Urogenital Organs Research Articles

Differential expression of Wilms' tumour 1 gene in porcine urogenital organs during development.

Wilms' tumour 1 gene (WT1) is essential for the development of mammalian urogenital system. However, the expression pattern of WT1 in the development of porcine urogenital organs is still unclear. Here, we examined the expression of WT1 mRNA and protein in porcine kidneys, ovaries and testes from embryonic days 35 and 60 (E35d, E60d, n=3) to the newborn (0d, n=4) and adult (210d, n=3) stages, using real-time PCR and immunofluorescent staining. Real-time PCR analysis showed that porcine kidneys, ovaries and testes all expressed high level of WT1 mRNAs, especially in adult testes (p<0.05 or 0.01 vs. kidney and ovary, respectively). Morphologically, characteristic microstructures of the kidneys, ovaries and testes were observed and discerned at all four stages. Immunofluorescently, WT1 expression was detected in a dynamic and context-specific pattern during the development of these organs. Taken together, porcine urogenital organs express relatively high levels of WT1 mRNA. Dynamical and context-specific expression profile of WT1 in these organs occurs during their development, implying its close association with the development and function of porcine kidney, ovary and testis.

Three-dimensional imaging of the developing human fetal urogenital-genital tract: Indifferent stage to male and female differentiation

Recent studies in our lab have utilized three imaging techniques to visualize the developing human fetal urogenital tract in three dimensions: optical projection tomography, scanning electron microscopy and lightsheet fluorescence microscopy. We have applied these technologies to examine changes in morphology and differential gene expression in developing human external genital specimens from the ambisexual stage (<9 weeks fetal age) to well-differentiated male and female organs (>13 weeks fetal age). This work outlines the history and function of each of these three imaging modalities, our methods to prepare specimens for each and the novel findings we have produced thus far. We believe the images in this paper of human fetal urogenital organs produced using lightsheet fluorescence microscopy are the first published to date.

The potential of carboxytherapy in diseases of the urogenital system organs

Recently carboxytherapy has been widely used for the treatment of many diseases, and it is associated with the high efficiency and low cost. Carboxytherapy as the method of treatment has been used for 70 years in the international medical practice and more than 50 years in aesthetic medicine. Aim. To substantiate the use of carboxytherapy as an innovative method of treatment for diseases of the urogenital system organs.Materials and methods. The analysis of scientific sources concerning the treatment of sexual dysfunction, erosion of the cervix, menopause, vulvovaginal atrophy, initial stages of the stress urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and impotence was performed.Results. It has been determined that various variants of carboxytherapy can be used to obtain the antihypoxic, reparative-regenerative, spasmolitic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant effects in clinical practice as a result of the treatment. Patients with different pathologies of the urogenital system noted improvement in functioning of urogenital organs, release of pain, decrease in inflammation, mood stability, and good mental and physical performance. Therefore, the quality of life has been improved.Conclusions. Thus, CO2 can be considered as a unique medicinal product, and carboxytherapy as an alternative treatment for many diseases.

PD55-10 MACROSCOPIC WHOLE-MOUNTS CHARACTERIZING SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE HUMAN FETAL UROGENITAL TRACT

