Urinary Sediment Research Articles

P-01 Case report of adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral adrenal hemorage

Abstract Introduction Arterial or venous thrombosis may be seen in the presence of antiphospholipid antibody (AFA). Rarely, it can cause adrenal hemorrhage. In this case, a 39-year-old case of adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal hemorrhage accompanied by AFA is presented. Clinical Case A 39-year-old male patient with no known disease was admitted to the emergency service with complaints of abdominal pain, general condition disorder, weakness, nausea and vomiting. Hypotension, Na:121meq/L (136-145 meq/L) and K:6.2 meq/L (3.5-5 meq/L), creatinine: 3.56 mg/dl (0.7-1.20), urea: 50.5 mg /dl (6-20), cortisol value measured by suspecting acute adrenal insufficiency was 1.42 µg/dL (5-25 µg/dL), ACTH value was 561 pg/mL (10-46 pg/mL). Abdominal CT for abdominal pain showed a collection area of 58 mm ap diameter on the right and 66 mm ap diameter on the left in both surrenal lobes, and numerous millimeter-sized hypointense areas in the subcapsular area of both kidneys and were evaluated as significant in terms of microinfarcts. Then, areas that were hyperdense in the precontrast series and did not show significant enhancement in the postcontrast series were evaluated for bleeding in adrenal CT (Figure 1).In the tests performed, aPTT 44.5 sec (24-40), C3 1.272 g/dL (0.9-1.8 g/dL), ANA:1/160 homogeneous positive granular, anti-dsDNA:28 IU/mL, lupus anticoagulation positive, in complete urinalysis proteinuria and hyaline cast were detected. The patient was diagnosed with AFAS and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and hydroxychloroquine was started. Warfarin and acetylsalicylic acid were started due to renal vein thrombosis. Stress-dose steroid therapy (80 mg/day methylprednisolone) was started in the patient who was suspected of having adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal hemorrhage. The hemorrhage in our patient was attributed to the hemorrhage caused by the AFA-related infarction. The patient who completed the treatment was discharged with 200 mg hydroxychloroquine, 30 mg hydrocortisone, 0.5 mg fludrocortisone, 5 mg warfarin, 100 mg acetylsalicylic acid, 10 mg amlodipine. Conclusion Although the pathogenetic mechanism of adrenal insufficiency seen in AFA syndrome is not fully known; increased coagulation status in these patients is held responsible. Adrenal insufficiency is thought to be due to hemorrhage after venous thrombosis at the adrenal vein or microvascular level. AFA-related adrenal insufficiency is usually permanent and rarely resolves. Therefore, long-term follow-up of these patients is required. The presence of AFA should be investigated in patients presenting with bilateral adrenal hemorrhage.Figure 1.Sürrenal bt

Importance of Examination of Rasūb (Sediments) in Uroscopy

Uroscopy is the macroscopic examination of urine, and it is an important diagnostic tool in Unani medicine. The findings of uroscopy are linked with the humoral theory of medicine. Human Urine is the first fluid that was examined for medical purposes. There are seven parameters in uroscopy, each parameter is studied in detail and then the conclusion is drawn based on the findings of all. Examination of urinary sediments is one of the parameters in uroscopy. In urine, sediment is a denser and differentiable component from the watery constituent. The features of urinary sediment vary a lot in different physiological and pathological conditions of the body that are of medical importance. It is an evident fact that sediment makes up the solute component of urine, which is the waste product of hepatic digestion. One of these seven indicators that uroscopy analyses, is the inspection of urine sediment. The amount, color, homogeneity, position, and rate of sedimentation of the sediments are taken into account to ascertain the state of the body from them, and careful correlation is made with the results of other parameters. Keywords: Urine, Urine sediment, Uroscopy, Unani medicine, Urinalysis

Evaluating the State of Glomerular Disease by Analyzing Urinary Sediments: mRNA Levels and Immunofluorescence Staining for Various Markers.

