Cancer, Breast Cancer and Reproductive Tract Infections in Rural China

To investigate the current prevalence and knowledge of cervical cancer, breast cancer and reproductive tract infections (RTIs) in rural Chinese women, and to explore the acceptance and feasibility of implementing a combined screening program in rural China. A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among women aged 30 to 59 years old in Xiangyuan County, Shanxi Province from 2009 to 2010. Socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of cervical cancer, breast cancer and RTIs, and the attitude toward single or combined screening were collected by an interview questionnaire. Each participant received a clinical examination of the cervix, breast and reproductive tract. Examinations included visual inspection, mammography, laboratory tests and pathological diagnosis. A total of 1,530 women were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of cervical precancerous lesions, suspicious breast cancer, suspicious benign breast disease and RTIs was 1.4%, 0.2%, 14.0% and 54.3%, respectively. Cervicitis, trichomonas vaginitis, and bacterial vaginitis were the three most common RTIs among our participants. Television, radio broadcast, and public education during screening were the major source of healthcare knowledge in rural China. Moreover 99.7% of women expressed great interest in participating in a combined screening project. The affordable limit for combined screening project was only 50 RMB for more than half of the rural women. A combined screening program would be more effective and popular than single disease screening projects, while appropriate accompanied education and a co-pay model for its successful implementation need to be explored, especially in low-resource settings.

Clinical and laboratory evidence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women of reproductive age in rural area

Background: Vaginitis is a commonly encountered complaint and one of the most frequent reasons for patient visit to obstetrician-gynaecologists. Three vaginal infections are frequent causes of a vaginal discharge: (1) bacterial vaginosis, (2) vulvovaginal candidiasis and (3) trichomonas vaginitis. Differences in the clinical presentation are helpful in diagnosis. Characteristic signs and symptoms for these three vaginal infections are distinct, but on many occasions, they are overlapping. The aim of the present study was to find the prevalence and correlation between the clinical spectrum and laboratory evidence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by simple, reliable, confirmatory and specific method, i.e. microscopic examination of wet mount preparation and acridine stain of vaginal fluid. Materials and Methods: Irrespective of HIV status, a total of 156 women with vaginal discharge were studied for establishing diagnosis of genital tract infection. The cases of bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis were excluded from the study. Vaginal speculum assisted high vaginal swabs were collected from women with discharge, during collection vagina was inspected for obvious signs. Results: Of the 156 women with vaginal discharge, 19 (12.06 %) showed T. vaginalis infection. All the women belonged to active reproductive age group, i.e. 20-40 years. Itching dysuria, and offensive, malodorous, thin, yellowish vaginal discharge were the main and consistent complaints. Only in 2 (1.52%) cases, vaginal speculum examination revealed erythema and punctuate haemorrhage, the so-called “strawberry’ vagina. The pH was recorded to be >4.5. Conclusion: Clinical differentiation of various forms of infectious vaginitis is unreliable. The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection at 12.06% was found among rural young women of reproductive age using simple and reliable screening wet mount microscopy.

A survey on current status of vaginal infections in densely populated areas

Objective To explore the current status of vaginal infections and related factors in densely populated areas.Methods The general information and test results were collected by a form survey in the women whose major complaint was abnormal vaginal discharge.Results Among the 210 women who responded to the survey,51 ( 24％ ) often used self-medication for vaginal cleansing; 101 ( 48％ )received vaginal drug administraion at the clinics without license.The vagina was managed in these 152 women ( 72％ ).Candida was positive in 80 ( 38.09％ ) women; bacterial vaginosis was found in 65 ( 30.95％ ); trichomonaswas positive in 18 ( 8.57％ ); mycoplasmawas positive in 13 ( 6.19％ );mixed infection with two pathogens or more was found in 15 ( 7.14％ ).Conclusions Vulvovaginal candidiasis is the most common vaginal infection in this area.This reason is mainly associated with nonstandard therapies including self-medication for vaginal cleansing and/or medical visits at the clinics without license. Key words: Vaginal infection; Candida; Bacterial vaginosis; Trichomoniasis; Risk factors

Clinical Implications of Multiplex PCR Detection of Fastidious Microorganisms in Vaginitis Patients

