Rabbit Urine Research Articles

The effect of organic manure on the production of jute (Corchorus olitorius)

Field experiments to investigate the effect of different sources of organic manure (Swine manure (SM), Poultry manure (PM), Cattle manure (CM), Rabbit urine manure (RUM)) on production of Jute (Corchorus olitorius) was carried out. The experimental site was cleared and cultivated (tilled and fertilized). Treatments were laid out before planting at once, there was no re-application of treatment. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters (Foliage, Plant height and Plant fresh weight). There was a significant difference in the foliage of Corchorus olitorius treated with SM, PM, CM, and RUM when compared with the control group. The foliage of Corchorus olitorius with PM treatment is significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with other organic manure treatment except for CM. Significant increase (P<0.05) in the height of Corchorus olitorius was obvious in all the treatment group when compared with control. There is no significant difference (P>0.05) in the height of jute across the organic manure treatment groups (SM, PM and RUM) but there is a significant increase in the plant height of PM when compared CM. SM, PM and RUM significantly increase the fresh weight of the plant when compared with the control and CM. There was a numerical increase in the plant fresh weight of PM when compared to other treatment groups. From this experimental study, PM consistently increased the number of leaves, the fresh plant weight and plant height significantly and it is recommended for Corchorus olitorius production.

Growth of Indigofera zolingeriana with differences in source of cuttings and planting media

This study investigates the effect of different cutting types and planting media on the growth of Indigofera zollingeriana, a valuable forage crop. The research used a factorial randomized block design (2 x 2) with 40 experimental units. The treatments included two cutting sources—stem cuttings (A1) and shoot cuttings (A2)—and two planting media—natural soil (B1) and natural soil supplemented with liquid organic fertilizer from rabbit urine (B2). Growth parameters such as the number of leaves, plant height, and stem diameter were measured. The results indicate that cutting type significantly affects leaf production, with shoot cuttings (A2) producing a higher number of leaves than stem cuttings (A1) (P<0.05). However, the planting media and its interaction with the cutting type had no significant impact on plant height and stem diameter (P>0.05). These findings suggest that using shoot cuttings could enhance the propagation and growth of Indigofera zollingeriana for sustainable forage production. Further studies are recommended to explore the long-term effects of organic fertilizer on biomass yield.

Effect of Rabbit Urine Bio Fertilizer and NPK on Vegetative Variables of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a plant that requires more N nutrients than other nutrients. The abundance and affordability of rabbit urine bio fertilizer can reduce the cost of cultivation production inputs due to the high price of inorganic fertilizers. Rabbit urine contains higher N nutrients compared to other livestock urine. This study aims to obtain a combination of Rabbit Bio Urine (BUK) fertilizer concentration and NPK fertilizer dosage that can give the best results on the growth of sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor L.). The research method used is a non-factorial Randomized Group Design (RAK) consisting of 6 levels, namely: P1 (BUK 0 ml/L + 100% NPK), P2 (BUK 41 ml/L + 80% NPK), P3 (BUK 27 ml/L + 80% NPK), P4 (BUK 18 ml/L + 80% NPK), P5 (BUK 9 ml/L + 80% NPK), and P6 (BUK 5 ml/L + 80% NPK). The application of rabbit bio urine fertilizer gives a real effect on the parameters of plant height and stem diameter at the age of 36 HST and 42 HST. In the parameter of the number of leaves, rabbit bio urine fertilizer and NPK gave no significant effect at all observation times. The P2 treatment (BUK 41 ml/L + NPK 80%) gave the highest results in the parameters of plant height at the age of 36 HST and 42 HST which amounted to 98,1 cm and 123,7 cm. In the parameter of stem diameter, the highest result was obtained by P1 (BUK 0 ml/L + NPK 100%) which amounted to 14,8 mm. Keywords : N Nutrient, Rabbit Urine Bio Fertilizer, Sorghum

Impact of Variations in Rabbit Urine Fertilizer Dosage on Corn Fodder (Zea mays) productivity

