Urinary Iodine Excretion Levels Research Articles

Iodine availability of the child population in rural and urban settlements of Central Yakutia

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) belongs to the territories with pronounced iodine deficiency in nature and is characterized by a high prevalence of thyroid pathology among the population. Purpose of the work: assessment of iodine availability in the child population of Yakutia. Materials and methods. Preschool children (3 and 6 years old) of Yakutsk city and rural settlements of Yakutia were selected as the object of research. To assess the degree of iodine deficiency, the indicator of iodine excretion with urine was used. The level of urinary iodine excretion (ioduria) and the research of biomedium were determined for the content of 25 chemical elements by inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry. Results. When analyzing the indicators of elemental composition of hair by territorial zones of the republic, iodine deficiency was noted in the 3rd position by prevalence. It was noted that the prevalence of iodine deficiency decreases from 62.15% in 3-year-old children to 10% in the group of 6-year-old children. Analysis of trace elements in children's hair showed deficiency of I in all zones, deficiency was found in more than one third of the subjects. According to the median distribution of iodine in urine in rural children, the 25th percentile was 101 μg/L. Conclusion. Research on iodine supply of children in selected settlements did not reveal iodine deficiency: ioduria indices were within the normal range. Despite this, iodine deficiency in hair was observed in one third of the children studied. The most pronounced iodine deficiency was found in the younger age group of children, which is combined with the maximum incidence of goiter.

Specific thyroid status and iode supply in pregnant women in Yakutsk city and rural locations

Insufficient iodine intake in the body of pregnant women may lead to failure of adaptive and compensatory mechanisms, development of hormonal decompensation in the form of decreased synthesis of thyroid hormones and disorders of development and formation of the child's body. The aim of the work is to evaluate the peculiarities of thyroid status and iodine supply in pregnant women of Yakutsk city and rural areas. Materials and methods. Sixty-eight pregnant women in the 2-3rd trimester of pregnancy in Yakutsk city and rural areas participated in the study. The indicator of urinary iodine excretion was used to assess the degree of iodine deficiency. The level of urinary iodine excretion (ioduria) was determined by inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry. The results can be summarized a s follows: the mean urinary iodine concentration in pregnant women living in Yakutsk and in rural areas was in the range of mild iodine deficiency (59 and 84 μg/L, respectively, the differences were statistically significant at p=0.06). It was found that in rural areas the degree of iodine deficiency was less pronounced - the median urinary iodine concentration ranged from 58.5 to 126 μg/l. Conclusion. The territory of Yakutia belongs to the geochemical regions where the degree of iodine deficiency is pronounced. However, the research conducted has shown that the degree of iodine deficiency in the city of Yakutsk and in rural areas is mild. The data obtained confirm the results of research, which indicate that in conditions of iodine deficiency, adaptation mechanisms are activated in the indigenous population.

Risk factors for disorders due to iodine deficiency (IDD) among pregnant women in Jepara, Indonesia

Pregnant women need an increase in iodine intake. In 2013, 24.3% of pregnant women in Indonesia had low iodine excretion values. Iodine is known to affect thyroid hormone regulation. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors of Iodine Deficiency Disease (IDD) in pregnant women. This study was conducted using an observational method with a case-control design. The subjects in this study were pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters in the Mlonggo and Pakis Aji Health Centers, Jepara Regency, Indonesia. The total sample was eighty-eight pregnant women. Primary data collection was done by taking urine for Urinary Iodine Excretion (UIE) and blood serum for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) measurements for anthropometric nutritional status and filling out questionnaires related to subject characteristics and Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) interviews related to food consumption. This study showed that 53.4% of pregnant women had high TSH levels and 68.2% of pregnant women had low UIE levels. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that education was the strongest risk factor of IDD based on TSH levels (p-value 0,020; OR adjusted 0,324; CI OR 0,125:0,835) and knowledge of IDD was the strongest risk factor of IDD based on UIE levels (p-value 0,008; OR adjusted 4,776; CI OR 1,510:15,105).