You have accessJournal of UrologyBladder & Urethra: Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology II1 Apr 2018PD55-10 MACROSCOPIC WHOLE-MOUNTS CHARACTERIZING SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE HUMAN FETAL UROGENITAL TRACT Joel Shen, Dylan S. Isaacson, Mei Cao, Adriane W. Sinclair, Gerald R. Cunha, and Laurence S. Baskin Joel ShenJoel Shen More articles by this author , Dylan S. IsaacsonDylan S. Isaacson More articles by this author , Mei CaoMei Cao More articles by this author , Adriane W. SinclairAdriane W. Sinclair More articles by this author , Gerald R. CunhaGerald R. Cunha More articles by this author , and Laurence S. BaskinLaurence S. Baskin More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.2630AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES An appreciation of normal development of the male and female human urogenital tracts is required to understand congenital anomalies and their clinical implications. Herein we present macroscopic imaging of human fetal urogenital organs from 8 weeks (indifferent stage) to 21 weeks gestation (well differentiated). METHODS Fetal age of first and second trimester human fetal specimens was determined using heel-toe measurement. Gender was determined by Wolffian and Mullerian duct morphology and PCR for the Y chromosome. Length and width measurements from 3 unique specimens were taken at each time point from 8 to 22 weeks. RESULTS The external genitalia, reproductive tract, and gonads show distinct male and female features. External genitalia sex differentiation begins at 10 weeks and is complete at ~17 weeks. The clitoris is close to the size of the penis but lacks a distal urethra and remains close to the body wall. The male and female bladder grows similar in size during development with the male developing a prostate inferior to the bladder. The vas deferens, shown in the posterior view of the male bladder, inserts into the superior aspect of the prostate, medial to the ureters. In contrast to the male, the female reproductive tract is mostly derived from the midline uterovaginal canal (fused Müllerian ducts) and consists of the uterine tubes joining with the uterine body, the cervix and vagina. Gonad sex differentiation begins at 9 weeks at which the testis develops into an egg shape, while the ovary remains oblong. By ~16 weeks, the ovary surpasses the testis in length. Fetal lobulation of the kidney is first seen at ~12 weeks, and no sexual differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Macroscopic imaging of the developing human fetus shows sex differences in the penis and clitoris, reproductive tract and gonads. The bladder and kidneys were identical in the sexes. Normal sexual differentiation allows an understanding of disorders of sex development. © 2018FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 199Issue 4SApril 2018Page: e1060-e1061 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2018MetricsAuthor Information Joel Shen More articles by this author Dylan S. Isaacson More articles by this author Mei Cao More articles by this author Adriane W. Sinclair More articles by this author Gerald R. Cunha More articles by this author Laurence S. Baskin More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Differential Influence of Early Life and Adult Stress on Urogenital Sensitivity and Function in Male Mice.

Experiences of adverse childhood events have been associated with improper output of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in adulthood, as well as development of comorbid functional pain disorders. Symptoms of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome frequently overlap with those of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and symptom severity is often triggered by stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence early life stress and acute adult stress on (1) perigenital sensitivity, (2) micturition, (3) anhedonia, and (4) HPA axis regulation and output in male C56Bl/6 mice. Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) was performed for 3 h a day from postnatal day 1 to 21 and naïve pups remained unhandled during this time. As adults, male mice were tested for referred prostate sensitivity and micturition patterning prior to and 1 and 8 days after exposure to 1 h of water avoidance stress (WAS). Following testing, prostate and bladder tissues were used for mast cell and Western blot analysis and RT-PCR was performed on mRNA from hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. Serum corticosterone (CORT) was also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A significant increase in perigenital sensitivity and micturition frequency was observed in NMS mice and these measures were exacerbated by WAS exposure. Exposure to NMS significantly increased mast cell degranulation in both the bladder and prostate. Mast cell degranulation was also increased in naïve prostate tissue following WAS exposure. Cytokine mRNA levels were influenced by both NMS and WAS exposure, though WAS had a larger impact on central gene expression. Protein levels of CRF1 were differentially regulated by NMS and WAS in the bladder and prostate and serum CORT levels were significantly diminished following stress exposure. Taken together, these data suggest that NMS results in neurogenic inflammation and hypersensitivity within the urogenital organs, coupled with diminished gene expression and output from the HPA axis. Future studies of NMS in male mice may provide a useful tool as a preclinical model of male chronic urological pain syndromes for investigating potential pharmacological and interventional therapies.

Multiple Liver Abscesses Caused byStreptococcus constellatus: A Case Report

Abstract Background: Pyrogenetic liver abscess is often caused by gram-negative bacilli, including Escheria coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae, but rarely by Streptococcus constellatus. Streptococcus constellatus is a commensal of the oral cavity, respiratory tract system, intestine, and urogenital organs. Herein, we report a case of multiple liver abscesses caused by Streptococcus constellatus. Case Presentation: A 66-year-old male presented with a high-grade fever with no known source. Laboratory analysis revealed severely elevated inflammation levels, moderately increased liver and biliary enzymes, and moderately worsened renal function. Sonazoid®(GE Healthcare AS, Oslo, Norway)-enhanced sonography revealed marginally contrast-enhanced masses with a non-contrast−enhanced center. On the basis of these results, the patient was diagnosed with multiple liver abscesses. Subsequently, meropenem 1 g/d was prescribed. On day two, percutaneous abscess drainage was performed. Culture from abscess drainage and blood c...

Neural and Endocrine Factors Contribute to the Comorbidity of Urinary and Sexual Dysfunctions

The purpose of this study is to determine whether neural and/or endocrine factors are related to urinary and sexual disease comorbidity. Common neural circuitries at cerebral, spinal, and peripheral levels participate in the control of urogenital organs. The convergence and crosstalk of pelvic organ information in the central nervous system may underlie comorbidity of urinary-sexual dysfunctions, and also subserve the success of genital and tibial nerve stimulation therapies to treat overactive bladder. Nonetheless, the relevance of gonadal hormones to the pathophysiology of urinary-sexual functions is still controversial. The etiology of urinary dysfunctions is usually considered to be at the periphery. However, spinal and supraspinal sites controlling urogenital organs deteriorate with age and can be another factor for urogenital dysfunctions. In addition, although it is well recognized that urinary incontinence has a negative impact on sexual functions, there is no research investigating the impact of sexual function/dysfunction on the urinary organs.

