Risk Factor For Urinary Bladder Cancer Research Articles

Study of risk factors for development of urinary bladder cancer in patients in Urmia; a single-center study by logit regression approach

Introduction: Urinary bladder cancer is the most common genitourinary system malignancy in humans. Objectives: Due to the high prevalence of urinary bladder cancer, having enough knowledge about urinary bladder cancer risk factors can assist in prevention and early recognition of this malignancy. Patients and Methods: In this study case-control, 109 individuals with urinary bladder tumor (as a case group) and 200 individuals without any neoplastic history aged >40 years (as a control group) were included (2016-2017). The data were collected using patients’ files, their pathology reports and also a checklist. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, and logistic regression test was applied to investigate the binary outcome. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The results showed, a significant relationship between smoking (P<0.001), having high risk occupation (P<0.001), low water intake (P<0.001) and pickle consumption (P<0.001) with urinary bladder cancer. Conclusion: Smoking is a strong risk factor for urinary bladder cancer. Our study showed smoking and other occupational carcinogens are the main causes of urinary bladder cancers. Thus preventing and controlling these risk factors are important for health schedules.

A non-coding RNA axis guides TGF-β-induced gemcitabine chemoresistance

The American Cancer Society estimates 79,030 new cases and 16,870 deaths from urinary bladder cancer (UBC) in the United States this year (1). UBC is prevalent in males and in fact is the 4 th most common cancer types in males (1). Besides sex, age is another risk factor for UBC with about 90% of cases reported in the age group of 55 and above. Depending on the stage of presentation, current treatment options for UBC patients include surgery, intravesical therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy (2,3). Chemotherapy is inevitable for advanced-staged UBC patients besides being used as a neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy in combination with surgery and radiation therapy. However, the most common drawback of chemotherapy in UBC patients is that it often leads to tumor relapse and recurrence. While numerous reasons can be attributed to such undesirable outcomes, the concept that a small fraction of tumor cells with cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties are able to survive the harsh chemotherapeutic regimens and able to repopulate as drug resistant tumors has been around for nearly two decades (4,5). However, therapies aimed at eradicating CSCs as an effective therapeutic strategy are not available and remains as a key focus of cancer research.

Epidemiology of urothelial carcinoma.

The epithelium lining is defined as the mucosal surfaces of the renal collecting tubules, calyces and pelvis, as well as the ureter, bladder and urethra. The term "urothelium" is used to refer to these surfaces. Upper tract urothelial carcinoma is a rare subset of urothelial cancers with a poor prognosis. Urinary bladder cancer is the most common malignancy involving the urinary system. Upper tract urothelial carcinoma is more common in men than in women, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. The incidence of urinary bladder cancer is also higher in men. Cigarette smoking and occupational exposure are the main upper tract urothelial carcinoma and urinary bladder cancer risk factors, while other factors are more specific to the carcinogenesis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (i.e. Balkan endemic nephropathy, Chinese herb nephropathy). In Egypt until recent years, urinary bladder cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancer due to Schistosoma haematobium. Substantial knowledge exists regarding the causes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and urinary bladder cancer, and epidemiological studies have identified various chemical carcinogens that are believed to be responsible for most cases of urothelial carcinoma. In the era of precision medicine, genetic effects might play a direct role in the initiation and progression of urothelial carcinoma.

Urinary bladder cancer risk factors in an area of former coal, iron, and steel industries in Germany

ABSTRACTThis study was performed to investigate the frequency of bladder cancer in patients with an occupational history such as underground hard coal mining and/or painting after the structural change in the local industry. A total of 206 patients with bladder cancer and 207 controls were enlisted regarding occupational and nonoccupational bladder cancer risk factors by questionnaire. The phase II enzymes N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1), and T1 (GSTT1) and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11892031[A/C] reported to be associated with bladder cancer in genome-wide association studies were genotyped. The bladder cancer risk in varnishers and underground hard coal miners was increased as previously shown in a study in this area performed in the 1980s. The occupation of a car mechanic was associated with a significantly elevated bladder cancer risk and higher in the case of underground hard coal miners even though the mine was closed in 1987. The frequency of GSTM1 negative genotype was comparable in cases and controls (53% versus 54%). In the case of NAT2, the slow NAT2 genotype was more frequent (62% versus 58%) and ultra-slow NAT2 genotype (NAT2*6A and/or *7B alleles only) was 23% versus 15%. An occupational history of a varnisher or an underground hard coal miner remains a risk factor for bladder cancer occurrence. Data indicate that in the case of bladder cancer, GSTM1 is a susceptibility factor related to environmental and/or occupational exposure.

