Urinary Tract Injury Research Articles

CO2 Cystoscopy for Evaluation of Ureteral Patency

Gynecologic surgery is associated with various perioperative complications, especially urinary tract injuries. Intraoperative cystoscopy plays an important role in allowing assessment of the bladder to ensure the absence of injuries. Verification of the urinary jets from the ureters is a fundamental step that is not always easy to accomplish. Dyes are frequently used, but these are not always available and are associated with adverse effects. The present study aimed to demonstrate the use of CO2 as a medium for distension during cystoscopy. A total of 47 patients underwent CO2 cystoscopy after laparoscopic hysterectomy (n = 26) or bladder endometriosis nodule resection (n = 21). In all patients, the ureteral jets were readily identified, leaving no doubt as to their patency. The median interval between the onset of cystoscopy and the view of jetting from both ureteral ostia was 145 seconds (range, 80-300 seconds). All cystoscopies were normal, and no patient had any signs of accidental urinary tract injury in the follow-up period. Two patients experienced mild urinary tract infection. This cystoscopy technique using CO2 is fast, easy, safe, and efficient. We recommend bladder distension with CO2 as a reasonable alternative technique when cystoscopy is required during gynecologic procedures.

A nationwide survey on gynecologic endoscopic surgery in Japan, 2014-2016.

Since 2014, Japan Society of Gynecologic and Obstetric Endoscopy and minimally invasive therapy (JSGOE) conducted a nationwide survey on gynecologic endoscopic surgery. We aimed to evaluate the current status and complications associated with endoscopic surgery by Japan gynecologic and obstetric endoscopy-database registry system (JOE-D). Electrical medical records concerning the endoscopic surgery were generated from the daily use of reporting system. The subjects were all patients who underwent gynecologic endoscopic surgery. In addition to assessment of actual numbers, diagnosis, and operative methods, adverse events were registered. Total 203 970 patients performed laparoscopic, hysteroscopic and falloposcopic surgery for 3 years, 2014-2016. The numbers of endoscopic surgeries conducted in 2016 were increased more than 67 000, 13 000 or 450 cases, respectively. Incidence rates of complications involving these three types of surgeries in each year were approximately 3.1%. Incidences of intraoperative complications were relatively high in malignant diseases, laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) and myomectomy (LAM). In total laparoscopic hysterectomy/laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH/LH) performed from 2014 to 2016, ureteral injury as intra and postoperative complication occurred in 0.35%. In the past 3 years, the rates of vascular injury, urinary tract, and bowel injury as intraoperative complications caused by laparoscopic surgery were approximately 0.1%. In the hysteroscopic surgery, the rates of total intra- and postoperative complications were 0.78%. We exhibited the current status by the nationwide survey of gynecologic endoscopic surgery all over Japan. Severe intra or postoperative complications were identified over the 3 years at a rate of 0.04%.

Influence of prenatal diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta on maternal outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis.

To ascertain the impact of prenatal diagnosis on surgical outcome of women affected by abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases were searched. Observed outcomes included: gestational age at birth (weeks), amount of blood loss (L), units of red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfused, length of stay in hospital and the intensive care unit (ICU) (days), urinary tract injury and infection. Only studies reporting the occurrence of any of the explored outcomes in women with a prenatal compared with an intrapartum diagnosis of AIP were considered eligible for inclusion. Random-effect head-to-head meta-analyses were used to analyze the data. Thirteen studies were included. Women with a prenatal diagnosis of AIP had less blood loss during surgery (mean difference (MD), -0.87; 95% CI, -1.5 to -0.23), had fewer units of RBC (MD, -1.45; 95% CI, -2.9 to -0.04) and FFP (MD, -1.73; 95% CI, -3.3 to -0.2) transfused, and delivered earlier (MD, 1.33 weeks; 95% CI, -2.23 to -0.43) compared with those with an intrapartum diagnosis. The risk of admission to an ICU and length of in-hospital and in-ICU stay were not different between the groups. Prenatal diagnosis of AIP was associated with a higher risk of urinary-tract injury (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.6), mainly due to the higher prevalence of placenta percreta in the group with AIP diagnosed prenatally. Prenatal diagnosis of AIP is associated with reduced hemorrhagic morbidity compared with cases in which such anomalies are detected at delivery. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Simulated management of urinary tract injury during robotic pelvic surgery utilizing the porcine model.