Iodine Intake, UIE Levels, Nutritional Status and Academic Achievements in School-Age Children in Magelang, Central Java

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>Iodine deficiency in school children is estimated at 25% worldwide. Complete brain development occurs at the age of 7 years and the development of cognitive function can be increased until 15 years with normally iodine status, namely adequate intake of iodine and Urinary Iodine Excretion (UIE). This study aims to analyze the relationship between iodine intake, UIE, height for age and academic achievements in school-age children. This research was an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design. This research was conducted in 4 elementary schools in Pakis District in March 2019. The samples were selected by random sampling, totaling 177 subjects. The dependent variable was the school's academic achievements in the form of midterm exam scores for maths, arts and sports. While the independent variables were iodine intake, UIE and height for age. The assessment of iodine intake was using a 24-hour recall form and interpreted using the 2007 Nutrisurvey application. The analysis method for UIE is the acid digestion method. Height for age is a child's nutritional status that can be determined based on anthropometric measurements. Academic achievements is learning outcomes as measured by midterm exam scores iin maths, arts, culture and sports. Data was analyzed by Linear Regression. Iodine intake increased math (b=0.01; p=0.014), art and sport (b=0.03; p=<0.001) scores. UIE levels increased math (b=0.01; p=0.001), art (b=0.01; p=0.002) and sport (b=0.01; p=0.003) scores. Height for age increased sport scores (b=1.58; p=0.010). The conclusion of this study is that height for age increase sports ability and iodine intake also UIE can increase academic achievements.</em></p><p> </p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><strong><em>Keyword: Academic Achievements, Height for Age, Iodine Intake, UIE </em></strong>

Defisiensi mikronutrien pada anak usia 12-59 bulan di Desa Lebih, Kabupaten Gianyar, Bali

Deficiency of micronutrients in children of age 12-59 months in Lebih Village, Gianyar District, BaliBackground: Lack of food intake, either in quantity or quality, will continuously cause children to get sick easily, such as being susceptible to infectious diseases and ultimately inhibiting the children’s growth.Objective: This study aimed to describe the status of micronutrients (zinc and iodine) and anemia status among children aged 12-59 months in Lebih Village. Methods: This analytic observational study used a cross-sectional design conducted in Lebih Village, Gianyar Regency. The study population was all children under five aged 12-59 months. In addition, 91 children under five were selected as research subjects using the probability proportional to size method. The data collected were the identity of the subjects (children under five and their mothers) using the interview method, serum zinc levels, urinary iodine excretion (EIU) levels, and Hb levels. Results: The results showed that the subjects’ mean age was 37.0±13.3 months, and most subjects (54.9%) were male. The biochemical examination showed that the mean serum zinc levels, the median urine iodine levels, and the mean Hb levels were 72.5±6.3 g/dL, 78.5 g/L, and 12.7±1.8 g/dL, respectively. 17.6% of the subjects had anemia, 14.3% had zinc deficiency, and 60.4% had iodine deficiency. Conclusion: Children under five aged 12-59 months in Lebih Village had micronutrient deficiencies such as zinc, iodine, and iron.

BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS IN CENTRAL INDIA

Background: Iodine (I) is a trace element that is required by both humans and animals. It can be found in a variety of chemical forms, including iodine, iodide (I), and iodate (IO3). It is widely distributed across the earth's ecology, with a concentration in the oceans. Iodine entered the natural cycle from the ocean, the atmosphere, and rainfall, as well as from rainfall into streams and rivers. Iodine is absorbed as iodide in human nutrition. Iodine is a necessary micronutrient and a component of thyroid hormones. Fish and seafood have a high iodine level. The amount of iodine in soil and drinking water varies depending on where it comes from. Iodine shortage produces a variety of negative health consequences, which are referred to as iodine deficiency illnesses (IDD). These conditions are caused by a lack of iodine, which causes insufficient thyroid hormone production.
 Aim: The aim of this study is to characterize the iodine deficiency disorder by biochemical and clinical assessment and to correlate the iodine status with thyroid disorder(s) in adults.
 Material and Method: The samples for this investigation were taken from patients at the Department of Endocrine Surgery. This study comprised a total of 100 hundred goiter patients, who had their urinary iodine excretion and thyroid hormone levels examined. For all goiter patients, the grading of goitre was established using the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD approved criteria. TSH, Free T4, Free T3 by using ELISA Method using commercial kits. Anti-microsomal antibody (AMA) or Thyroperoxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) by using ELISA Method using commercial kits. Anti-thyroglobulin antibody (ATG) estimated by using ELISA Method using commercial kits.
 Results: The data for each group were presented as Median and inter quarter range (IQR) The median and IQR of Urinary iodine excretion of the hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and Euthyroid goiter subjects were respectively and there was significant difference in the median urinary iodine excretion. The median and IQR of Urinary iodine excretion of the thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, cancer of thyroid and benign goiter respectively and there was significant difference in the median urinary iodine excretion.
 Conclusion: For ages, endemic goitre and cretinism have been recognised as public health issues, and iodine deficiency is thought to be the leading cause of preventable mental retardation. Most countries now include iodine deficiency control as part of their national nutrition policies. To eliminate iodine deficiency, several therapies with high efficacy have been employed, including iodized oil capsules (IOC) and universal salt iodisation (USI). Although some progress has been made, efforts to eliminate this devastating health problem must be hastened. Not only should iodine deficiency be monitored, but so should excessive iodine intake, as this is a problem in various areas, including the camps.
 Keywords: IDD, Goitre, TSH, IOC, USI, ATG, AMA, T4, T3.

