Rabbit Urine Research Articles

The effect of organic manure on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Field experiments to investigate the effect of different sources of organic manure (poultry manure (3 kg), Cattle manure (3 kg), Swine manure (3 kg), Rabbit urine (1lit)) on growth and yield of okra were carried out. The soil pH was checked and analyzed for pH 6.8 and the soil fertility is 6. The experimental site was cleared and cultivated (tilled and fertilized). Treatments were laid out before planting at once, there was no re-application of treatment. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters (plant height, foliage and fruit weight). There was a significant difference in the height of okra plant treated with poultry manure, cattle manure, swine manure, rabbit urine when compared with the control group. Poultry manure and Cattle manure significantly increase the foliage of okra plant when compared with Swine manure, Rabbit urine and the control. There was significant difference in the fruit weight of okra fertilized with Poultry manure and Rabbit urine when compared with the control but there was no significant difference in swine and cattle manure when compared with the control. From this experimental study, poultry manure and rabbit urine increased the growth and yield of okra and it is recommended for both subsistence farming and commercial production of okra.

Pengaruh Pupuk Kandang Sapi dan Konsentrasi Urine Kelinci terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kopi Liberoid Meranti

Liberoid Meranti coffee seeds can grow well if they are cared for properly. The plant nursery phase determines the successful growth of Liberoid Meranti coffee plants. One of the important maintenance actions carried out when cultivating coffee plants is choosing planting media and fertilization. The organic fertilizer that can be used as a planting media mixture in Liberoid meranti coffee nurseries is cow manure. Rabbit urine is a liquid organic material that contains nutrients, so it can be applied to soil or plants to add nutrients. Liquid organic materials contain macro- and micronutrients. Using the right composition of cow manure and rabbit urine concentrations really determines the growth of Liberoid Meranti coffee plant seeds. This experiment was carried out from February 2023 to June 2023 at the Ciparanje experimental garden, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor District, Sumedang Regency. This experiment was carried out using a randomized group design (RAK) with nine treatments: soil + 2g urea; soil + 25% rabbit urine; soil + rabbit urine 50%; soil + cow manure (1:1) + rabbit urine 25%; soil + cow manure (1:1) + rabbit urine 50%; soil + cow manure (2:1) + rabbit urine 25%; soil + cow manure (2:1) + rabbit urine 50%; soil + cow manure (3:1) + rabbit urine 50%, and each treatment was repeated three times to obtain 27 experimental units. The experimental results showed that there was an influence of the composition of cow manure as a mixture of planting media and the concentration of rabbit urine on the growth of Liberoid Meranti coffee seedlings, except for the increase in the number of leaves. The composition of a mixture of planting media with cow manure (3:1) and a rabbit urine concentration of 25% provides the best growth for Liberoid Meranti coffee seedlings.

Respon Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Tanaman Sawi (Brassica juncea L.) Terhadap Interval Waktu Pemberian POC Urin Kelinci

This study aims to determine the appropriate application time interval of rabbit urine POC to support optimal growth and production of mustard greens. This study used an experimental method designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments, including W0 (control), W1 (treated with 60 ml/L rabbit urine every 1 week), W2 (treated with 60 ml of rabbit urine /L every 2 weeks), and W3 (treated with 60 ml/L rabbit urine fertilizer every 3 weeks). Variables observed in this study included growth variables consisting of plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, and leaf length at 1 – 6 WAP, as well as production variables in the form of wet stover weight per plant (grams) and plant consumption weight (grams) at 6 WAP. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and if it had a significant effect then continued by the Tukey test at the 95% level of confidence. The results of the study showed that the time interval treatment for application of POC rabbit urine only had a significant effect on the variable number of leaves, leaf length, and leaf width at 6 WAP and plant consumption weight. The time interval application of 2 weeks (W2) rabbit urine POC tend to give better results than other time interval treatments in almost all observation variables.