Renal biopsy is the gold standard for making the final diagnosis and for predicting the progression of renal disease, but monitoring disease status by performing biopsies repeatedly is impossible because it is an invasive procedure. Urine tests are non-invasive and may reflect the general condition of the whole kidney better than renal biopsy results. We therefore investigated the diagnostic value of extensive urinary sediment analysis by immunofluorescence staining for markers expressed on kidney-derived cells (cytokeratin: marker for tubular epithelial cells, synaptopodin: marker for podocytes, claudin1: marker for parietal epithelial cells, CD68: marker for macrophages (MΦ), neutrophil elastase: marker for neutrophils). We further examined the expression levels of the mRNAs for these markers by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also examined the levels of mRNAs associated with the M1 (iNOS, IL-6) and M2 (CD163, CD204, CD206, IL-10) MΦ phenotypes. Evaluated markers were compared with clinical and histological findings for the assessment of renal diseases. Claudin1- and CD68-positive cell counts in urinary sediments were higher in patients with glomerular crescents (especially cellular crescents) than in patients without crescents. The relative levels of mRNA for CD68 and the M2 MΦ markers (CD163, CD204, CD206, and IL-10) in urinary sediments were also higher in patients with glomerular crescents. These data suggest that immunofluorescence staining for claudin1 and CD68 in urinary sediments and the relative levels of mRNA for CD68 and M2 MΦ markers in urinary sediments are useful for evaluating the state of glomerular diseases.

Verification of the Morphofunctional Disorders Level of the Hepatorenal System during the Feline Tripelphosphate Urolithiasis

Introduction. The available information referring to the feline urolithiasis pathogenesis does not fully reflect the nature of changes taking place in the body, because it does not take into account the existing liver-kidney interrelationship. A systemic approach to studying this problem enables development of the targeted diagnostic strategies, increase of the subsequent therapeutic efficacy, as well as reduction of the possible clinical harm of polypragmasia. The aim of this article is to study the interrelationship between the nature of the hepatorenal system morphofunctional disorders and the level of metabolic processes in cats sick with struvite urolithiasis with the signs of cystolithiasis.Materials and Methods. The objects of the research were cats: the 1st experimental group consisted of the outbred female cats with tripelphosphate urolithiasis with signs of cystolithiasis, the 2nd experimental group — outbred castrated male cats with tripelphosphate urolithiasis with signs of cystolithiasis, the control group was mixed of the clinically healthy male and female animals. During the research, the results of the sick animals' clinical study, morphological and biochemical blood serum tests, hepatorenal system transabdominal ultrasonography were used, the urine macroscopic and biochemical examinations as well as urine sediment microscopy were carried out.Results. Against the background of hyperazotemia in sick animals (UREA — 14.70±1.30 mmol/L and 17.05±1.60 mmol/L; CREA — 173.90±6.06 μmol/L and 182.30±7.54 μmol/L; URIC ACID — 69.30±4.50 μmol/L and 73.48±4.83 μmol/L) and water-electrolyte metabolism disorder (Ca+2 — 2.89±0.05 mmol/L and 3.04±0.12 mmol/L; P+3 — 3.12±0.06 mmol/L and 3.20±0.09 mmol/L; iCa+2 — 1.39±0.03 mmol/L and 1.42±0.02 mmol/L; Cl- — 125.58±1.19 mmol/L and 129.90±1.06 mmol/L) there were observed: a disorder in the hepatobiliary system functioning due to elevation of the main hepatic transaminase activity (AST — 41.74±5.35 unit/L and 49.30±6.74 unit/L; ALT — 85.82±6.15 unit/L and 90.05±6.50 unit/L; ALКP — 45.61±3.10 unit/L and 48.16±2.86 unit/L; AAR — 0.49±0.03 and 0.54±0.02), elevation of total bilirubin level (BILT — 5,76±0,15 μmol/L and 6,08±0,24 μmol/L) and bilirubin direct (BILD — 1,40±0,03 μmol/L and 1,62±0,02 μmol/L), as well as elevation of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT — 6,67±1,01 unit/L and 7,90±0,90 unit/L) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH — 215,47±10,30 unit/L and 219,04±9,27 unit/L) activity level. The acoustic shadowing of the hepatorenal system organs confirmed the signs of acute hepatitis against the background of cystolithiasis due to the existing anatomical relationship between kidneys and liver.Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the sick animals’ blood serum examination indicated the progression of the hematopoietic dysfunction during the tripelphosphate urolithiasis, which contributed to the development of the circulatory tissue hypoxia in the liver-kidney system. The development of the hyperazotemia contributed to the elevation of the main hepatic transaminase activity and building-up of the functional disorders in the hepato-biliary system of sick cats in response to the acute inflammatory process going on in the urogenital tract. The carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders indicated the liver metabolic activity disorder and its parenchymal damage on the background of urolithiasis. The electrolyte and water metabolism disorders, the development of the hyperproteinemia in test cats with the tripelphosphate urolithiasis contributed to the damage of the hepatorenal system organs due to development of the compensated metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia.