Iodine nutrition status and thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of 4635 pregnant women

BackgroundPregnant women in Shanghai have long been at risk for mild iodine deficiency. Because thyroid autoimmunity in pregnant women can lead to premature birth and miscarriage as well as neurodevelopmental deficits in the fetus, the aim of this study was to explore the association of iodine nutrition status with thyroid antibodies during pregnancy.MethodsA pregnancy-birth cohort was conducted including 4635 pregnant women in Shanghai, China. The eligible participants underwent a face-to-face interview and completed questionnaire surveys to collect baseline information and diet intake. Spot urine samples were collected to test urine iodine. Thyroid antibodies including thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and thyrotrophic antibodies (TRAb) were tested. Single-factor analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between iodine status and thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy.ResultsThe median urinary iodine excretion level in the sample was 138.14 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR] 80.90–219.00 μg/L). Among all the subjects, 25.9% consumed non-iodized salt, 54.5% had iodine deficiency, and 31.0% had thyroid autoimmunity. The proportion of patients with iodine deficiency was significantly higher among those who consumed non-iodized salt (36.9% vs. 33.1%; p = 0.04). After adjusting for age, educational status, former smoker status, former drinker status, first pregnancy, and previous thyroid disease, non-iodized salt (odds ratio [OR] = 1.394 [confidence interval, CI, 1.165–1.562]; p = 0.003), iodine-rich food (OR = 0.681 [CI 0.585–0.793]; p = 0.003), iodized nutritional supplements (OR = 0.427 [CI 0.347–0.526]; p = 0.003), were found to be individually associated with thyroid autoimmunity in all participants. The results of the multivariable restricted cubic spline regression analysis showed a non-linear relationship between the continuous change in iodine intake and thyroid autoimmunity (p = 0.019). Participants with iodine deficiency (urinary iodine concentration, UIC,< 100 μg/L) had an increased risk of testing positive for thyroid antibodies (TPOAb/TgAb/TRAb[+]; OR = 1.324 [CI 1.125–1.559]; p < 0.001). Moreover, this associated existed even after removing participants with previous thyroid disease.ConclusionInadequate iodine nutrition in pregnant women is an independent risk factor for thyroid autoimmunity in Shanghai. It’s important to maintain the adequate iodine status in pregnant women.

Burden of iodine deficiency disorders and its association with various sociodemographic variables in a district of North East India.

Iodine is one such micronutrient, the deficiency of which can impair the mental growth and development of young children and is the leading cause of preventable mental impairment. The present study has been conducted to study the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) and its association with various sociodemographic variables among children (6-12 years) residing in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya. The sample size was 2700 with a multistage 30 cluster sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the various sociodemographic variables. The weight and height of each child were recorded as per the standard procedure. In order to assess goitre, children were examined as per standard procedures prescribed by the National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme (NIDDCP). A total of 2700 children were interviewed in total. Out of these, 1365 (50.5%) were males. The total goitre rate was found to be 195 (7.22%), indicating that IDDs are a mild public health problem in the study area. The median (interquartile range) urinary iodine excretion levels were 150 (108.05-189.37) mg/L. With respect to weight-for-age, it was observed that 93 (3.9%) children were severely underweight and 389 (16.8%) had severe stunting. A significant association was observed between goitre with the age group of children (p <.00001), maternal education (p <.00001), prevalence of stunting (p <.00001), and underweight (p <.05).