Pengaruh Jenis dan Konsentrasi Pupuk Organik Cair Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Kailan (Brassica Oleraceae L.) dengan Sistem Hidroponik Substrat

In Indonesia, kailan plants are classified as new plants but have quite large prospects, however, kailan production in Indonesia is still relatively low and is not comparable to the increasing demand for kailan and the availability of agricultural land which is still limited. The use of liquid organic fertilizer with the application of a substrate hydroponic cultivation system is a good alternative in a cultivation system to increase yields in terms of quality and quantity. It is necessary to do research on the effect of the right type and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer for kailan plants. This study aims to determine the effect of the right type of liquid organic fertilizer and the concentration of good liquid organic fertilizer on the yield of kailan plants. The research was conducted in August-October 2022 which took place in Patrang, Jember Regency. This study used the RAL method (Completely Randomized Design) which was arranged in a factorial manner consisting of 2 treatment factors which were applied to kailan plants which were repeated 3 times. The first factor is the type of liquid organic fertilizer (P), which consists of three levels, namely: Rabbit Urine (P1), Nasa (P2), and Cow Biourine (P3). The second factor was the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (K) which consisted of 4 levels, without POC treatment (K0); 10 ml/l water (K1); 20 ml/l water (K2); 30 ml/l water (K3); 40 ml/l water (K4). The data obtained will be analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Treatments with significantly different effects were further analyzed using Duncan's test at the 5% level. Based on the data and discussion of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the best type of liquid organic fertilizer concentration treatment is the Nasa liquid organic fertilizer type treatment, while the more efficient liquid organic fertilizer concentration treatment used to be applied in the kailan cultivation system is the kailan plant treatment. concentration of liquid organic fertilizer 30ml/L. There is an interaction between the types of liquid organic fertilizer treatment at the concentration level of liquid organic fertilizer on the plant wet weight parameter.

Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit di Pre Nursery terhadap Macam dan Interval Waktu Pemberian Urin

This study aims to determine the growth response of oil palm seedlings in the pre nursery to the type and time interval of urine aplication. The research was conducted at Kebun Pendidikan dan Penelitian Institut Pertanian Stiper Yogyakarta, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta Special Region. This research was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023. The study used a factorial experimental design and a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two factors. The first factor which consist of four levels namely control (NPK, N), cow urine, goat urine and rabbit urine. The second factor which consist of three levels namely once every three days, once every five days and once every seven days. There were twelve treatment combinations and repeated five times so that there were sixty plant samples. Using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) with a significance level of five percent this data was analyzed. Futher test using DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) with a significance level of five percent if there is a significant difference. There was an interaction between the type dan time interval of urine aplication on shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight. Control (NPK, N) and type of urine had the same effect, meaning that livestock urin could replace chemical fertilizers (NPK, N). The time inteval for giving urine once every seven days was the best compared to once every three days and once every five days.

Pengaruh Dosis dan Frekuensi Pemberian Bahan Organik Cair Urine Kelinci terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Bayam Merah (Amaranthus tricolor L.)

Increasing the production of red spinach can be done through fertilization. This research aimed to know the effect of dose, frequency application, and combination of dose and frequency application of liquid organic fertilizer from rabbit's urine on the growth and yield of red spinach plants. The research was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021 at the screen house in Melung Village, Kedung Banteng District, Banyumas Regency and the Laboratory of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University. The research was carried out using polybag experiment in a screen house with 3 x 3 factorial treatment plus control. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Block Design which resulted in 9 factorial and control treatments, repeated 3 times so that there were 30 experimental units. The first factor was the dose of liquid organic fertilizer from rabbit urine, which consisted of 3 levels, namely 150, 300, and 450 ml/plant. The second factor is the frequency of fertilization time which consists of 3 levels, that is 1x application (5dap), 3x application (5, 10, and 15 dap), and 5x application (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 dap). Observation variables included plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight, fresh crown weight and waste index. The data obtained were analyzed using the F test. If there was variance, the data was analyzed using the Dunnett test at a 95% confidence level. The dose of 300 ml/plant of liquid organic fertilizer of rabbit urine affected the growth of red spinach seen in the variables of fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, number of leaves, leaf area, and plant height. In addition, the fresh crown weight variable shows the effect on the yield of red spinach. The frequency of 5 times giving liquid organic fertilizer from rabbit urine affects the yield of red spinach seen in the fresh crown weight variable. A good combination was obtained between a dose of 300 ml/plant and a frequency of 5x administration of LOM rabbit urine on the growth of red spinach seen in the variable leaf area and fresh crown weight.

Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Pegagan pada Aplikasi Jenis Pupuk Organik

Gotu kola is one of the medicinal plants that is widely used because of its various nutritional content. In general, the cultivation only uses inorganic fertilizers, which have long-term effects that are not good for the environment. The use of organic fertilizers is an effort to produce high-standard products. Rabbit urine liquid organic fertilizer and goat manure are alternative types of fertilizer that can be given. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the response of giving liquid organic fertilizer of rabbit urine and goat manure and their interaction with the growth and yield. The study used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor was rabbit urine liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) with a concentration of 0, 2, and 4%. The second factor was goat manure with doses of 0, 37, and 75 g/polybag. The results showed that applying rabbit urine (LOF) and goat manure increased the growth and yield of gotu kola. Application of 2% rabbit urine LOF significantly increased stalk length compared to controls. Gotu kola plants given 37 g/polybag of goat manure produced stolons that were significantly longer than those treated with goat manure 75 g/polybag and had significantly heavier roots than other treatments. The interaction of rabbit urine LOF and goat manure application had no significant effect on all observed variables.
 
 Keywords: goat manure, gotu kola, liquid organic fertilizer, rabbit urine

Effects of Various Planting Media and Organic Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.)

Purslane has many benefits as food or raw material for medicine. It is rich in beneficial compounds, such as omega-3 and vitamins. However, it has not been cultivated yet. Organic input in cultivation is essential to ensure food safety for humans. Using organic inputs can avoid the yield from chemical and biological contaminants that can threaten health. Thus, the source of growing media and fertilizer must be considered. Because the use of synthetic chemicals has residues that are harmful to the environment and human health. This research sought to identify the best combination of growing media and organic fertilizer to increase purslane yield. The experiment was conducted with a randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. Organic fertilizers (guano, cow urine, and rabbit urine) and planting media (soil, soil + husk charcoal, soil + compost, and soil + husk charcoal) were the treatments assessed. The observation variables were planting media analysis, the number of leaves and branches, growth diameter, and fresh weight. The results show that the planting medium and organic fertilizer did not significantly affect the measured growth parameters. The single variable of organic fertilizer made a difference in growth diameter and fresh weight. Rabbit urine produced in the highest growth diameter, and guano produced in the highest fresh weight The single variable of organic fertilizer made a difference in growth diameter and fresh weight. Rabbit urine produced in the highest growth diameter, and guano produced in the highest fresh weight The single variable of organic fertilizer made a difference in growth diameter and fresh weight. Rabbit urine produced in the highest growth diameter, and guano produced in the highest fresh weight

Dietary Inclusion of Crickets (Acheta domesticus) and Yellow Mealworm Meal (Tenebrio molitor) in Comparison with Soybean Meal: Effect on the Growth, Total Tract Apparent Digestibility, and Nitrogen Balance of Fattening Rabbits.

Three diets were formulated, i.e., soybean meal (SM diet), adult Acheta domesticus (AD diet), and Tenebrio molitor larvae (TM diet), as the main crude protein (CP) sources. A total of 45 rabbits (Hyplus, weaned at 32 days of age) were divided into three groups (15 per treatment) and fed one of the three diets for 42 days. A higher daily weight gain (p = 0.042), as well as daily feed intake (p = 0.022), was observed in rabbits fed the AD and TM diets than in rabbits fed the SM diet within 21 days after weaning. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of gross energy were higher (p = 0.001) in rabbits fed the SM diet than in rabbits fed the other diets. The CTTAD of CP (p = 0.040) and starch (p = 0.041) was higher in rabbits fed the SM diet compared to those fed the AD diet. There were non-significantly higher losses of nitrogen in the urine (an average by 0.227 g/day; p = 0.094) in rabbits fed the TM diet than in rabbits fed the other diets. It can be concluded that the growth of rabbits and nitrogen output were not detrimentally affected by the insect meal (AD or TM) used in this study.