Background: Bacterial vaginitis (BV) and Trichomonas vaginitis are the most frequently recurring infectious diseases in women. Therefore, accurate tests for post-treatment follow-up are required. A multiplex PCR assay allows for the simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens in a single specimen. In this study, we assessed the clinical implications of multiplex PCR detection of fastidious microorganisms causing vaginitis. Methods: A total of 216 vaginitis patients who presented to Chung-Ang University Yongsan Hospital with more than one positive result on multiplex PCR (Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH)) were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Each patient’s clinical symptoms, initial treatment and follow-up for BV, and other related test results were also retrospectively reviewed. Results: The most commonly reported symptom was abnormal discharge, followed by pruritis (73.1%), lower abdominal pain (38.4%), urination difficulties (13%), and others such as fever. According to the multiplex PCR results, there were 116 cases (35.8%) of MH, 86 cases (26.5%) of UU, 62 cases (19.1%) of CT, and 84 cases (38.9%) were mixed infections. Among those patients with single infections, treatment changed for 63 cases (65.6%) while treatment remained unchanged for 17 (17.7%) after PCR results were reported. Conclusion: The diagnosis of BV using multiplex PCR is clinically effective and the results of which can be incorporated in antibiotic selection for patients with multiple sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Multiplex PCR may be especially helpful in the diagnosis of patients in whom the differentiation of STD pathogens is difficult using traditional methods. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2011;14:30-35)

Clinical characteristics of aerobic vaginitis and its mixed infections

To investigate clinical characteristics of aerobic vaginitis (AV) and its mixed infections for diagnosis efficiently. From April 2008 to December 2008, 516 patients with vaginitis treated in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital were enrolled in this study. AV, bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), trichomonal vaginitis (TV), and cytolytic vaginosis (CV) were diagnosed based on symptoms, sign and vaginal discharge examination. Among 516 cases, AV cases were found in 14.7% (76/516), and AV was common vaginal infection. AV mixed infections was diagnosed in 58% (44/76), including mixed with BV (45%, 20/44), mixed with VVC (30%, 13/44), and mixed with TV (25%, 11/44). Those common symptom of AV were yellow vaginal discharge (63%, 20/32), more vaginal discharge (44%, 14/32). Vaginal pH value was usually more than 4.5 (84%, 27/32). Vaginal cleanliness mainly was grade III - IV (88%, 28/32). Six cases with enterococcus faecium and 4 cases with streptococci were frequently isolated. The symptom and sign of mixed AV infection was atypical. Aerobic vaginitis is a common lower vaginal infection and easily mixed with other pathogens, especially with BV, VVC or TV. When patients were diagnosed with AV or other vaginal infection, it should be mentioned whether those patients have mixed vaginal infection or AV.

Analysis of high risk factors associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in married women aged 25 - 54 years in Beijing between 2007 - 2008

to investigate high risk factors associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in married women aged 25 to 54 years in Beijing. from Mar. 2007 to Sep. 2008, 6339 married women at age of 25 to 54 years were selected randomly by cross sectional survey in a total of 137 communities of 12 districts or counties in Beijing. The interview was carried out with unified questionnaires, gynecological examination. The cervical smear cytology and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection of cervical secretion were detected. Women with abnormal cervical cytology underwent colposcopy and cervical biopsy. Odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of related high risk factors with CIN were studied by logistic regression analysis. among 6339 women, the prevalence rate of CIN including 4 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was 5.90% (374/6339). By multinomial regression analysis, HR-HPV infection (95%CI: 9.953 - 15.811), History of trichomonas vaginitis (95%CI: 1.046 - 2.104), oral contraceptives (95%CI: 1.087 - 1.806), age less than 45 years old (95%CI: 1.069 - 1.828) were related with CIN. infection rate of HR-HPV is an independent risk factor of CIN, however, the history of trichomonas vaginitis, oral contraceptives and age less than 45 years old are related risk factors of CIN.

A Population-based Study on the Risks of Cervical Lesion and Human Papillomavirus Infection among Women in Beijing, People's Republic of China

Few population-based studies have investigated premalignant and malignant cervical abnormalities in Beijing. A total of 6,385 randomly selected sexually active women were interviewed and examined. Cervical lesion was diagnosed using cytology and histology. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) was detected by the second-generation hybrid capture test and typed by gene chip of DNA from paraffin-embedded tissue. The cervical lesion prevalence diagnosed by histology was 5.8%. High-risk HPV overall prevalence was 9.9%, 50.5% with cervical lesion and 7.4% without cervical lesion. High-risk HPV DNA load increased with increasing degree of lesions. HPV 16 was the most common type (26.5%) among women with cervical lesion, followed by HPV 58 (8.8%), HPV 33 (7.8%), and HPV 56 (5.3%). Women under 50 years of age, married status, pregnancy and delivery status, couple's sexual behavior, contraceptive history, columnar ectopy, and bacterial vaginosis or trichomonas vaginitis history were more risk factors for HPV infection. Factors for cervical lesion were similar, but in comparison with HPV infection, all associations were weakened. Only middle-aged women, husband's sexual partners, oral contraceptives, columnar ectopy, and history of trichomonas vaginitis remained associated with cervical lesion. In Beijing, the prevalence of cervical lesion and high-risk HPV is higher than estimated in previous reports. HPV 16, 58, and 33 were the most prevalent types. This is relevant for work related to cervical cancer vaccination. The study was conducted to understand the current status and epidemiologic characteristics of women with cervical lesion and HPV infection in Beijing.