Acute kidney injury in horses as a consequence of treatment with suxibuzone

Suxibuzone is a prodrug of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug phenylbutazone. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephrotoxicity of suxibuzone using the recommended dosage in euhydrated horses. Serum creatinine levels were used to monitor for the presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in 11 systemically healthy horses treated orally with suxibuzone at the recommended dosage for five days. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), urine gamma glutamyl transferase/urine creatinine, fractional excretion of sodium, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and urine sediment were assessed as additional monitoring parameters. A significant increase in creatinine was found in treated horses (P = 0.002), 27% (3/11) of treated horses were classified as having AKI compared to 0% of controls (0/10), and a strong correlation was found between the change in creatinine and the change in SDMA in treated horses (τ = 0.645, P = 0.012). The results of this study suggest that treatment with suxibuzone at the recommended dosage can induce AKI even in systemically healthy euhydrated horses.

A análise dos sedimentos urinários corado e não-corado de cães está de acordo com a cultura microbiológica?

ABSTRACT: Diagnosis of bacteriuria in veterinary medicine is commonly based on unstained urinary sediment evaluation. Nonetheless, amorphous particles can be confused with bacteria. This study aims to investigate whether the stained sediment increases the sensitivity and specificity of bacteriuria detection. One hundred urine samples were collected, with 60 obtained through voided specimens and 40 through catheterization, from dogs of various breeds, genders, and ages. Additionally, a 1 ml aliquot from each sample was subjected to quantitative bacteriological culture, serving as the gold standard test for comparison with the sediment analysis. Comparing to the bacteriology culture, the stained sediment of urine collected by catheterization exhibited a relative sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 70%, while to voided specimens showed a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 57.8%. Unstained sediment presented a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 10% to urine collected by catheterization, and 93.3% and 4.4% to voided samples, respectively. Both stained and unstained methods demonstrated negative predictive values > 60%, but the positive predictive value of unstained sediment ranged to 24.6% (voided samples) to 27% (catheterization) indicating a lower probability of true positives. Both techniques showed a low correlation coefficient (kappa) indicating that they cannot replace the gold standard method for confirming bacteriuria. However, Gram staining of urinary sediment improved the differentiation between amorphous substances and bacteriuria in canine urine samples, suggesting its potential applicability in laboratory routines.

Hematological and Histopathological Study Effect of Molybdate and Sulfate Alone and in Combination Overloaded Intake on Copper Outcome in Mature Male Rats

The object of this study were to evaluate the effect of molybdate and sulfate overload alone or in combination overload intake on copper outcome with regard toxicopathological changes in mature male rats. Twenty eight adult male rats were housed and arbitrarily divided into four equal groups (seven rat/group) and treated as follows for 60 days: control received distilled water, groups T1 received sodium molybdate 50 mg/kg B.W and T2: given orally 500 mg/kg B.W of sodium sulfate and T3 group were given sodium molybdate and sodium sulfate in combination at half dose in comparison with T1 and T2 doses. The blood tests results, which included Red Blood Cell count, hemoglobin concentration and Packed Cell Volume % that conducted a after one month and at the end of the experiment showed a significant reductions in general but were more in T1 group followed by T2 group, while T3 group showed less decline than that recorded in each of T1 and T2 groups. These functional changes were accompanied by structural changes in the hepatic and renal tissues. Histopathological changes following molybdate (50 mg/kg B.W) exposure were manifested by extensive areas of necrosis, hemorrhage, and hyperplasia of bile ductules. Besides focal area of necrosis and suppurative granuloma observed in livers of rats received 500 mg/kg B.W of sodium sulfate, mild infiltrate of mononuclear cell within the hepatic parenchyma, suppurative granuloma and proliferation of kupffer’s cells with hyperplasia of bile ductules seen in liver of rats received combination of them at half dose. While section of kidney from T1 group showed marked fibrous thickening of the capsule, severe cortical hemosiderosis with infiltrate of plasma cell and neutrophils, While in T2 group showed atrophy of glomerular tuft, focal interstitial mononuclear cells infiltration with deposition of hyaline cast. The histological changes revealed that renal damage was also observed in T3 group but at a little degree, depending on the result of this study it can be concluded that molybdate and sulfate alone and in combination succeeded to induce copper deficiency with severe changes in hematological and histopathological parameters in rats.