Urinary Bladder Cancer Risk Factors: A Lebanese Case-Control Study

Bladder cancer is the second most incident malignancy among Lebanese men. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential risk factors associated with this observed high incidence. A case-control study (54 cases and 105 hospital-based controls) was conducted in two major hospitals in Beirut. Cases were randomly selected from patients diagnosed in the period of 2002-2008. Controls were conveniently selected from the same settings. Data were collected using interview questionnaire and blood analysis. Exposure data were collected using a structured face-to-face interview questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to determine N-acetyltransferase1 (NAT1) genotype by PCR-RFLP. Analyses revolved around univariate, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression, along with checks for effect modification. The odds of having bladder cancer among smokers was 1.02 times significantly higher in cases vs. controls. The odds of exposure to occupational diesel or fuel combustion fumes were 4.1 times significantly higher in cases vs controls. The odds of prostate-related morbidity were 5.6 times significantly higher in cases vs controls. Cases and controls showed different clustering patterns of NAT1 alleles. No significant differences between cases and controls were found for consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea, or artificial sweeteners. This is the first case-control study investigating bladder cancer risk factors in the Lebanese context. Results confirmed established risk factors in the literature, particularly smoking and occupational exposure to diesel. The herein observed associations should be used to develop appropriate prevention policies and intervention strategies, in order to control this alarming disease in Lebanon.

Urinary Bladder Cancer Risk Factors in Egypt–Response

We have carefully reviewed the letter by Dr. Thomas Behrens about our epidemiologic study of bladder cancer. Dr. Behrens raises an interesting question concerning apparent inconsistencies between our results about tobacco association and the results of studies in Europe and the United States,

Urinary Bladder Cancer Risk Factors in Egypt—Letter

Background: Smoking, infection with schistosoma haematobium, and occupational exposure to aromatic amines are established risk factors for bladder cancer. Previous studies demonstrated similar risks for urothelial cell (UC) as well as squamous cell (SCC) bladder cancer. Stronger associations for smoking were described with more invasive bladder cancer. Methods: The letter refers to a case-control study conducted in Egypt. 1886 cases were pathologically confirmed as UC or SCC bladder cancer and matched to 2,716 population-based controls. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were calculated adjusting for governorate of residence, urban/rural residence, age, education, urinary-tract infections other than schistosomiasis, and menopause status (among women). 757 cases still awaited pathological confirmation and could not be included in the analyses. Results: Cigarette and water pipe smoking, exposure to ETS, and self-reported schistosoma infection emerged as most important risk factors in this study. However, ETS exposure was associated with stronger risks as compared to heavy active smoking. No clear dose-response was seen between pack-years and bladder cancer risk. SCC risk was not associated with cigarette consumption. Conclusions: The reported findings are in contrast to the reported literature. The authors fail to present possible additional analyses, e.g. stratified by demographic or lifestyle factors. Analyses were not stratified by histopathological severity, although pathological confirmation was available. In addition, numerous sources of bias, incl. control sampling, case selection, response, exposure misclassification, which may explain these findings, were not addressed.

Urinary Bladder Cancer Risk Factors in Egypt: A Multicenter Case–Control Study

We investigated associations between tobacco exposure, history of schistosomiasis, and bladder cancer risk in Egypt. We analyzed data from a case-control study (1,886 newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed cases and 2,716 age-, gender-, and residence-matched, population-based controls). Using logistic regression, we estimated the covariate-adjusted ORs and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the associations. Among men, cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.2) but not squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); smoking both water pipes and cigarettes was associated with an even greater risk for urothelial carcinoma (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 2.1-3.9) and a statistically significant risk for SCC (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6). Among nonsmoking men and women, environmental tobacco smoke exposure was associated with an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma. History of schistosomiasis was associated with increased risk of both urothelial carcinoma (OR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-2.9) and SCC (OR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.0) in women and to a lesser extent (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.7 and OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7, for urothelial carcinoma and SCC, respectively) in men. The results suggest that schistosomiasis and tobacco smoking increase the risk of both SCC and urothelial carcinoma. This study provides new evidence for associations between bladder cancer subtypes and schistosomiasis and suggests that smoking both cigarettes and water pipes increases the risk for SCC and urothelial carcinoma in Egyptian men.

Urinary bladder cancer risk factors in men: a Spanish case–control study

The rising incidence of urinary bladder cancer is alarming and potential relationships with different risk factors have been postulated. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible relationship between different environmental risk factors and urinary bladder cancer. All men with urinary bladder cancer who were admitted to the Department of Urology of Reina Sofia University Hospital of Cordoba, Spain over 1 year were included in our study. Men were administered an interview questionnaire, which included data on history of known urinary bladder cancer risk factors. Comparisons between men with urinary bladder cancer (cases) and those with nonmalignant urological disease (controls) were made. The study included 74 cases and 89 controls. The variables associated with malignant lesions on univariate analysis were age, smoking and drinking alcohol. Meanwhile, fish, poultry and beef consumption were proved to be protective factors. The risk factors identified by the logistic regression analysis were age, smoking and fluid intake. The independent protective factors on the multivariate analysis were fish and poultry consumptions. Smoking was found to be the principal independent risk factors for urinary bladder cancer. Our results call for further investigation of urinary bladder cancer risk factors; future studies should preferably be performed on large prospective cohorts, to increase their validity.