Urologic injury is an infrequent but serious complication of pelvic surgery. Training in the assessment and management of this injury might be enhanced through animated simulation. Our objective was to assess the intraoperative management of urologic injury with robotic pelvic surgery using a simulated injury animal model. We used a female domestic pig to create three types of urologic injury, which we then managed with robotically assisted surgery. An edited video of the model was assessed by 14 senior learners and 10 attending faculty. The assessments included key competencies and domains of fidelity. A scale of poor, fair, or good was utilized. The defects and repairs simulated those seen in humans, both anatomically and surgically, although deficiencies were noted. Related to fidelity of the anatomy of the ureter and bladder, lower ratings were given for some of the key competencies (determining the relationship to the trigone, ureteral mobilization, repair of all 3 injuries). The porcine model for simulation of urologic injury during robotically assisted pelvic surgery may be useful for training purposes.

An alternate surgical approach to reduce hemorrhage and complications during cesarean hysterectomy for adherent placenta

BackgroundCesarean hysterectomy for adherent placenta is associated with increased maternal morbidity due to massive hemorrhage requiring large volume blood transfusion, bladder or ureteric injury, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and prolonged hospital stay. There is an ongoing effort to improve the outcome of these women and measures to reduce blood loss. ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to develop an alternate surgical approach for performing a Cesarean hysterectomy in women with adherent placenta in order to reduce hemorrhage and urinary tract injuries, and thereby improve the maternal outcome. Study designA prospective observational study in a tertiary care hospital in North India. The surgical approach described in the present study was practiced in 12 women who underwent Cesarean hysterectomy for adherent placenta previa. In this approach, dissection of the bladder flap as close as to the cervix was made prior uterine incision and delivery of the baby. During dissection of the bladder flap, the blood vessels traversing between uterus and bladder were ligated and divided. ResultThese 12 women underwent Cesarean hysterectomy under general anesthesia. The interval from induction of anesthesia to delivery of the baby ranged from 40 to 79 min, and none of the babies had birth asphyxia. No woman had bladder or ureteric injury. All women had histopathological proven adherent placenta, 5 had placenta percreta, one had placenta increta and 6 had placenta accreta. The average blood loss was 1.46 l and the mean number of blood transfusions was 2.1 units. None of the women required post-operative ventilatory support or ICU admission, and all women were discharged from hospital between 4 to 7 days following Cesarean hysterectomy ConclusionThe present series describes an alternate surgical approach for Cesarean hysterectomy in adherent placenta. Dissection of the bladder flap prior to delivery of the baby followed by hysterectomy reduced the hemorrhage and there was no bladder or ureteric injury. This surgical approach requires no additional resources and may easily be followed in a low-resource setting.

Universal cystoscopy at the time of benign hysterectomy: a debate

Injury to the bladder and/or ureters is the cause of significant morbidity, and efforts to reduce these injuries are important. This debate presents arguments that both support, and refute, the value of routine cystoscopy at the time of benign hysterectomy. Proponents of routine cystoscopy state that injuries are more likely to be detected and repaired when cystoscopy is routinely performed. Dissenters counter that the available evidence does not support routine cystoscopy at the current rates of lower urinary tract injury, and the cystoscopy should be performed only when injury is suspected or when performing hysterectomy with concurrent procedures that increase the risk of lower urinary tract injury.

Does skeletal maturity affect pediatric pelvic injury patterns, associated injuries and treatment intervention?