PERFORMANCE OF RABBIT URINE ON THE YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENT OF CUCUMBER

Organic farming is known to be the production system where synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are largely or completely avoided, it has been observed recently the rapid growth of the system in the last decades. An experiment was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm of National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo state to determine the influence of rabbit urine as organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of two varieties of cucumber. The experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement fitted into a randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. The trial comprised of two cucumber varieties (Marketer and Poinsett), urine application as soil and foliar application, NPK and the control. The results showed significant influence of the treatments on growth and yield of cucumber also significant interaction was observed between varieties and treatments used on yield attributes and yield of cucumber. The application of rabbit urine into the soil and by foliar on marketer cucumber significantly had the highest fruit yield in both years.

Influence of Purification by Bio-Activated Carbon on Rabbit Urine Components

Influence of Purification by Bio-Activated Carbon on Rabbit Urine Components

Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair (Poc) Urin Kelinci Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Caisim (Brassica chinensis L.)

This study aims to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from rabbit urine on the growth and yield of caisim. This research was conducted using a randomized block design (RAK) consisting of 5 treatments and 6 replications so that 30 experimental units were obtained. The treatments were A0 (control) without LOF, A1 (LOF 30 ml/l water), A2 (LOF 60 ml/l water), A3 (LOF 90 ml/l water), A4 (LOF 120 ml/l water). The results showed that the LOF treatment of rabbit urine at the concentration of 30-120 ml/liter of water gave a significant effect on the components of plant fresh weight and economic fresh weight, while it had no significant effect on the plant growth component. The appliction of LOF rabbit urine with a concentration of 30 ml/liter of water is sufficient enough to get the best fesh weight of caisim.

Application of Livestock Waste Liquid Fertilizer and Mychorriza Biofertilizer on The Growth of Biduri (Calotropis gigantea)

<p>Biduri (<em>Calotropis gigantea</em>) was a plant with several benefits, namely as a medicinal plant and textile material. Biduri was a wild plant that could grow in various types of soil conditions. The existence of biduri was still not fully utilized by many people. So it was necessary to develop the cultivation technology of Biduri to take advantage of this plant. This research was conducted at the field laboratory of Jumantono, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Karanganyar, and used a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), which consisted of 2 factors, namely organic liquid fertilizer from livestock waste and mycorrhizae. Livestock waste liquid fertilizer consists of 40ml/kg soil cow urine, 40ml/kg soil goat urine, 40ml/kg soil rabbit urine, and 40ml/kg soil fish waste. Mycorrhizae consisted of 0 grams/plant, 5 grams/plant, 10gram/plant, and 15gram/plant. There were 20 treatment combinations repeated 3 times, so the total was 60 treatment combinations. The interaction between livestock waste liquid fertilizer and mycorrhizae did not significantly affect all the physiological observation variables. The results showed that the application of livestock waste liquid fertilizer had no significant effect on all observations of physiological variables. Giving mycorrhizae shows that it can increase the number of stomata and the width of stomata aperture.</p>

Benchmarking Method to Increase Application of Organic Rice Cultivation Technology

Organic farming is the key to agricultural sustainability in the future, but farmers have not implemented it much. This study aims to determine the application of technology in organic rice cultivation to farmers in the Sri Jati Kalurahan Jatisarono Farmer Group, Kapanewon Nanggulan. This research uses descriptive qualitative with observation and interviews. The research was conducted from January to June 2022. The location determination technique is carried out by purposive sampling. The data was analyzed by benchmarking, namely comparing businesses at the research site with more advanced organic rice businesses. The results of the study showed that the application of technology in the Sri Jati Farmer Group compared to the Makmur Farmer Group showed differences in the selection of seed varieties. Pros: on the method of cultivation, and harvesting. While the similarities are in aspects: land processing, seeding seedlings, and weed control. Weaknesses in aspects: fertilization and control of pests. Empowerment activities are emphasized on making fertilizer with rabbit urine and controlling pests with natural ingredients.