Urinary tract infections in children with cancer and febrile neutropenia - single center experience

Background/Aim. Urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with febrile neutropenia (FN) after receiving chemotherapy could be followed by atypical symptoms and signs. The absence of routine urine culture (UC) sampling for analysis could lead to undiagnosed disease and inadequate treatment of these patients. The aim of the study was to indicate the importance of sampling UC in children who have developed FN and to point out the most probable causative agents of UTI in children with FN and antibiotic sensitivity/resistance of the isolated strains. Methods. During a five-year observation period, 40 UTIs were registered in 30 patients with FN. In the study group of patients with FN, the number of UTIs, the number of recurrent UTIs, isolated pathogens, their sensitivity to antibiotics, characteristics of urine sediment, the presence of localized symptoms of UTI, and the presence of urosepsis were analyzed. The obtained results were compared with the control group which consisted of children who were healthy prior to hospitalization due to febrile urinary infection. Results. When compared to the control group, significant differences in the presence of symptoms of UTI and urine sediment findings in patients with FN were observed. A higher percentage of resistant strains of Escherichia coli isolated from UC of cancer patients with FN was noted when compared to the control group. Three UTI cases were followed by urosepsis. Conclusion. UC findings are important not only in establishing the diagnosis of UTI and detecting multi-resistant bacterial strains but also in choosing appropriate antibiotics and selecting a subgroup of patients with recurrent UTI who require further monitoring and detecting potential complications in a timely manner.

An Optimized Data and Model Centric Approach for Multi-Class Automated Urine Sediment Classification

An Optimized Data and Model Centric Approach for Multi-Class Automated Urine Sediment Classification

Bladder perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm: Review on clinical features of this rare tumor.

Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm (PEComa) is a rare mesenchymal tumor composed of histologically and immunohistochemically distinctive perivascular epithelioid cells. They can arise in various localizations such as the bladder. A total of 36 case reports regarding bladder PEComa have been described in the literature. Eleven reviews regarding this tumor have been published in literature so far primarily focusing on anatomic pathology. Through these reviews, it is known that in bladder PEComa, the melanocytic marker Human Melanoma Black-45 is expressed in 100% of cases whereas variable expression can be seen in multiple other melanocytic and myoid markers such as smooth muscle actin, Melan-A, CD117, S100, CD31, and CD34. Since current reviews mainly emphasize anatomic pathology, we perform a review focusing on the clinical aspects of PEComa at the level of the clinician. A manual electronic search of the PubMed/Medline and Web of Science Core Collection databases was conducted. Search was done on (perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms [MeSH terms]) AND (Bladder). All case reports and reviews were encompassed until March 15, 2023, to identify studies that assessed bladder PEComa. The age of presentation is relatively low with a median age of 37 years. There is a female predominance with a female/male ratio of 1.5. The tumor shows no preference in anatomical localization within the bladder. Even involvement of the bladder neck, proximal urethra, and distal ureter has been described. The clinical presentation consists in the majority of patients of symptoms related to the urinary tract such as hematuria, dysuria, passage of urine sediment, frequency, and urgency. Other symptoms include abdominal discomfort and dysmenorrhea. In clinical examination, an abdominal mass can be found based on the size and location of the tumor. Further examination usually encompasses cystoscopy due to the hematuria and radiological investigations such as ultrasound (US), computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. These radiological investigations reveal a heterogeneous solid mass with clear borders. In our center, we performed a transvaginal US additionally in a patient with bladder PEComa, which was the only investigation in our patient that concluded the mass was located in the Retzius space. For treatment, transurethral resection of the bladder tumor and partial cystectomy were both described in equal numbers. The choice of treatment depends on the localization and size of the tumor. Follow-up consists of imaging, but clear guidelines on this matter are lacking. Bladder PEComa is a rare condition and usually presents itself with nonspecific symptoms. Radiological investigations will reveal the tumor, but the final diagnosis is based on cytological and immunohistochemical features. Since bladder PEComa is an entity with uncertain malignant potential, it is important to include this entity in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with lower abdominal discomfort and lower urinary tract symptoms in combination with a mass in the pelvic region.