IntroductionPediatric pelvic injuries are rare. Due to anatomic differences of the immature pelvis, different injury patterns may occur as compared to adults. The purpose was to analyze the effect of skeletal maturity on pediatric pelvic injury pattern, associated injuries, and treatment intervention. Patients and MethodsNinety children with a pelvic injury receiving treatment at a private orthopaedic practice in association with a Level One Teaching Trauma Center, between March 2002 and June 2011, were retrospectively analyzed. Skeletal maturity was determined as closed triradiate cartilage. Forty-one (46%) were skeletally immature and 49 (54%) were skeletally mature. Mean age was 11.5 years (2–16). Fractures were 23 A2, 1 A3, 4 B1, 44 B2, 16 B3, and 2 C2 according to OTA/AO classification. OTA B and C fractures were 26 LC1 (lateral-compression), 20 LC2, 10 LC3, 4 APC1 (anterior-posterior-compression), 5 APC2, and 1 VS (vertical-shear) injury according to Young and Burgess. Treatment of the pelvic injury was operative in 28 (31%) and non-operative in 62 (69%) of children. Mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score (ISS), deaths, and associated injuries were recorded. ResultsMore complex and unstable injuries occurred in skeletally mature vs. immature children (p = 0.014). Skeletally mature children had a significantly higher rate of operative intervention (p = 0.009). The ISS in skeletally mature children was higher 25 (1–66) than in skeletally immature children 17 (4–43) (p = 0.013). 84% (41) skeletally mature and 78% (32) skeletally immature children sustained associated injuries. Twenty-two% (11) of all skeletally mature children sustained urinary tract injuries, but only 7% (3) of all skeletally immature children (p = 0.049). DiscussionSkeletally mature children are more likely to sustain more complex injury patterns with a higher rate of operative treatment, to have a higher rate of associated injuries, and to have a higher ISS than immature patients. Level of EvidenceRetrospective comparative study, Level III.

Lower urinary tract injury during gynaecological and obstetric surgeries: Two years’ experience in our centre

Introduction: Operative injuries to the lower urinary tract during gynaecological and obstetric surgery are common due to its anatomic proximity with the reproductive system. The purpose of this article is to report our centre’s experience with these iatrogenic injuries over a period of 2 years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our medical records during the years 2016 and 2017 in our department, to identify patients that were treated for lower urinary tract injury during or after gynaecological and obstetric surgeries. Results: 11 females were treated in our hospital, with trauma to the bladder, or ureter following gynaecological or obstetric surgeries. The most common type of urinary tract injury was bladder injury, occurring in 8 patients followed by ureteric injury in 1 patient and bladder along with ureteric injury in 1 patient. One patient presented with right ureterovaginal fistula. Conclusion: Bladder injury occurred very frequently as opposed to ureteral injury. The most significant risk factor for bladder injury during cesarean section seems to be previous cesarean delivery due to adhesive disease.

Clinical retrospective analysis of urinary tract injury at the time of total laparoscopic hysterectomy

Clinical retrospective analysis of urinary tract injury at the time of total laparoscopic hysterectomy

Use of an Exogenous Nitric Oxide Generator for Treatment of Peritonitis

The Plazon device is a generator of exogenous nitric oxide. Endogenous nitric oxide has an antimicrobial effect; it stimulates macrophages and induction of cytokines, T-lymphocytes, and a number of immunoglobulins. It also has cytotoxic or cytoprotective properties depending on the conditions. The Plazon device proved its high clinical and economic effectiveness for treatment of peritonitis caused by diseases and injuries of the upper urinary tract.