Urinary minerals excretion among primary schoolchildren in Dubai-United Arab Emirates.

Urinary excretion of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), iodine and fluoride is used to assess their statuses and/or the existence of metabolic abnormalities. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the urinary concentration of these minerals among children have not been documented. A cross-sectional study, including 593 subjects (232 boys and 361 girls), was conducted among healthy 6 to 11-year-old Emirati children living in Dubai. Non-fasting morning urine samples and anthropometrical measurements were collected and analyzed. Results were expressed as per mg of creatinine (Cr). On average, estimated Cr excretion was 17.88±3.12 mg/kg/d. Mean urinary Ca/Cr, Mg/Cr and P/Cr excretions were 0.08±0.07 mg/mg, 0.09±0.04 mg/mg, and 0.57±0.26 mg/mg respectively. Urinary excretion of Ca, Mg and P were found to decrease as age increased. Urinary excretion and predicted intake of fluoride were lower than 0.05 mg/kg body weight per day. Surprisingly, more than 50% of the children were found to have urinary iodine excretion level above adequate. The Emirati schoolchildren had comparable levels of urinary Ca, Mg and P excretion to other countries. The 95% percentile allows the use of the current data as a reference value for the detection of mineral abnormalities. Fluoride excretion implies that Emirati children are at low risk of fluorosis. The level of urinary iodine excretion is slightly higher than recommended and requires close monitoring of the process of salt iodization to avoid the harmful impact of iodine overconsumption.

Assessment of Iodine Deficiency among School-Going Children of Age Group 6 to 12 Years in Kachchh District, Gujarat State: Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

Aim Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation, and stunted growth and development in children. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of IDD in Kachchh district, Gujarat, by testing urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine intake of salts in school-going children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and the level of iodine deficiency was assessed in 223 school children of both sexes, aged 6 to 12 years from four taluka s, that is, subdivisions, of the Kachchh district by estimating urinary iodine using Sandell–Kolthoff reaction along with iodine content in edible salt samples by MBI kit (STK-Spot testing kit, MBI Kits International, Chennai, TN, India). Results The median urinary iodine level was found to be 194 μg/L, indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. In the study areas, 1% of the population showed a level of urinary iodine excretion < 50 μg/L. About 83% salt samples had iodine level more than 15 ppm and the iodine content in salt samples less than 15 ppm was only about 17%, indicating the salt samples at households contain iodine in adequate level. Conclusion There is a need of periodic surveys to assess the change in magnitude of IDD with respect to impact of iodized salt intervention. Furthermore, to strengthen National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program, factors should be identified. There is also a need to prevent and reimpose the ban on the sale of noniodized salts in Gujarat.

Reference Levels for TSH in Iodine-Sufficient Low-Risk Pregnant Women.

Recent evidence suggests that thyrotropin (TSH) levels are population specific because of differences in ethnicity. As a result, the 2017 ATA guidelines state that treatment may be tailored as per the laboratory-specific reference ranges of TSH for the local population instead of using a fixed upper limit of 2.5mIU/L during pregnancy. This was a cross-sectional study in which we collected detailed clinical data of 604 pregnant women along with their TSH and spot urinary iodine excretion levels. Reflex testing for thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) was done in women with TSH levels > 2.5mIU/L in 1st trimester and 3.0mIU/L in 2nd and 3rd trimester. After excluding 295 women who had high risk factors as per ATA 2017 guidelines and those who were TPOAb positive, we calculated the reference range for TSH in an iodine-sufficient low-risk cohort of 309 women. With median urinary Iodine of 255 µg/l, our population had more than required iodine levels. The 5th and 95th percentiles of TSH in our study cohort of 604 women were 0.64 and 7.81mIU/L, respectively, while the 5th and 95th percentiles of TSH for the low-risk cohort of 309 women were 0.59 and 4.48mIU/L, respectively. An upper limit of 4.5mIU/L for TSH level during pregnancy can be used to guide management decisions for low-risk North Indian women.