Assessing Concordance of Results: A Comparative Study of the Manual and Automated Urinalysis Methods.

An accurate urine analysis is a good indicator of the status of the renal and genitourinary system. However, limited studies have been done on comparing the diagnostic performance of the fully automated analyser and manual urinalysis especially in Ghana. This study evaluated the concordance of results of the fully automated urine analyser (Sysmex UN series) and the manual method urinalysis at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. Methodology. Sixty-seven (67) freshly voided urine samples were analysed by the automated urine analyser Sysmex UN series and by manual examination at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Kappa and Bland-Altman plot analyses were used to evaluate the degree of concordance and correlation of both methods, respectively. Substantial (κ = 0.711, p < 0.01), slight (κ = 0.193, p = 0.004), and slight (κ = 0.109, p < 0.001) agreements were found for urine colour, appearance, and pH, respectively, between the manual and automated methods. A strong and significant correlation (r = 0.593, p < 0.001) was found between both methods for specific gravity with a strong positive linear correlation observed for red blood cell count (r = 0.951, R2 = 0.904, p < 0.001), white blood cell count (r = 0.907, R2 = 0.822, p < 0.001), and epithelial cell count (r = 0.729, R2 = 0.532, p < 0.001). A perfect agreement of urine chemistry results in both methods was observed for nitrite 67 (100%) (κ = 1.000, p < 0.001) with a fair agreement for protein 46 (68.7%) (κ = 0.395, p < 0.001). A strong agreement was found in both methods for the presence of cast 65 (97.0%) (κ = 0.734, p < 0.001) with no concordance observed for the presence of crystals (κ = 0.115, p = 0.326) and yeast-like cells (YLC) (κ = 0.171, p = 0.116). The automated and manual methods showed similar performances and good correlation, especially for physical and chemical examination. However, manual microscopy remains necessary to classify urine sediments, particularly for bacteria and yeast-like cells. Future research with larger samples could help validate automated urinalysis for wider clinical use and identify areas requiring improved automated detection capabilities.

Performance Comparison of Urine Sediment Analytical Tool by Flowcytometry and Digital Imaging with Standardized Manual Microscopic Testing

Performance Comparison of Urine Sediment Analytical Tool by Flowcytometry and Digital Imaging with Standardized Manual Microscopic Testing

Comparative study of urine erythrocyte detection by urine dry chemical analyzer, urine sediment analyzer and microscope

Comparative study of urine erythrocyte detection by urine dry chemical analyzer, urine sediment analyzer and microscope

Extrachromosomal circular DNA orchestrates genome heterogeneity in urothelial bladder carcinoma.

Rationale: Extrachromosomal circular DNA is a hallmark of cancer, but its role in shaping the genome heterogeneity of urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) remains poorly understood. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the features of extrachromosomal circular DNA in 80 UBC patients. Methods: We performed whole-genome/exome sequencing (WGS/WES), Circle-Seq, single-molecule real-time (SMRT) long-read sequencing of circular DNA, and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on 80 pairs of tumor and AT samples. We used our newly developed circular DNA analysis software, Circle-Map++ to detect small extrachromosomal circular DNA from Circle-Seq data. Results: We observed a high load and significant heterogeneity of extrachromosomal circular DNAs in UBC, including numerous single-locus and complex chimeric circular DNAs originating from different chromosomes. This includes highly chimeric circular DNAs carrying seven oncogenes and circles from nine chromosomes. We also found that large tumor-specific extrachromosomal circular DNAs could influence genome-wide gene expression, and are detectable in time-matched urinary sediments. Additionally, we found that the extrachromosomal circular DNA correlates with hypermutation, copy number variation, oncogene amplification, and clinical outcome. Conclusions: Overall, our study provides a comprehensive extrachromosomal circular DNA map of UBC, along with valuable data resources and bioinformatics tools for future cancer and extrachromosomal circular DNA research.