Exceptional soft tissues preservation in a mummified frog-eating Eocene salamander.

Fossils are almost always represented by hard tissues but we present here the exceptional case of a three-dimensionally preserved specimen that was ‘mummified’ (likely between 40 and 34 million years ago) in a terrestrial karstic environment. This fossil is the incomplete body of a salamander, Phosphotriton sigei, whose skeleton and external morphology are well preserved, as revealed by phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography. In addition, internal structures composed of soft tissues preserved in three dimensions are now identified: a lung, the spinal cord, a lumbosacral plexus, the digestive tract, muscles and urogenital organs that may be cloacal glands. These are among the oldest known cases of three-dimensional preservation of these organs in vertebrates and shed light on the ecology of this salamander. Indeed, the digestive tract contains remains of a frog, which represents the only known case of an extinct salamander that fed on a frog, an extremely rare type of predation in extant salamanders. These new data improve our scarce knowledge on soft tissue anatomy of early urodeles and should prove useful for future biologists and palaeontologists working on urodele evolutionary biology. We also suggest that the presence of bat guano and carcasses represented a close source of phosphorus, favouring preservation of soft tissues. Bone microanatomy indicates that P. sigei was likely amphibious or terrestrial, and was probably not neotenic.

EP12.13: A case of partial urorectal septum malformation sequence with a very small lower abdominal cyst and review of literature

Background: Partial urorectal septum malformation sequence is a rare congenital malformation of urorectal septum dysplasia and failure of the breakdown of th cloacal membrane, is characterised by abnormalities of the ambiguous genitalia, urogenital organs, a single perineal/anal opening that drains a common Cloaca, and absent anus. We report a case of partial urorectal septum malformation sequence, who was suspected on pregnancy ultrasound scan at 24+6 weeks' gestation in our department and confirmed upon delivery. Case presentation: A 19-year-old married woman, Gravida 1 Para 0, presented to antenatal clinic of Cheng Du Women and Children's Central Hospital, Si Chuan province, China, at 24+6 weeks' gestation by dates, when ultrasound examination was performed, showing a very small common cloaca in the lower abdomen, absence of bladder, ambiguous genitalia and imperforate anus. Both mother and clinicians agreed on termination of pregnancy. The mother spontaneously delivered a dead female fetus weighing 1085 grams at 25+4 weeks' gestation after amniotic cavity injection rivanol, who had multiple congenital anomalies including imperforate anus, smooth perineum, absence of normal urethral and vaginal openings, absent bladder, uterus, vagina, and urethra, in combination with a very small common cloaca opening in the perinea and myelomeningocele in the sacral vertebrae. Conclusion: The characteristic features of the URSMS in ultrasonography are relate to the type of the URSMS, not all URSMS along with very dilated cystic regions in the abdomen.

Sexual Kidneys in a Plethodontid Salamander

Abstract Previous studies observed the synthesis of an abundant glycoprotein secretion in the collecting duct tubules of ambystomatid and salamandrid salamanders. The synthesis and release of this secretion occurred during times of mating activity; therefore, researchers concluded that collecting ducts of the pelvic kidneys functioned as secondary sexual structures. The purpose of this study was to determine if any male plethodontids possess kidneys with similar secondary sexual function. We captured male and female Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Common Name) from every month possible and removed their urogenital organs, along with known male secondary sexual glands, for histological examination. The heights of collecting duct and known secondary sexual gland epithelia were measured every month as a proxy for secretory activity. We compared known secondary sexual gland seasonal secretory activity with that of the seasonal secretory activity of the collecting ducts. We then qualitatively compared these dat...