Corn is a ruminant animal feed with high vegetable protein and carbohydrate values. Because corn growers need a large area of land, one alternative is corn fodder. The application of corn fodder is very simple, harvests quickly and saves land. To support the growth of corn fodder, adequate nutrition is needed. Rabbit urine organic fertilizer contains high levels of N, P and K nutrients to increase plant productivity. This study aims to determine the effect of different doses of rabbit urine on the productivity of corn fodder (Zea mays). The method in this research is the research method used in this research is the Completely Randomized Design Method (CRD) which consists of 4 treatments, namely the concentration of rabbit urine fertilizer. Rabbit urine fertilizer concentrations consisted of 7 ml, 14 ml and 21 ml. Harvested on day 14. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, wet biomass and dry biomass. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the use of rabbit urine fertilizer in corn fodder at the average plant height P0=10.32 P1=11.85 P2=11.44 P3=13.67. The mean number of leaves P0=1.64 P1=1.73 P2=1.69 P3=1.81. The mean for wet biomass P0=57.37 P1=71.14 P2=74.09 P3=86.65. The average dry biomass, namely P0=6 P1=11 P2=11.40 P3=17.40. The conclusion from this research is that corn fodder given rabbit urine fertilizer has a very significant effect (P<0,01) on plant height, number of leaves, wet biomass and dry biomass.

Effect of rabbit urine foliar spray on the yield and post-harvest quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Of all vegetable crops, tomato occupies the second-largest cultivated land after potato. However, its production is often lamed by insufficient nutrient supply and invasion by insect pests. Unlike inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides commonly used, rabbit urine supplies nutrients to the crops, controls insect pests and has low mammalian toxicity. However, the most suitable rabbit urine foliar spray concentration for tomato production is currently unknown. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four blocks to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of rabbit urine foliar spray on the yield and post-harvest quality of tomato. The six treatments used include: five concentrations of rabbit urine (100%, 40%, 25%, 18.2% and 0%) and 0.1% Duduthrin 1.75EC. Results indicated that treatment 18.2% rabbit urine registered the highest marketable yield (129.14 t/ha) in trial 1. In trial 2, treatment 25% rabbit urine recorded the highest marketable yield (165.08 t/ha). These two treatments gave the highest marketable yields due to their sufficient nutrient supply, optimal pest control and zero foliage scorching. Unlike fruit firmness and sugar acid ratio, total soluble solids and titratable acidity increased with increase in rabbit urine concentration. Therefore, a rabbit urine foliar spray concentration of 25% optimally improves yield and post-harvest quality of tomato. More research work can be done to determine the effect of spraying intervals of rabbit urine on the yield and post-harvest quality of tomato.

Liquid Organic Fertilizer From Biogas Liquid Waste with The Addition of Rabbit Urine, Monosodium Glutamate and Water Hyacinth

Biogas liquid waste has the potential to be used as a base material for liquid organic fertilizer due to the potential for its fairly high organic compund content. Rabbit urine and water hyacinth are known to contain material that are used for plants.MSG ia a cooking spice that contains sodium salt (Na) which is bound to amino acids in the form of glutamate, with Na element being able to improve plants that deficient in potassium (K).The aim of this research is to process liquid biogas waste into liquid organic fertilizer (POC) by adding water hyacinth, rabbit urine, and MSG using an anaerobic process. The results of this research showed that the control POC contained 0.067% N, 0.27% P2O5 and 0.023% K2O. POC A 0.056% N, 0.27% P2O5 and 0.32% K2O. POC B 0.022% N, 0.32% P2O5 and 0.11% K2O.

Response of Whitefly Population to Rabbit Urine Foliar Spray on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Whiteflies greatly contribute to low yields and quality in tomato production. Continuous use of synthetic pesticides leads to whiteflies developing resistance to these pesticides. This research aimed at promoting the use of rabbit urine as a biopesticide against whiteflies in tomato production. Although rabbit urine is been used as a biopesticide against different pests, the best concentration to control whiteflies in tomato production is unknown. Six treatments compared in the two experiments of this study included: 2 L rabbit urine : 9 L water; 2 L rabbit urine : 6 L water; 2 L rabbit urine : 3 L water; 2 L rabbit urine : 0 L water; 0 L rabbit urine : 2 L water, and 20 mL Duduthrin 1.75EC : 20 L water. The first experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four blocks to investigate the effects of rabbit urine on the control of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults. The second experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design to determine the effect of rabbit urine on the bioactivity of adult whiteflies. Results indicated that plots treated with rabbit urine foliar spray registered reduced populations of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults, and lower LT50 values of repelling and killing compared to the negative control (0 L rabbit urine : 2 L water). However, a high ratio of rabbit urine caused significant scorching to tomato leaves. A solution of 2 L rabbit urine : 6 L water optimally controls whiteflies without scorching the plant foliage. Rabbit urine has both repelling and killing effects on whiteflies. In the future, further research can be conducted to investigate the effect of rabbit urine on populations of other important insect pests of tomato.