Multi-Class Urinary Sediment Particles Detection Based on YOLOv7 With Attention Modules

Multi-Class Urinary Sediment Particles Detection Based on YOLOv7 With Attention Modules

THE CHALLENGE OF KIDNEY DAMAGE DURING INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY PROCEDURES

Introduction: Contrast nephropat(CN) is a frequent cause of acute renal failure (ARF). The diagnosis is based on an elevation of serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dl (= 44.2 µmol/l) and/or ? 25% of baseline creatinine. In 90% of patients developing AKI on PC, it classically occurs between 24 and 72 hours after the examination. Diuresis is generally preserved, proteinuria is minimal, and urine sediment shows only granular cylinders and few cells. The differential diagnosis is that of ARF caused by cholesterol emboli from invasive procedures in the suprarenal aorta. In the short term, AKI following coronary angiography is associated with procedural complications, a longer hospital stay (8.1 days versus 4.7 days p &lt; 0.001), and higher one-year mortality (12.1% versus 3.7%). Patients at risk of developing PC-related nephropathy, particularly those with chronic renal failure or concomitant hypovolemia, have the need for extrarenal purification in some cases, in addition to the risk of cardiovascular mortality. This makes contrast media nephropathy a serious event for which clinicians must be prepared. Objective:the aim of this work was to determine the incidence of NIPC in patients undergoing primary angioplasty and/or coronary angiography procedures and generate hypotheses about risk factors. Materials and methods In collaboration with the cardiology department, we conducted a longitudinal descriptive study between January 2019 and January 2021. It included a cohort of 180 patients undergoing emergency or cold angiocoronary angiography for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Clinical and biological follow-up was 3 months for all patients. Patients with a blood test including creatininelevels before the examination and creatinine levels at 3 days, 15 days, 1 month, and 3 months after the procedure were included. Those who had undergone PCI for anexamination other than coronary Results Characteristics of the overall population All patients hadnormal creatinine levels and were predominantly male (70.0%) with an average age of 60.8 years. Of these patients, 20.6% had diabetes, 18.2% hypertension and 6.4% heart failure (HF). The rate of IR was 20.8%. Descriptive study Comparison of patient characteristics with and without NCI: The multivariate logistic regression study demonstrated that diabetes mellitus (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.26 95% confidence interval (CI95%): 1.29-3.98, p=0.005), a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 45% (OR=2. 03 IC95% :1.22-3.39, p=0.007) and a quantity of iodinated contrast medium (ICP) &gt; 90ml (1.72 IC95%:.of iodinated contrast medium (ICP) &gt; 90ml (1.72 IC95%: 0.99-2.99, p=0.05) were predictive of the occurrence of NCI. It should be noted that age was linked to creatinine clearance, and it was through a reduction in renal function that advanced age was responsible for a higher incidence of CIN. Furthermore, the search for correlations between these five independent factors 2 by 2 showed a significant relationship between diabetes and reduced renal function in the co-presence of these two factors, their effects are reciprocally potentiated and are responsible for an increased risk. Preventive measures showed? their efficacý only in the diabetic group, where prior hydration with saline significantly reduced the incidence of CIN: 16% versus 50% in diabetics who did not receive saline infusion Conclusion: Despite current management, this pathology affects the cardiovascular prognosis of patients, even though normalization of renal function is usually achieved within a month of exploration. In addition to identifying factors predictive of NIPC with a view to implementing appropriate preventive measures in patients at risk, we stress the importance of ensuring a good hemodynamic state intra-procedurally27.

Analysis of the Effectiveness and Detection Rate of Urine Occult Blood Test in the Diagnosis of Urinary System Diseases

Objective: To analyze the application effect and detection rate of urine occult blood test in the diagnosis of urinary system diseases. Methods: 80 patients with definite diagnoses of urinary system diseases admitted from February 2022 to February 2023 were selected. Their urine samples were collected, urine sediment occult blood test and urinalysis were performed on each urine sample. The test results obtained from the two methods and their turnaround time were compared. Results: For the positive detection rates of white blood cells, red blood cells, proteins, and casts in the urine samples, there was no significant difference between the two methods (P &gt; 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the detection rates of various urinary system diseases between the two methods (P &gt; 0.05). Urinalysis has a significantly shorter turnaround time compared to urine sediment occult blood test (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The urine occult blood test has a high detection rate in diagnosing urinary system diseases, with satisfactory application effect.