Unintended hysterotomy extension during caesarean delivery: risk factors and maternal morbidity

We conducted an observational retrospective cohort study to evaluate the risk factors and the maternal morbidity associated with unintended extensions of the hysterotomy during caesarean delivery. We evaluated 2707 women who underwent low-transverse caesarean deliveries in 2011 at an academic, tertiary-care hospital. Hysterotomy extensions were identified through operative reports. Of the 2707 caesarean deliveries, 392 (14.5%) had an unintended hysterotomy extension. On the multivariable regression modelling, neonatal weight (OR 1.42; 95%CI 1.17–1.73), the arrest of labour [first-stage arrest (2.42; 1.73–3.38); second-stage arrest (5.54; 3.88–7.90)] and a non-reassuring foetal status (1.65; 1.20–2.25) were significantly associated with hysterotomy extensions. Hysterotomy extensions were significantly associated with an increased morbidity including an estimated blood loss >1200 millilitres (2.06; 1.41–3.02), a decline in postoperative haemoglobin ≥3.7 g/dL (2.07; 1.35–3.17), an evaluation for lower urinary tract injury (5.58; 3.17–9.81), and a longer operative time (8.11; 6.33–9.88). Based on these results, we conclude that unintended hysterotomy extensions significantly increase the maternal morbidity of caesarean deliveries.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Maternal morbidity associated with caesarean delivery (CD) is significantly greater than that in vaginal delivery. Unintended extensions of the hysterotomy occur in approximately 4–8% of CDs and are more common after a prolonged second stage of labour. The morbidity associated with hysterotomy extensions has been incompletely evaluated.What do the results of this study add? We demonstrate a rate of hysterotomy extension in a general obstetric population of approximately 15%, which is higher than previously reported estimates, and represents a potential doubling of the rate of the unintended hysterotomy extensions in recent years. The most significant risk factor for a hysterotomy extension was a second-stage labour arrest with a fourfold increase in the frequency of extensions. A hysterotomy extension is a significant independent risk factor for an intraoperative haemorrhage, a drop in postoperative haemoglobin, an intraoperative evaluation for lower urinary tract injury, and longer CD operative times.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? A second-stage arrest is a strong independent risk factor for a hysterotomy extension. Recent re-evaluations of the labour curve that extend the second stage of labour will likely increase the frequency of CDs performed after a prolonged second stage. In these scenarios, obstetricians should be prepared for an unintended hysterotomy extension and for the possibility of a longer procedure with the increased risks of blood loss and the need for evaluation of the lower urinary tract.

Cystourethroscopy following midurethral slings: is it always necessary?

Midurethral slings are the mainstay of treatment for stress urinary incontinence. The role of cystourethroscopy to detect lower urinary tract injury following retropubic midurethral slings is well-established; however, its role following transobturator or single-incision sling placement remains controversial. Some advocate "routine" whereas others advocate for "selective" cystourethroscopy. This paper reviews the arguments for and against cystourethroscopy to detect lower urinary tract injury following transobturator and single-incision slings.

Effect of abdominal negative-pressure wound therapy on the measurement of intra-abdominal pressure

BackgroundIn critically ill surgical patients undergoing abdominal negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT), it remains uncertain whether or not intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) measurements should be obtained when NPWT is activated. We aimed to determine agreement between IAP measured with and without NPWT. MethodsIn this analytic cross-sectional study, critically ill surgical adults (≥18 y) requiring abdominal NPWT for temporary abdominal closure after a damage control laparotomy were selected. Patients with urinary tract injuries or with pelvic packing were excluded. Paired IAP measures were performed in the same patient, with and without NPWT; two different operators performed the measures unaware of the other's result. Bland-Altman methods assessed the agreement between the two measures. Subgroup analyses (trauma and nontrauma) were performed. ResultsThere were 198 IAP measures (99 pairs) in 38 patients. Mean IAP with and without NPWT were 8.33 (standard deviation 4.01) and 8.65 (standard deviation 4.04), respectively. Mean IAP difference was −0.323 (95% confidence interval −0.748 to 0.101), and reference range for difference was −4.579 to 3.932 (P = 0.864). From 112 IAP measures (56 pairs) in 21 trauma patients, mean IAP difference was −0.268 (95% confidence interval −0.867 to 0.331), and reference range for the difference was −4.740 to 4.204 (P = 0.427). ConclusionsThere was no statistically significant disagreement in IAP measures. IAP could be measured with or without NPWT. In critically ill surgical patients with abdominal NPWT for temporary abdominal closure, monitoring and management of IAP either with or without NPWT is recommended.