Phyllanthus niruri leaves aqueous extract improves kidney functions, ameliorates kidney oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis and enhances kidney cell proliferation in adult male rats with diabetes mellitus

Ethnopharmacological relevancePhylanthus niruri has been used to treat ailments related to the urogenital organs. In this study, this herb was hypothesized to help to ameliorate kidney disease in diabetes mellitus (DM). AimsTo investigate P. niruri leaves aqueous extract (PN) effects on kidney functions, histopathological changes and levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis and proliferation in DM. MethodsPN was orally administered to streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced male diabetic rats for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and kidney functions were measured. Kidney somatic index, histopathological changes and levels of RAGE, Nrf2, oxidative stress markers (TBARS, SOD, CAT and GPx), inflammatory markers (NFkβ-p65, Ikk-β, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), apoptosis markers (caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax), fibrosis markers (TGF-β1, VEGF and FGF-1) and proliferative markers (PCNA and Ki-67) were determined by biochemical assays, qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. ResultsAdministration of PN helps to maintain near normal FBG, creatinine clearance (CCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), BUN/Cr ratio, serum electrolytes, uric acid and urine protein levels in DM. Decreased RAGE, TBARS and increased Nrf2, SOD-1, CAT and GPx-1 were observed in PN-treated diabetic rat kidneys. Expression of inflammatory, fibrosis and apoptosis markers in the kidney reduced but expression of proliferative markers increased following PN treatment. Lesser histopathological changes were observed in the kidney of PN-treated diabetic rats. ConclusionPN helps to preserve near normal kidney function and prevents histopathological changes via ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis while enhancing proliferation of the kidney in DM.

A three-dimensional pelvic model made with a three-dimensional printer: applications for laparoscopic surgery to treat rectal cancer.

To help understand the three-dimensional (3D) spatial relationships among the highly complex structures of the pelvis, we made a novel 3D pelvic model with a 3D printing system. We created two pelvic models including the muscles, vessels, nerves, and urogenital organs; the first based on the pelvic anatomy of a healthy male volunteer and the second on the pelvic anatomy of a female volunteer with rectal cancer. The models clearly demonstrated the complicated spatial relationships between anatomical structures in the pelvis. Surgeons could use these models to improve their spatial understanding of pelvic anatomy, which could consequently improve the safety and efficiency of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery.

L1CAM in the Early Enteric and Urogenital System.

L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is a transmembrane molecule belonging to the L1 protein family. It has shown to be a key player in axonal guidance in the course of neuronal development. Furthermore, L1CAM is also crucial for the establishment of the enteric and urogenital organs and is aberrantly expressed in cancer originating in these organs. Carcinogenesis and embryogenesis follow a lot of similar molecular pathways, but unfortunately, comprehensive data on L1CAM expression and localization in human developing organs are lacking so far. In the present study we, therefore, examined the spatiotemporal distribution of L1CAM in the early human fetal period (weeks 8-12 of gestation) by means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH). In the epithelia of the gastrointestinal organs, L1CAM localization cannot be observed in the examined stages most likely due to their advanced polarization and differentiation. Despite these results, our ISH data indicate weak L1CAM expression, but only in few epithelial cells. The genital tracts, however, are distinctly L1CAM positive throughout the entire fetal period. We, therefore, conclude that in embryogenesis L1CAM is crucial for further differentiation of epithelia.

Epispadias and the associated embryopathies: genetic and developmental basis.

The abnormalities in the urogenital organs are frequently observed as human developmental diseases. Among such diseases, the defects in the upper part of external genitalia are rather rare named epispadias. The cleft in the dorsal part of external genitalia often reaches to the urethra. In general, the urogenital abnormalities accompany defects in the adjacent tissues and organs. The ventral body wall and bladder can also be affected in the patients with dorsal defects of the external genitalia. Therefore, such multiple malformations are often classified as bladder exstrophy and epispadias complex (BEEC). Because of the lower frequency of such birth defects and their early embryonic development, animal models are required to analyze the pathogenic mechanisms and the functions of responsible genes. Mutant mouse analyses on various signal cascades for external genitalia and body wall development are increasingly performed. The genetic interactions between growth factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmp) and transcription factors such as Msx1/2 and Isl1 have been suggested to play roles for such organogenesis. The significance of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI) is suggested during development. In this review, we describe on such local interactions and developmental regulators. We also introduce some mutant mouse models displaying external genitalia-body wall abnormalities.

Pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in radical rectal cancer surgery: changes in the past 3 decades.

The advent of total mesorectal excision (TME) together with minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic colorectal surgery and robotic surgery has improved surgical results. However, the incidence of bladder and sexual dysfunction remains high. This may be particularly distressing for the patient and troublesome to manage for the surgeon when it does occur. The increased use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant radiotherapy is also associated with poorer functional outcomes. In this review, we evaluate current understanding of the anatomy of pelvic nerves which are divided into the areas of the inferior mesenteric artery pedicle, the lateral pelvic wall and dissection around the urogenital organs. Surgical techniques in these areas are discussed. We also discuss the results in functional outcomes of the various techniques including open, laparoscopic and robotic over the last 30 years.