Microscopic urinary particle detection by different YOLOv5 models with evolutionary genetic algorithm based hyperparameter optimization

The diagnosis of kidney disease often involves analysing urine sediment particles. Traditionally, urinalysis was performed manually by collecting urine samples and using a centrifuge, which was prone to manual errors and relied on labour-intensive processes. Automated urine sediment microscopy, based on machine learning models, requires segmentation and feature extraction, which can hinder model performance due to intrinsic characteristics of microscopic images. Deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) often rely on a large number of manually annotated data, making the system computationally complex. This study propose an advanced deep learning model based on YOLOv5, which offers faster performance and requires comparatively less data. The proposed model used five variants of the YOLOv5 model (YOLOv5n, YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l, and YOLOv5x) to detect six categories of urine particles (erythrocyte, leukocyte, crystals, cast, mycete, epithelial cells) from microscopic urine sediment images. The dataset involved 5376 images of urine sediments with 6 particles. There are 30 sets of hyperparamreteres are employed in the YOLOv5 model. To optimize the hyperparameters and fine-tune with the urine sediment dataset and for training each model, the system employed a genetic algorithm (GA) based on evolutionary principles named as Evolutionary Genetic Algorithm (EGA). Among the six categories of detected particles mycete achieved maximum performance with a mAP of 97.6 % and crystals achieved minimum performance with a mAP of 81.7 % with YOLOv5x model compared to other particles. To optimize the hyperparameters for training each model, the system employed a genetic algorithm (GA) based on evolutionary principles named as Evolutionary Genetic Algorithm (EGA). Among all the models, YOLOv5l and YOLOv5x performed the best. YOLOv5l achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 85.8 % while YOLOv5x achieved a mAP of 85.4 % at an IoU threshold of 0.5. The detection speed per image was 23.4 ms for YOLOv5l and 28.4 ms for YOLOv5x. The proposed method developed a faster and better automated microscopic model using advanced deep learning techniques to detect urinary particles from microscopic urine sediment images for kidney disease identification. The method demonstrated strong performance in urinalysis.

Detection of Bk Polyomavirus Antigen in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Background: BK polyomavirus that is acquired in early childhood as BKPyV is near ubiquitous in adults with a seroprevalence of &gt;80%, it has been found as the main cause of hemorrhagic cystitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients, due to immunosuppression regimen that lead to the activation of the virus from the latency status and lead to increased viral shedding in urine (viuria).&#x0D; Objective: To investigate the frequency of BK Polyomavirus antigen excretion in urine of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with and without chemotherapy and compare it with normal controls. &#x0D; Patients and Methods: A case-control study conducted from December 2021 to May 2022 in Baghdad, Iraq on leukemia patients of Central Pediatrics Hospital (Al-Eskan ). Urine samples and urine sediment smears were collected from 60 acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. And compared with 60 apparently healthy age and sex-matched children, BK polyomavirus antigen in urine was detected using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and urine cytology were Pap stained for the detection of decoy cells (DCs).&#x0D; Results: Positive BKPyV antigen in urine was seen in 55 (91.7%) of Acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients and 39 (65.0%) in controls (p=&lt;0.001) and all the patients were decoy negative. There was no significant effect of the positivity of antigenuria on neither leukocytes level nor on the occurance of relapse in leukemia patients. &#x0D; Conclusion: The very high frequency of BKPyV in the urine signifies the importance of reactivation of this virus in ALL patients with and without chemotherapy.

Detection of Bk Polyomavirus Antigen in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Background: BK polyomavirus that is acquired in early childhood as BKPyV is near ubiquitous in adults with a seroprevalence of &gt;80%, it has been found as the main cause of hemorrhagic cystitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients, due to immunosuppression regimen that lead to the activation of the virus from the latency status and lead to increased viral shedding in urine (viuria). Objective: To investigate the frequency of BK Polyomavirus antigen excretion in urine of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with and without chemotherapy and compare it with normal controls. Patients and Methods: A case-control study conducted from December 2021 to May 2022 in Baghdad, Iraq on leukemia patients of Central Pediatrics Hospital (Al-Eskan ). Urine samples and urine sediment smears were collected from 60 acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. And compared with 60 apparently healthy age and sex-matched children, BK polyomavirus antigen in urine was detected using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and urine cytology were Pap stained for the detection of decoy cells (DCs). Results: Positive BKPyV antigen in urine was seen in 55 (91.7%) of Acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients and 39 (65.0%) in controls (p=&lt;0.001) and all the patients were decoy negative. There was no significant effect of the positivity of antigenuria on neither leukocytes level nor on the occurance of relapse in leukemia patients. Conclusion: The very high frequency of BKPyV in the urine signifies the importance of reactivation of this virus in ALL patients with and without chemotherapy. Keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, BK Polyomavirus, Antigenuria