Growth and Yield of Red Chili (Capsicum Annuum L.) as Responses to Various Interval and Frequency of Fertigation Application

Appropriate drip fertigation systems could increase the crop yield, as it provides timely water and fertilizer at the same time. The aim of this research was to examine the growth and yield of red chili as a results of different fertigation interval and frequency. The field experiment was carried out in Wedomartani Experimental Garden, Yogyakarta. The experiment was set in a split plot with Randomized Completely Block Design. Fertigation interval, namely, 3 days, 6 days, and 9 days were the main plots, whereas. the fertigation frequency, namely, once/day, twice/day, 3 times/day were the sub plots. A commercial AB-mix fertilizer mixed with rabbit urine was used for nutrient solution. The variance of data was analysed with post-hoc analysis using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits, weight of fruit, and chili shelf life. The result showed that the growth and yield (plant height, number of leaves and number of fruits) of red chili were significantly affected by combinations of fertigation interval and frequency. Three days interval applied in three times a day fertigation of nutrients supply resulted in higher plant height and leaves number, but have no significantly different from three days interval in once and twice a day frequency of fertigation. Three days interval in once and twice a day frequency resulted in higher of fruit number of chili. The interval and frequency of fertigation didn’t significantly affect to the weight and storability of chilies.

A combined miRNA–piRNA signature in the serum and urine of rabbits infected with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts

BackgroundIncreasing evidence has shown that non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules play fundamental roles in cells, and many are stable in body fluids as circulating RNAs. Study on these ncRNAs will provide insights into toxoplasmosis pathophysiology and/or help reveal diagnostic biomarkers.MethodsWe performed a high-throughput RNA-Seq study to comprehensively profile the microRNAs (miRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in rabbit serum and urine after infection with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts during the whole infection process.ResultsTotal RNA extracted from serum and urine samples of acutely infected [8 days post-infection (DPI)], chronically infected (70 DPI) and uninfected rabbits were subjected to genome-wide small RNA sequencing. We identified 2089 miRNAs and 2224 novel piRNAs from the rabbit sera associated with T. gondii infection. Meanwhile, a total of 518 miRNAs and 4182 novel piRNAs were identified in the rabbit urine associated with T. gondii infection. Of these identified small ncRNAs, 1178 and 1317 serum miRNAs and 311 and 294 urine miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in the acute and chronic stages of infections, respectively. A total of 1748 and 1814 serum piRNAs and 597 and 708 urine piRNAs were found in the acute and chronic infection stages, respectively. Of these dysregulated ncRNAs, a total of 88 common DE miRNAs and 120 DE novel piRNAs were found in both serum and urine samples of infected rabbits.ConclusionsThese findings provide valuable data for revealing the physiology of herbivore toxoplasmosis caused by oocyst infection. Circulating ncRNAs identified in this study are potential novel diagnostic biomarkers for the detection/diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in herbivorous animals.Graphical

Effects of predator odor on anti-predation behavior and hypothalamic c-fos mRNA expression of Chinese mole shrew

Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes, Soricidae) is a small mammal, with a large population in the low mountain basin area of Sichuan, China, and it is one of the main pests in farmland. We exposed A. squamipes to cat（a natural predator） and rabbit（a non-natural predator） odors, and compared their behaviors and hypothalamus c-fos mRNA expression. This paper explored the behavioral changes in predator odor stress of A. squamipes, which reveals the shrews’ stress response mechanism to natural predators. In this study, 36 Chinese mole shrew individuals were exposed to different odors for a short time (10 min) under laboratory conditions. Distilled water was used as the control group (CG), rabbit urine odor as the non-predator group (NG), and cat urine odor as the predator group (PG). SuperMaze animal behavior video analysis system was used to observe and record anti-predation behavior data. The real-time fluorescence quantitative nucleic acid amplification detection system (QPCR) was used to determine the expression of hypothalamic c-fos genes. The results showed that 1) both male and female shrews were significantly stimulated by cat odor, and their time of concealment, sniffing, wariness, and escape behavior showed significant increases, showing that the shrews responded strongly to the odors of a natural predator and showed clear anti-predation behavior. 2) different odor stimuli resulted in different expression of c-fos mRNA in the shrews’ hypothalamus, and there was no significant difference between the rabbit odor treatment group and that of the control group. The expression of c-fos mRNA in the cat odor was significantly higher than other two groups, indicating that the stress response of A. squamipes to natural predator is closely related to the expression of c-fos mRNA. The result shows that A. squamipes can recognize the scent of predators and regulate their own behavior by promoting the expression of c-fos mRNA in the hypothalamus, thereby increasing the investment into anti-predation defense strategies.