Growth and Production of Romaine Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) on Several Dosage of Rabbit Urine

Romaine lettuce is a vegetable with high economic value. Romaine lettuce needs to be grown organically. This research aimed to study the effect of various doses of rabbit urine on romaine lettuce. This research was conducted from June to August 2022 at the Smart and Urban Farming Laboratory Greenhouse, Campus F7, Gunadarma University, East Jakarta, Indonesia. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with five replications, consisting of 5 treatments, namely: P0: without rabbit urine (control); P1: Concentration of rabbit urine 25%; P2: Concentration of rabbit urine 50%; P3: Concentration of rabbit urine 75%; P4: Concentration of rabbit urine 100%. The results showed that the administration of rabbit urine had no significant effect on the growth and yield of romaine lettuce plants, and the best concentration of rabbit urine for romaine lettuce plants in this study was 80 ml (P2).

The potential of rabbit urine in converting household waste into fertilizer as the resilience of farmer family economics in sub-urban

The objective of this research was to assess the economic potential of incorporating rabbit urine into the process of converting household waste into liquid organic fertilizer (LOF). This analysis was conducted within farmer groups situated in Jetis Hamlet, Jati Village, Jaten District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. The rationale for selecting farmer groups as the focal point of this analysis lay in the current challenges faced by farmers. These particular groups were directly affected by the ongoing global fertilizer crisis, characterized by a scarcity of subsidized products and escalating prices, thereby posing a threat to national food security. This research served as a pilot project with the potential for replication on a multispatial and national scale, fundamentally supporting national food security. The economic carrying capacity of the LOF produced was determined by comparing the results of laboratory tests on LOF nutrient content, both with and without using rabbit urine in the conversion of household waste. Based on the application of homemade LOF with rabbit urine supplements over 3000m2 of rice farming, the economic calculations showed that the total variable cost (VC) savings was 32.17%. Each planting season the potential for additional income for farmer households, with homemade LOF priced at IDR 30,000 per liter, totaling IDR 2,610,000. It was important to observe that market prices for LOF were around IDR 90,000 per liter. The homemade LOF had a substantial R/C ratio of 20,157. This research aimed to establish economic behavior patterns among suburban rice farmers that corroborated with natural principles. Simultaneously, it attempted to strengthen family economic resilience by creating independent economic resources serving as buffers for farming families. These resources were integral to supporting sustainable agricultural programs and reinforcing national food security.

No evidence of predator odor avoidance in a North American bird community

Recent advances in our understanding of avian chemical communication have highlighted the importance of olfaction in many aspects of avian life. Prior studies investigating predator avoidance behaviors in response to predator odor cues have produced mixed results across species and contexts. Here we assess if a community of birds in Eastern Pennsylvania displays avoidance behaviors towards predator odor cues in a natural foraging setting. We use clay caterpillars to measure foraging activity by birds in the presence of predator (bobcat) urine, non-predator (rabbit) urine, and water controls in two different environmental contexts (field vs. forest). Although we detected a weak trend for birds to forage less at predator urine-treated sites, we found no significant difference in avian foraging between the site types. We did find that foraging rates between environmental contexts changed significantly over the course of the experiment, with forest sites showing decreasing foraging rates and field sites showing increasing foraging rates. Our results reinforce the published literature that avoidance of predator odors by birds may not be ubiquitous across contexts and species.

Pengaruh Larutan Hara dan Pupuk Organik Cair Urin Kelinci terhadap Pertumbuhan Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) pada Teknik Hidroponik