Assessment of iodine nutritional status in school children concerning autoimmune thyroiditis in Tamil Nadu, India

Objective: To eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in children, the Indian government implemented a universal salt iodization program more than 3 decades ago. Recently, it was identified that excess iodine intake could lead to autoimmune thyroiditis in children. We aimed to measure the level of iodine excretion as well as thyroid profiles as an option to identify autoimmune thyroiditis in school-going children. Materials and Methods: A total of 111 children between the ages of 6 and 12 years were subjected to a blood test to measure free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, anti-thyroglobulin, and anti-thyroperoxidase levels. The children were categorized into control and case groups based on the clinical outcome. Biochemical analysis, thyroid gland assessment, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and ultrasound sonography were performed. Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) level was measured by the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction method. Results: Approximately 90% of the study population was identified with a higher level of iodine in urine. A positive correlation was observed between the UIE, anti-TPO, and anti-TGO titers among the cases. Out of 61 cases, 21 children showed overt hypothyroidism (34.43%) and the remaining were identified with subclinical thyroid symptoms (65.57%). FNAC confirmed autoimmune thyroiditis in 43 children within the case group. Conclusion: Excess iodine intake may trigger thyroid autoimmunity in children. Children who are having higher levels of anti-thyroid antibodies are at risk of developing thyroid dysfunction if they consume more than the required iodine for metabolism. High levels of iodine in the urine of control children indicate that the IDD program in our nation is running successfully.

Iodine Nutrition Status and Thyroid Autoimmunity During Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of 4635 Pregnant Women

BackgroundPregnant women in Shanghai have long been at risk for mild iodine deficiency. Because thyroid autoimmunity in pregnant women can lead to premature birth and miscarriage as well as neurodevelopmental deficits in the fetus, the aim of this study was to explore the association of iodine nutrition status with thyroid antibodies during pregnancy.MethodsA pregnancy-birth cohort was conducted including 4635 pregnant women in Shanghai, China. The eligible participants underwent a face-to-face interview and completed questionnaire surveys to collected baseline information and diet intake. Spot urine samples were collected to test urine iodine. Thyroid antibodies including thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and thyrotrophic antibodies (TRAb) were tested. Single-factor analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between iodine status and thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy.FindingsThe median urinary iodine excretion level in the sample was 138·14 µg/L (interquartile range [IQR] 80·90-219·00 µg/L). The proportion of patients with iodine deficiency was significantly higher among those who consumed non-iodized salt (36·9% vs. 33·1%; p = 0·04). After adjusting for age, educational status, former smoker status, former drinker status, first pregnancy, and previous thyroid disease, non-iodized salt (odds ratio [OR] = 1·394 [confidence interval, CI, 1·165-1·562]; p = 0·003), iodine-rich food (OR = 0·681 [CI 0·585-0·793]; p = 0·003), iodized nutritional supplements (OR = 0·427 [CI 0·347-0·526]; p = 0·003), were found to be individually associated with thyroid autoimmunity in all participants. The results of the multivariable restricted cubic spline regression analysis showed a non-linear relationship between the continuous change in iodine intake and thyroid autoimmunity (p = 0·019). Participants with iodine deficiency (urinary iodine concentration, <100 µg/L) had an increased risk of testing positive for thyroid antibodies (TPOAb/TgAb/TRAb[+]; OR = 1·324 [CI 1·125-1·559]; p < 0·001). Moreover, this associated existed even after removing participants with previous thyroid disease.InterpretationInadequate iodine nutrition in pregnant women is an independent risk factor for thyroid autoimmunity in Shanghai, where the overall nutrition status is good. Funding: This study was supported by the young fund of Shanghai municipal health commission (20194Y0443), food nutrition research and education fund of Danone nutrition center (DIC2019-03), excellent young talents of health system in Shanghai (No. 2017YQ043) and top young talents in Shanghai (No. 2020-8). Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention (SCDC) and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Iodine deficiency disorders in a South Indian district: still a public health problem?