Pengaruh Pemotongan Bibit dan Konsentrasi Urin Kelinci Terfermentasi Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Bawang Daun (Allium fistulosum L.)

The spring onion plant (Allium fistulosum L.) has the potential to be developed considering the many benefits obtained from this plant, especially for various kinds of cuisine. Therefore, efforts to improve product quality and quantity need to be continued. The use of rabbit urine can help minimize the use of inorganic fertilizers. While cutting techniques will increase heat efficiency. This study aims to determine the effect of the seed length of spring onion seeds and rabbit urine fermentation on the growth of spring onion. This study used a factorial randomized block design consisting of two factors and three replications. The first factor includes cutting the seeds, namely (P1) 10 cm, (P2) 15 cm, and (P3) 20 cm. The second factor was the concentration of rabbit urine fermentation (U1) at 50 ml/l, (U2) at 100 ml/l, and (U3) at 150 ml/l. The results showed that there was an interaction between the dose of rabbit urine fermentation and cutting seeds on the growth of leek plants. The longer the seedling size, the more the response to rabbit urine concentration for leaf vegetative parameters and fresh plant weight. The highest yield was achieved with a seed size of 20 cm with a concentration of fermented rabbit urine of 150 ml/l with an average yield of 39.8 leaves per plant and a fresh weight of 442.52 grams per plant. There is a tendency for seed size to grow which can be stimulated by high urine concentrations, thus allowing the use of urine with higher concentrations and doses

Respon Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Jagung Manis (Zea mays saccharate Sturt.) Terhadap Pemberian Berbagai Pupuk Organik Cair

Sweet corn is still a leading horticultural commodity that is much favored by the people of Indonesia because it has a sweeter taste than ordinary corn. Cultivation of sweet corn so far is often constrained in the aspect of fertilization. Fulfillment of nutrients so far is mostly done through inorganic fertilization, which if not balanced with the use of organic fertilizers can have a negative impact on the cultivation environment. This study aims to determine the response of growth and production of sweet corn plants to the application of various liquid organic fertilizers. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RAK) model consisting of 4 levels of treatment, namely P0 (control), P1 (rabbit urine), P2 (cow urine), and P3 (goat urine) with 6 replications. The results of the F test showed that the treatment of various types of liquid organic fertilizers had a significant effect on the parameters of the cob diameter and weight of the sweet corn cobs, and gave a very significant effect on the parameters of the sweet corn's sweetness level. The results of the DMRT test showed that the application of liquid organic fertilizer of cow urine (P3) with a concentration of 200 ml/l gave the best results for the parameters of cob diameter, cob weight, and sweet corn level.

Effect of Rabbit Urine on the Larval Behavior, Larval Mortality, Egg Hatchability, Adult Emergence and Oviposition Preference of the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)

The fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is a major cereal pest threatening food security in Africa. African smallholder farmers apply various indigenous pest management practices, including rabbit urine; however, there is no scientific evidence for its efficacy. The FAW eggs, first, second and third instar larvae and moths were exposed to rabbit urine-treated maize leaves alongside untreated maize leaves (control). More FAW larvae (46.0–70.0%) remained on the untreated leaves than those (27.0–43.0%) on the rabbit urine-treated leaves. Rabbit urine caused 6.4 and 12.8% damage reduction of the second and third instars, respectively, 24 h post-exposure. Rabbit urine significantly reduced the survival of FAW, had a lethal time (LT50) of 5.0, 7.3 and 8.7 days and a lethal dose (LD50) of 48, 94, and 55% for the first, second and third instars, respectively. Egg hatchability and adult emergence were reduced by 55.0 and 13.3%, respectively. The FAW female moths laid more eggs on the rabbit urine-treated plants (647 ± 153 eggs) than they did on the untreated plants (72 ± 64 eggs). This study confirms farmers’ assertions about using rabbit urine to manage FAW. For successful integration into the FAW IPM package, additional studies on the chemistry of rabbit urine, the behavioral response and the field might be required.