Iatrogenic Injuries of Urinary Tract : Outcomes of Surgical Repairs

Iatrogenic urinary tract injuries are known complications of digestive and pelvic surgeries. We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients with bladder injuries and 16 patients with ureteral injuries requiring surgical repair or stent placement in our hospital between 2013 and 2016. Obstetric-gynecologic surgery accounted for 10 bladder injuries and 11 ureteral injuries on hysterectomy and Cesarean section. Digestive surgery led to 1 bladder injury and 5 ureteral injuries on colon resection, and urologic surgery resulted in 1 injury on biopsy of a retroperitoneal tumor. Regarding bladder injuries, 10 patients underwent cystorrhaphy, and 3 patients received indwelling of a transurethral Foley catheter alone. Concerning ureteral injuries, 7 patients underwent repair of the injured ureter (ureteroneocystostomy in 5, and ureteroureterostomy in 2), and 9 patients received ureteral stent placement after postoperative retrograde urography. Repair failure was defined when urine leakage, urinary fistula, or urinary stricture requiring ureteral stent placement still existed at 90 days after the repair treatment. The bladder injuries in all 13 cases were successfully repaired. The ureteral injury treatments in 7 out of 16 patients (43.8%) were judged as being unsuccessful because of the condition requiring a ureteral stent at 90 days. There was a correlation between the delayed diagnosis of ureteral injury and unsuccessful repair. The present study showed that the prompt identification of urinary tract injuries, especially ureteral injuries, can result in decreased morbidity andsubsequently improved outcomes.

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy in the Dubai health system: A fifteen year experience.

Objective:To determine the incidence, demographic data, risk factors, indications, outcome and complications of emergency peripartum hysterectomy (EPH) performed in two major tertiary care hospitals in Dubai, and to compare the results with the literature.Materials and Methods:The records of all women who underwent EPH from January 2000 to December 2015 in two major tertiary care hospitals in Dubai were accessed and reviewed. Maternal characteristics, hysterectomy indications, outcomes, and postoperative complications were recorded using descriptive statistics to describe the cohort.Results:There were 79 EPH out of 168.293 deliveries, a rate of 0.47/1000 deliveries. The most common indications for hysterectomy were abnormal placentation (previa and/or accreta) and uterine atony. The majority of hysterectomies were subtotal (70%). The complications were dominated by massive transfusion, urinary tract injuries, one case of maternal death, and one case of neonatal death.Conclusion:The main indication for EPH was abnormal placentation in scarred uterus and uterine atony. The major method of prevention of EPH is to assess women’s risks and to reduce the number of cesarean section deliveries, by limiting the rate of primary cesareans. This is challenging in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where the culture is for high gravidity and high parity. Recommendations to act to reduce primary and repeated cesareans should be included on the national agenda in UAE.

Urological approach for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in a clinical care center

Background: Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC) is associated with significant manipulation of the urinary tract (UT). We aim to describe the urological events and their management in patients who underwent CRS-HIPEC.Methods: Clinical records of patients who underwent treatment between 2007 and 2015 were reviewed. Urological events and their multidisciplinary management were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were calculated.Results: A total of 103 patients were included. Mean age was 51 years (SD ± 11.8). Mean peritoneal cancer index (PCI) was 20.4 (SD ± 10.1). Primary tumors included appendicular (64%), gynecological (16%), colorectal (10%), and peritoneal mesotheliomas (9%). Ninety-three percent of patients had bilateral ureteral catheters inserted prior to surgery, without complications. Intraoperative UT injuries occurred in 7% of patients. In 5% of patients, tumor invasion of the bladder was evident at surgery and partial resection and primary repair of the bladder wall was performed. Urological complications included urinary tract infection (UTI) (21%) acute post-renal failure (4%), urinary fistulae (4%), and acute urinary retention (AUR) (1%).Conclusions: In our study, intraoperative UT events and postoperative complications, although not neglectable, were infrequent. Due to the high complexity of these cases, a multidisciplinary approach is mandatory. However, randomized clinical trials are necessary to clarify current data on the need and efficacy of prophylactic ureteral catheterization in patients undergoing CRS-HIPEC.