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute the single largest cause of preventable brain damage worldwide leading to learning disabilities and psychomotor impairment. Nearly 266 million school children worldwide have insufficient iodine intake. IDD was found to be a public health problem in 47 countries. Since the information on current prevalence of goiter in Kolar was not available, the present study was undertaken.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school children aged 6-12 years in Kolar taluk. A total of 2700 children were selected for goiter examination by multistage random cluster sampling technique. A total of 270 children were tested for the median urinary concentration and 540 salt samples were tested from the households of the study population.Results: The total goiter rate was 5.66% among primary school children aged 6-12 years with a significant difference between ages. As the age increased the goiter prevalence also increased. The median urinary iodine excretion level was found to be 105 mcg/l and 92.788.7% salt samples had &gt;15 ppm iodine content.Conclusions: Present study shows mild goiter prevalence in primary school children in Kolar district and an adequate iodine content of salt in urine.

Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Children in East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India

To assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders among school-going children in Meghalaya. Multi-stage 30 cluster sampling with probability proportionate to size (PPS) method was used. Children (age 6-12years) were examined clinically for goiter. Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was performed by spectrophotometric method. Iodine content in the salt was analyzed using iodized salt test kits. A total of 195 (7.22%) out of 2700 children had goiter on examination. Goitre prevalence was significantly associated with wasting (P<0.05) and stunting (P <0.001). The median (IQR) UIE level was 150 (108.05 - 189.37) µg/dL. Nineteen (9.74%) children had severe iodine deficiency (UIE<20µg/L). Iodine content was above the recommended level of 15 ppm in 95.9% salt samples. A positive correlation was observed between household salt consumption and UIE levels (r=0.25; P<0.001). Iodine deficiency disorder is a public health problem in Meghalaya, which needs to be addressed.

Trends in the epidemiology of thyroid diseases in Bulgaria since the year 2000-a review of the literature.

This review attempts to summarize data on the prevalence of thyroid pathology in the Bulgarian population over a period of 20years. Thyroid dysfunction was studied in two population-based studies (2006 and 2012). In the first, hypothyroidism was found in 6.3% and hyperthyroidism in 3.7% of the participants. The second study found overt and subclinical hypothyroidism in 3.2% and 4.5%, respectively, of females, and in 1.1% and 2% of males. TPOAb levels were elevated in 23% of females and in 9.6% of males. Nodules were found using ultrasound (US) in 23.4% of the participants in the 2006 study (in 30.1% of females and 15.0% of males), while the 2012 study showed 24.4% (32.1% of females and 15.7% of males). Recent data regarding prevalence of thyroid carcinoma in the Bulgarian population are lacking. Between 4 and 6% of thyroid biopsies produce results which have markers for malignancy. Four studies were carried out to address urinary iodine excretion levels in schoolchildren and three for those in pregnant women. Although median urinary iodine was in the iodine-sufficient range, a rising proportion of women had low urinary excretion. In the studies involving schoolchildren, excessive iodine excretion was also observed. The major strength of this review is the combination of data from different publications to give an overall baseline of thyroid epidemiology in Bulgaria. Further work is needed to map the recent trends regarding thyroid pathology in Bulgaria and the complete epidemiological dataset.

Correlation between urinary iodine and clinical characteristics in breast cancer

Objective To explore the relationship between urinary iodine level and breast cancer, we compare urinary iodine excretion levels in patients with breast cancer, benign breast disease, other female malignant tumors and control subjects in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. Methods From December 2018 to January 2019, 64 patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were selected as case group, benign breast disease group (n=49), other female malignant tumor group (n=39) and health examination group (n=50) as control group. Urinary iodine was determined by colorimetry. According to the urinary iodine level the patients divided into three groups: iodine excess (>300 μg/L), medium iodine (100-300 μg/L) and iodine deficiency (<100 μg/L). The relationship between urinary iodine and clinicopathology of breast cancer was analyzed. Results The level of urinary iodine in benign breast nodule group 319.13(163.98)μg/L > breast cancer group 273.96(151.30)μg/L > female other malignant tumor group 212.95(161.71)μg/L > normal control group 199.15(194.45)μg/L, with significantly differance (H=9.936, P=0.019). Urinary iodine level in the normal control group was significantly lower than that in the benign breast disease group (P=0.013). The patients were further divided into three groups according to the urinary iodine level: iodine excess, iodine medium and iodine deficiency, the number of urine iodine <100 μg/L in the normal control group was significantly higher than that in the breast cancer group (P=0.021). The level of urinary iodine was negatively correlated with the size of the primary focus of breast cancer (Z=-2.307, P=0.021). The effect of urinary iodine was analyzed by multiple linear regression method. The size of primary focus was included in the regression equation (R2=0.136 , P=0.007), but had nothing to do with lymph node metastasis and the expression status of estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2). Conclusions There is a negative linear correlation between urinary iodine level and the size of primary focus of breast cancer, but it has nothing to do with lymph node metastasis and the expression of ER, AR, PR and HER-2. Key words: Breast neoplasms; Urinary iodine; Sodium iodine symporters

Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders and its determinants among school children aged 6 to 12 years in rural areas of Koppal district, Karnataka

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders are recognized as major public health problem in India and the simplest, most effective and inexpensive preventive method is the consumption of Iodized salt. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of goitre among children aged 6 to 12 years in rural areas of Koppal district, to determine various factors associated with goiter among children, to estimate the level of urinary iodine excretion among urine samples collected from children and to estimate the level of iodine content among salt samples collected in the study setting.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for a duration of 6 months from June 2018 to November 2018 in rural areas of Koppal district among 3047 school children aged 6 to 12 years selected by cluster sampling technique. Goiter was detected and graded using standard techniques and the collected salt and urine samples were sent to MRHRU, Sirwar, Raichur for analysis. Data was collected using pretested and semistructured questionnaire and was analyzed using WHO Epi info software version 3.5.4.Results: The prevalence of goitre among school children in Koppal district was 442 (14.5%) and it was found to be significantly associated with age and source of drinking water. Majority i.e., 65.96% of urine samples had iodine content less than 100 µg/l and majority i.e., 79.15% of salt samples had iodine content less than 15 PPM.Conclusions: Goiter is mild public health problem in Koppal district with majority of urine samples excreting iodine below optimum levels and majority of salt samples being inadequately iodized.

A study of prevalence of goiter among school children in Kolar

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute the single largest cause of preventable brain damage worldwide leading to learning disabilities and psychomotor impairment. Nearly 266 million school children worldwide have insufficient iodine intake. IDD was found to be a public health problem in 47 countries. Since the information on current prevalence of goiter in Kolar was not available, the present study was undertaken.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school children aged 6-12 years in Kolar taluk. A total of 650 children (325 urban and 325 rural) were selected for goiter examination by multistage random cluster sampling technique. A total of 150 children were tested for the median urinary concentration and 150 salt samples were tested from the households of the study population.Results: The total goiter rate was 6.6% among primary school children aged 6-12 years with a significant difference between ages. As the age increased the goiter prevalence also increased. The median urinary iodine excretion level was found to be 137 µg/l and 92.7% salt samples had &gt;15 ppm iodine content.Conclusions: Present study shows mild goiter prevalence in primary school children in Kolar and an adequate iodine content of salt and urine.

Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders among school student of Purba Medinipur, 2018: a cross sectional study

Background: Iodine deficiency disorder is one of the preventable public health diseases in India. Prevalence of goiter is also still prevalence at sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal. Study was conducted to assess prevalence of goiter among school students between 6 and 12 years age, to find out urinary excretion of iodine and iodine content in salt sample and to recommend for consuming iodized salt.Methods: We conducted the study among the school students aged 6 to 12 years during the month of June 2018 in Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India. Multistage cluster sampling method was conducted for selecting the study population. Clinical examination was done by medical officer to detect goiters. Salt and urine samples were taken from the selected students and were sent to State Iodine Monitoring Laboratory, Kolkata for examination of iodine content in household salt samples and urine samples.Results: Total 2821 students were examined for survey. Over all prevalence of goiter was 3.75% (109/2821). Girls had more prevalence 4.63% than boys 3.18%. Average urinary iodine excretion (UIE) level is 184.74% in 30 clusters of 339 urine samples. Only 5.60% showed UIE level ≤100 microgram/liter. Total 541 household salt samples were tested for iodine and average iodine content was 22.85%. Among them 91.5% (495) had iodine ≥15 ppm indicating adequate iodine contents in salt samples.Conclusions:Purba Medinipur may be considered a non-endemic district. We recommended continuing use of iodized salt.