The demand for pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) a nutritious vegetable is increasing without being balanced due to the limited of agricultural land. The Wick system hydroponic cultivation technique can be a solution to increase pakcoy productivity. AB mix hydroponic nutrient solution is difficult to reach because it is expensive and has a negative impact on plants. It can be combined with rabbit urine LOF to provide essential nutrients for plants. This research aims to determine the effect of the combination of AB mix with LOF rabbit urine on the growth of pakcoy plants. The research design is CRD, 1 factor, 8 treatments, and 3 replications. Treatments include A1P0=AB mix 100% +0mL/L LOF rabbit urine, A1P1=AB mix 100% + 1mL/L LOF rabbit urine, A1P2=AB mix 100%+2mL/L LOF rabbit urine, A1P3=AB mix 100% +3 mL LOF rabbit urine, A2P0=AB mix 75%+0mL LOF rabbit urine, A2P1=AB mix 75%+1mL/L LOF rabbit urine, A2P2=AB mix 75%+2mL/L LOF rabbit urine, and A2P3=AB mix 75%+3mL/L L of rabbit urine.The addition of rabbit LOF gave the best results with AIP3 treatment on growth parameters, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight of shoots, and roots, dry weight of shoots and roots, respectively 27.41 ± 1.44 cm, 17.33 ± 0.95 pieces 632.89±228.20cm2, 61.88±13.42g, 1.648±0.374g, 3.132±0.614g, and 0.101±0.021g. The essential nutrient content of rabbit urine LOF increases the availability of internal nutrients which are influenced by metabolism, absorption capacity, water and sunlight.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Durian dan Pupuk Organik Cair Urine Kelinci terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Buncis Tegak (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

The aims of the research was to determine the effect dose of durio peel compost and concentration of rabbit urine liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of upright bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L). The dose of fertilization is a dose of fertilizer given in units of weight per land area, while the concentration is the amount of solution needed in liters. The research was conducted from July to October 2022 in Tirip Hamlet, Kembaran Village, Candimulyo District, Magelang Regency at an altitude of 437 m asl. The research used a factorial experiment (4x4) which was arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replications as blocks. The first factor of the dose of durio peel compost is 0, 150, 300, and 450 g. The second factor was the POC concentration of rabbit urine 0, 15, 30, and 45 ml. The results showed that different doses of durio peel compost provide the number of pods per plant, the weight of fresh pods per plant and the protein content. The higher concentration of rabbit urine liquid organic fertilizer increases the weight of fresh pods per plant and the protein content. The dose of durio peel compost fertilizer 300 g and without liquid organic fertilizer rabbit urine provides the highest protein content.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN URINE KELINCI DENGAN KONSENTRASI YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SETEK VANILI

Vanilla plant propagation is usually done by cutting. Vanilla cuttings that are grown are expected to develop optimally into seeds which will eventually produce well. The thing that needs to be considered to support the growth of vanilla cuttings at a later stage is the adequacy of the supply of nutrients and growth determinants or PGR. Rabbit urine is a natural substance that contains certain nutrients and PGR which can be added to support the growth and development of vanilla cuttings. This experiment aims to examine the effect of rabbit urine on the growth of vanilla cuttings. The experiment was conducted at the Office of the Sindanglaya Plantation Seeding Center, Bandung, West Java from August to November 2022. The experimental method was experimental using a completely randomized design with treatment without rabbit urine and rabbit urine with concentrations of 5%, 10% 15%, 20% respectively. Each treatment was repeated five times. The experimental results showed that administration of 15% concentration of rabbit urine produced the best growth in the parameters of the number of roots, number of leaves and shoot length of vanilla cuttings up to the age of 14 WAP

Application of Rabbit Urine and Manure Based Fertilizer on the Growth of Arabica and Robusta Coffee Seedlings

Coffee farming demands substantial amounts of fertilizer. Furthermore, the expensive cost of chemical fertilizers prompt coffee growers to seek alternative remedies. One emerging solution is the utilization of organic fertilizer. This study aims to assess the impact of organic fertilizer, specifically made from rabbit manure and urine, on the growth of Arabica and Robusta coffee seedlings. The experiment focused on the context of coffee cultivation in Temanggung Regency, comparing the effects with goat manure fertilizer. The method was initiated by producing organic fertilizer, encompassing rabbit manure, goat manure, and rabbit urine. Then, the fertilizer was applied to Arabica and Robusta seedlings. The research employs quantitative and descriptive analyses. Quantitative data encompasses the nutrient content of each fertilizer and soil, plant height, leaves number, and stem diameter. Descriptive analysis involves the overall performance evaluation. The application of rabbit manure and urine as fertilizers to Arabica and Robusta coffee seedlings yields positive outcomes, i.e. enhancing plant height, leaves number, and seedling diameter. Among the tested organic fertilizers, rabbit urine notably influenced the plant height, leaves number, and stem diameter of both seedlings. The performance of the rabbit urine treatment exhibited healthier attributes compared to those without any fertilizer, such as sturdy leaves and robust stems. Additionally, the root systems of the untreated plants appear less vigorous with sparser root hairs.