Wpływ preparatów zawierających hialuroniany na niektóre parametry zaburzeń statyki narządów moczowo-płciowych u kobiet

Urogenital organs statics disorders affect approximately 30–75% of women; their incidence increases with age. Among various causes, the generally recognized...

The anatomy of the perineal body in relation to abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer.

Dissection of the perineal body (PB) during abdominoperineal excision (APE) for low rectal cancer is often difficult due to the lack of a natural plane of dissection. Understanding the PB and its relation to the anorectum is essential to permit safe dissection during the perineal phase of the operation and avoid damage to the anorectum and urogenital organs. This study describes the anatomy and histology of the PB relevant to APE. Six human adult cadaver pelvic exenteration specimens (three male, three female) from the Leeds GIFT Research Tissue Programme were studied. Paraffin-embedded mega-blocks were produced and serially sectioned at 50- and 250-μm intervals. Sections were stained by immunohistochemistry to show collagen, elastin and smooth muscle. The PB was cylindrically shaped in the male specimens and wedge-shaped in the female ones. Although centrally located between the anal and urogenital triangles, it was nearly completely formed by muscle fibres derived from the rectal muscularis propria. Thick bundles of smooth muscle, mostly arising from the longitudinal muscle, inserted into the PB and levator ani muscle (LAM). The recto-urethralis muscle originated from the PB and separated the anterolateral PB from the urogenital organs. Smooth muscle fibres derived from the rectal muscularis propria extend into the PB and LAM and appear to fix the anorectum. Dissection of the PB during APE is safe only when the smooth muscle fibres that extend into the PB are divided.

Microbiologic picture of microflora of female urogenital organs.

In this report authors give a detailed analysis of microorganisms that can contaminate mucous membranes of female urogenital system in normal range and in the formation of certain dysbiotic position. The composition of microorganisms that colonize the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract depends on many exogenous and endogenous factors. The main microorganisms that provide colonizing resistance of vaginal biotop (VB) are lactobacilli and lactobacteria. The protective properties of lactobacillus are implemented by antagonistic activity and ability to produce lysozyme and hydrogen peroxide. L. acidophilus, L. spp.; Propionbacterium spp.; Fusobacterium spp.; Porphyromonas spp.; Prevotella spp.; S. epidermidis and S. Saprophyticus novobionrezistentni and Streptococcus spp. and others are of definite importance in supporting normobiots of mucous membranes of urogenital system of women. Decreasing number of lactobacilli and other microorganisms of normobiota leads to colonization of mucous membranes of the vagina with G.vaginalis, B.bivies, B.disiens, B.melaninigenius, Mobiluncus, E.coli, E.fecalis, S.epidermidis and development of clinical manifestation of VB. The authors show microscopic and bacteriological characteristics of microorganisms that form normal microbiota and pathological states. The development of basic subjects promotes increasing number of the known microorganisms, important in the development of VB.

Human papilloma virus / Insan papilloma virusu

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-helix DNA virus in the papillomaviridae family. HPV has an affinity for epithelial tissue and causes benign and malignant changes to the stratified epithelium of the epidermis and mucous membranes. HPV is an etiological factor in many benign and malignant lesions of the head, neck, urogenital organs, skin, and mucous membranes. The role of HPV in the pathogenicity of squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck area was first recognised in 1983 after findings showed histopathologic similarities between oral cancer and HPV infection. Because HPV has been implicated as the etiological factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma, HPV infection can be regarded as a subgroup of cancers affecting the oropharyngeal region. Due to these characteristics, HPV infection has been of particular interest in the field of maxillofacial surgery and dentistry. Screening, oral findings, early diagnosis, and proper treatment are of paramount importance in many HPV-related infections.

К вопросу о функциональной морфологии семенных пузырьков в постнатальном онтогенезе

Functional morphology of seminal vesicles, received on autopsy from 70 men 20-89 years old, with the absence of pathology of urogenital system organs. The material was divided into groups with 10-years periodicity. Kruskal-Wallis test was used compare data from different age groups and parts of seminal vesicles. The data obtained reflect the dynamics of the macro-microscopic parameters of the seminal vesicles and their main duct in postnatal ontogenesis. Individual fluctuations of studied parameters are most pronounced in men of mature age. From the age of 60-69 years both the maximum and minimum values of the individual parameters of seminal vesicles’ microstructure start to decrease. The identified age-related changes of seminal vesicles’ structure in norm must be considered in medical practice for assessing organ biopsies.