Prevention and Early Identification of Urinary Tract Injury During Minimally Invasive Surgery

Prevention and Early Identification of Urinary Tract Injury During Minimally Invasive Surgery

Prevention and Early Identification of Urinary Tract Injury During Minimally Invasive Surgery

Prevention and Early Identification of Urinary Tract Injury During Minimally Invasive Surgery

Peripartum Hysterectomy and Analysis of Risk Factors

Aims: To determine the incidence and risk factors of women undergoing peripartum hysterectomy at BPKIHS, Dharan.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted for all women undergoing peripartum hysterectomy in two years from July 2012 to June 2014.Various maternal characteristics including demographic data, previous obstetric details, antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum data were collected and analysed.Results: There were 29 cases of peripartum hysterectomy among 19,539 births in 2 yrs (1.48 per 1000 births). Indications for peripartum hysterectomy were uterine rupture (65.5%), morbid adherence of the placenta (13.8%) and uterine atony (12.9%). Previous caesarean section was identified as independent risk factor with relative risk of 1.8 (95% CI 1.3-2.5, p< 0.003). Maternal morbidity was significant with febrile morbidity and urinary tract injury among the most common complications.Conclusions: Uterine rupture causing severe haemorrhage was the commonest indication for peripartum hysterectomy. Timely intervention reduces the peripartum maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Urinary Tract Injury in Gynecologic Laparoscopy for Benign Indication

To perform a comprehensive literature review of the incidence, location, etiology, timing, management, and long-term sequelae of urinary tract injury in gynecologic laparoscopy for benign indication. A systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted. Four hundred thirty-three studies were screened for inclusion with 136 full-text articles reviewed. Ninety studies published between 1975 and 2015 met inclusion criteria, representing 140,444 surgeries. Articles reporting the incidence of urinary tract injury in gynecologic laparoscopy for benign indication were included. Exclusion criteria comprised malignancy, surgery by urogynecologists, research not in English, and insufficient data. A total of 458 lower urinary tract injuries were reported with an incidence of 0.33% (95% CI 0.30-0.36). Bladder injury (0.24%, 95% CI 0.22-0.27) was overall three times more frequent than ureteral injury (0.08%, 95% CI 0.07-0.10). Laparoscopic hysterectomy not otherwise specified (1.8%, 95% CI 1.2-2.6) and laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (1.0%, 95% CI 0.9-1.2) had the highest rates of injury. Most ureteral injuries resulted from electrosurgery (33.3%, 95% CI 24.3-45.8), whereas most bladder injuries resulted from lysis of adhesions (23.3%, 95% CI 18.7-29.0). Ureteral injuries were most often recognized postoperatively (60%, 95% CI 47-76) and were repaired by open ureteral anastomosis (47.4%, 95% CI 36.3-61.9). In contrast, bladder injuries were most often recognized intraoperatively (85%, 95% CI 75-95) and were repaired by laparoscopic suturing (34.9%, 95% CI 29.2-41.7). The incidence of lower urinary tract injury in gynecologic laparoscopy for benign indication remains low at 0.33%. Bladder injury was three times more common than ureteral injury, although ureteral injuries were more often unrecognized intraoperatively and underwent open surgical repair. These risk estimates can assist gynecologic surgeons in effectively counseling their patients preoperatively concerning the risks of lower urinary tract injury.