Evaluation of Rabbit Urine as Bio-fertilizer for the Growth and Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (l.) walp)

Rabbit urine, a bio-fertilizer can be used alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, organic or green manure to improve the growth and yield of crops. Trials were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa campus, during the 2021 and 2022 second cropping seasons, to evaluate the effects of rabbit urine on the growth and yield of cowpea in the humid tropical region of South Eastern Nigeria. The experiment consisted of three varieties of cowpea (Sampea-7, Funam L2 and Ife brown), and five fertilizer application rates (0, NPK 200kg/ha, NPK 200kg/ha+250mls of rabbit urine (Ru), NPK 200kg/ha+500mls of Ru, NPK 200kg/ha+75mls of Ru) (designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively). The experiment was a 3x5 factorial, laid out in a randomized complete block design, and replicated three times. Results indicated significant differences in growth and yield parameters. Among the cowpea varieties; Ife brown performed better than Funam L2 and Sampea-7; it produced the longest vines (28.96cm), the broadest leaves (2218cm2) and the highest grain yield (698.23kg/ha). The fertilizer rates also had significant positive effects on the growth and yield traits of cowpea; as the concentration of Ru in the mixture increased, growth and yield values also increased, with T5((NPK 200kg/ha +750mls of Ru) producing the best yield (708.89kg/ha). There were significant interaction effects between the cowpea varieties and fertilizer application rates; when T5( NPK 200kg/ha +750 mls of Ru.) was applied to Ife brown, it produced the highest number of seeds/pod (7.65), the highest number of pods/plant (19.81) and the highest dry grains yield (749.62kg/ha). Ife brown and NPK 200kg/ha + 750mls of Ru (T5) were therefore recommended to farmers in the study area.

Evaluation of the Growth and Yield of Organic Corn Fodder under Various Watering Times and Concentrations of Rabbit Urine Fertilizers

Organic Fodder System is a planting system without using soil as its main medium. The use of fertilizers can be regulated in quantities and concentrations that correspond to the needs of plants during the plant growth season to obtain optimal results with good quality. The study was conducted to determine corn fodder's growth productivity and nutrient content under the treatment of differences in watering time and rabbit urine fertilizer concentration. The treatment was carried out on the difference in the soaking solution of corn kernels and the difference in the watering time of corn seedlings. Soaking was carried out by 5 solutions namely L0: water, L1: AB mix (commercial fertilizer) 1%, L2: rabbit urine fertilizer 1%, L3: rabbit urine fertilizer 2.5%, L4: rabbit urine fertilizer 5%, as treatment, and 5 (five) replication groups. Watering was carried out at three different time intervals (W1: 6 hours/day, W2: 9 hours/day, W3: 12 hours/day) with five replication groups. The variables observed were germination percentage, normal sprout percentage, corn fodder height, fresh fodder production, fodder dry matter production, fodder protein content, fodder crude fiber content, fodder crude fat content, Non-Nitrogen Free Extract (NNFE), and corn fodder ash content. The experimental design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design of factorial patterns. Differences in rabbit urine fertilizer concentration and watering time impact germination percentage, normal germination percentage, plant height, fresh matter production, dry matter production, protein content, and crude fiber.

Extension and the Adoption of Commercial Rabbit Production in Hai District

Extension is the term, which is open to many interpretations. Every extension personnel have a unique interpretation of extension, based on experience and agent’s field. Generally, there is no single definition of extension, which is accepted worldwide. Briefly, extension is informal educational process directed toward rural community. The process offers information and advice that help rural population to make their decisions and solve their challenges. The main aim is to improve productivity and hence better living standard of farming families. This paper aims to show the relationship between extension and the adoption of commercial rabbit in Hai District as a means of improving livelihood and productivity of rabbit products and by-products. Rabbits are kept for both food and commercial purposes. Commercial rabbit production refers to raising rabbits for income-generation or for business. Commercial rabbit production has numerous advantages that all the products and by-products are of commercial value. For example, rabbit skins are used to make blankets and many items of useful clothing for children and adults, such as shirts, leggings, socks, hoods, purse, and handbags. Rabbit urine and manure are used in manufacturing organic booster and pesticide. Commercial rabbit production has been in Hai District since 2018 as initiated by the Saore Company Limited. Despite its numerous benefits and efforts made by Saore Company Limited to promote commercial rabbit production in the district, only about 0.001 per cent of the population is engaged in commercial rabbit production. Several studies have associated the adoption of innovations with extension. Taking commercialization of rabbit production as an innovation, this study determined the relationship between extension and the adoption of commercial rabbit production in Hai District. The study adopted a survey research design to collect data from 170 respondents (85 commercial and 85 non-commercial rabbit producers) using a questionnaire. Data triangulation was done through key informant interviews. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data whereby cross tabulation chi-square test of significance was fitted. The study found a significant relationship between extension and the adoption of commercial rabbit production in the study area. It is therefore, concluded that extension was significantly related to the adoption of commercial rabbit in the study area.

The Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer of Rabbit Urine and Concentration of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria of Bamboo Root on the Growth and Yield of Mustard Green Plants

Mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.) are one type of favorable vegetable. However, mustard greens production and productivity still fluctuate. Also, society expects quality, healthy and safe vegetable products for consumption. So, it is necessary to increase the use of organic fertilizers to produce high productivity and good products. LOF of rabbit urine contains high nutrients, and PGPR contains microorganisms that act as bioactivators that decompose organic matter. This study aimed to determine the effect of giving LOF of rabbit urine and concentration of PGPR of bamboo roots on the growth and yield of mustard greens. The experiment was carried out factorially using Random Design Complete with three replications. The first factor was the LOF dose of rabbit urine, and the second was the PGPR concentration which consisted of 4 levels. The results showed that (1) the interaction of LOF of rabbit urine and concentrations of PGPR of bamboo root had no significantly different effect on all variables; (2) LOF of rabbit urine had no significantly different effect on all variables and (3) PGPR concentration of bamboo roots had a significant different effect on all variables except root volume and number of leaves, where treatment of 15 ml/L (B3) gave the best results on the yield of mustard greens.

The effect of organic manure on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Field experiments to investigate the effect of different sources of organic manure (poultry manure (3 kg), Cattle manure (3 kg), Swine manure (3 kg), Rabbit urine (1lit)) on growth and yield of okra were carried out. The soil pH was checked and analyzed for pH 6.8 and the soil fertility is 6. The experimental site was cleared and cultivated (tilled and fertilized). Treatments were laid out before planting at once, there was no re-application of treatment. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters (plant height, foliage and fruit weight). There was a significant difference in the height of okra plant treated with poultry manure, cattle manure, swine manure, rabbit urine when compared with the control group. Poultry manure and Cattle manure significantly increase the foliage of okra plant when compared with Swine manure, Rabbit urine and the control. There was significant difference in the fruit weight of okra fertilized with Poultry manure and Rabbit urine when compared with the control but there was no significant difference in swine and cattle manure when compared with the control. From this experimental study, poultry manure and rabbit urine increased the growth and yield of okra and it is recommended for both subsistence farming and commercial production of okra.

Pengaruh Pupuk Kandang Sapi dan Konsentrasi Urine Kelinci terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kopi Liberoid Meranti

Liberoid Meranti coffee seeds can grow well if they are cared for properly. The plant nursery phase determines the successful growth of Liberoid Meranti coffee plants. One of the important maintenance actions carried out when cultivating coffee plants is choosing planting media and fertilization. The organic fertilizer that can be used as a planting media mixture in Liberoid meranti coffee nurseries is cow manure. Rabbit urine is a liquid organic material that contains nutrients, so it can be applied to soil or plants to add nutrients. Liquid organic materials contain macro- and micronutrients. Using the right composition of cow manure and rabbit urine concentrations really determines the growth of Liberoid Meranti coffee plant seeds. This experiment was carried out from February 2023 to June 2023 at the Ciparanje experimental garden, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor District, Sumedang Regency. This experiment was carried out using a randomized group design (RAK) with nine treatments: soil + 2g urea; soil + 25% rabbit urine; soil + rabbit urine 50%; soil + cow manure (1:1) + rabbit urine 25%; soil + cow manure (1:1) + rabbit urine 50%; soil + cow manure (2:1) + rabbit urine 25%; soil + cow manure (2:1) + rabbit urine 50%; soil + cow manure (3:1) + rabbit urine 50%, and each treatment was repeated three times to obtain 27 experimental units. The experimental results showed that there was an influence of the composition of cow manure as a mixture of planting media and the concentration of rabbit urine on the growth of Liberoid Meranti coffee seedlings, except for the increase in the number of leaves. The composition of a mixture of planting media with cow manure (3:1) and a rabbit urine concentration of 25% provides the best growth for Liberoid Meranti coffee seedlings.