Bilirubin In Urine Research Articles

Analysis of urinary non-formed components at home based on machine learning algorithms

Objective: Machine learning can automatically extract valuable insights from vast datasets, predict and classify diseases, and evaluate drug efficacy. To assess the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in analyzing non-formed components in urine, real medical data were processed and annotated. Methods: Five models, including K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Trees, Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, and Gaussian distributions, were constructed to quantitatively analyze 12 non-formed urine components, such as vitamin C, white blood cells, and urinary bilirubin. The efficacy of these models was then compared. Results: It was found that the Random Forest model outperformed others, achieving the lowest mean squared error, high recall rate, accuracy, and area under the curve. Conclusions: These findings indicate that machine learning offers significant potential for studying non-formed urine components, potentially enhancing the precision and effectiveness of disease detection and providing valuable support for clinical decision-making.

Engineering Tb(III)-functionalized HOF fluorescence sensing system for intelligent visual detection of two biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma

Abnormal levels of bilirubin and human serum albumin are precursors to hepatocellular carcinoma and many fatal diseases. Establishing a portable, highly sensitive and intuitive dual biomarker detection method for bilirubin and human serum albumin is important to protect human health. Combined with the excellent photoluminescence properties of lanthanide functionalized hydrogen bond organic framework, a novel ratiometric fluorescence intelligent sensing system was engineered with the outstanding features of large Stokes shifts, high luminous stability and the self-calibration effect of dual emission centers in this paper. With the advantage of high sensitivity, strong stability and strong anti-interference, the simultaneous detection of dual biomarkers was realized successfully. The developed fluorescence sensing system had a wide detection range of bilirubin and human serum albumin (13.5 nM ∼ 30.0 μM and 448 nM ∼ 15.0 μM), low detection limits (7.20 nM and 15.6 nM). Furthermore, the developed sensing system realized the smartphone-assisted fluorescence visual detection of bilirubin and human serum albumin in serum and urine successfully with the detection limit of 85 nM and 163 nM, providing a promising detection strategy for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The role of various laboratory parameters associated with obstructive cholestatic jaundice in pancreatic tumor: A case report and literature review

Introduction: Obstructive jaundice can be caused by pancreatic cancer, where most tumors block bilirubin excretion, and excess bilirubin accumulation causes jaundice. Jaundice occurs in more than 65% of pancreatic cancer patients. Jaundice is caused by the location of the tumor, usually located in the head of the pancreas, suppressing the bile ducts and creating a blockage characterized by an increase in bilirubin, especially direct bilirubin. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) may also be elevated in pancreatic cancer patients but to a lesser extent. Case Presentation: A 63-year-old male patient presented with ocular symptoms and generalized jaundice that had lasted for 2 months. Patients also complain of a bloated stomach and feel thin due to continued weight loss. The patient's stool was the color of putty and brown, like viscous urine. A physical examination revealed conjunctival jaundice in both eyes and hepatomegaly. Abdominal ultrasonography (USG) results suggest a pancreatic head mass with a dilated pancreatic duct and edema of the gallbladder with dilated extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD). Laboratory tests showed that the patient had elevated liver function, total bilirubin 11.90 mg/dl, direct bilirubin 8.29 mg/dl, SGOT 33 U/l, SGPT 54 U/l, and three positive urinary bilirubin values. It became clear that. The patient was diagnosed by observing cholestatic jaundice and the differential diagnosis of suspected pancreatic cancer of the head and cholangiocarcinoma. Conclusion: Examining laboratory parameters such as total bilirubin, especially direct bilirubin, liver enzymes SGOT, and SGPT may help localize obstructions, such as those caused by pancreatic tumors causing post hepatic obstructive jaundice.

Hand-held Raman spectrometer-based flexible plasmonic biosensor for label-free multiplex urinalysis

Urinalysis is an effective strategy to non-invasively evaluate human health, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) may be a powerful technique for use in detecting analytes in urine. Herein, we report a wearable diaper sensor based on a handheld Raman spectrometer for use in the simple, label-free identification of biomolecules (urea, creatinine, and bilirubin) in urine. The raspberry-shaped Au substrate formed on the surface of an Si wafer provides plasmonic enhancement of the SERS signals, with an excellent uniformity and stability. The SERS sensor combines the advantages of flexibility, portability, and multifunctional detection and may be used in identifying multiple analytes in urine. The sensor exhibits high sensitivities in detecting urea, creatinine, and bilirubin, with respective detection limits of 4.17 × 10−3 M, 5.90 × 10−6 M, and 1.38 × 10−7 M (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). Furthermore, we used the wearable diaper sensor to monitor biomolecules at the diagnostic threshold, facilitating non-invasive diagnosis and medical monitoring of disease-related biomarkers.

Urine Bilirubin Related With the Milk Likeliness

The aim of present study was to relate the urine bilirubin with milk likeliness Bilirubin is a substance of yellow color produced during normal process of body when red blood cells are broken down. It is fluid present in the liver. It helps in the digestion process of body. If bilirubin is present in the urine it may be sign of liver disordered. A urine test was performed by using urine strips for this purpose. The students which show positive sign for urine bilirubin had more attention towards milk drinking as compare to the students with negative sign.

Using Blue Mini-LEDs as a Light Source Designed a Miniaturized Optomechanical Device for the Detection of Direct Bilirubin

This study developed a miniaturized optomechanical device (MOD) for the feasibility study of direct bilirubin in urine using high-collimation blue mini-light-emitting diodes (Mini-LEDs) as the light source. The constructed MOD used optical spectroscopy to analyze different concentrations of direct bilirubin using the absorbance spectrum to achieve a noninvasive method for detection. The experimental results showed that between the absorbance and different concentrations of direct bilirubin at the blue Mini-LEDs central wavelength (462 nm) was the optimum fitting wavelength; in the direct bilirubin concentration range from 0.855 to 17.1 μmol/L, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9999, the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.171 μmol/L, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.570 μmol/L. Therefore, we propose using blue Mini-LEDs as a light source to design a MOD to replace the invasive blood sampling method with a spectroscopic detection of direct bilirubin concentration corresponding to absorbance.

Turn-off near-infrared fluorescent probe for free bilirubin detection constructed by enhanced excimer emission

In this study, an amphiphilic near-infrared fluorescent molecule (denoted BCPB) was employed as a fluorescent probe to detect free bilirubin. In an aqueous solution, the micellar assemblies of BCPB possess a strong excimer emission at 660 nm, which was dramatically quenched upon the addition of bilirubin. It has been proven that fluorescence quenching is mainly attributed to photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from BCPB to bilirubin. As a fluorescent probe of bilirubin, BCPB showed advantages, such as fast response (<1 min), good anti-interference ability, and low limit of detection (0.33 μmol L−1, S/N = 3). BCPB was successfully applied to detect free bilirubin in human serum and urine, and the detection showed very high accuracy.

Ratiometric fluorescence sensor for point-of-care testing of bilirubin based on tetraphenylethylene functionalized polymer nanoaggregate and rhodamine B

Monitoring of free bilirubin in a point-of-care fashion is urgently needed in particular for newborns and liver dysfunction patients. Herein, a novel hybrid ratiometric fluorescence sensor was designed and fabricated for the rapid, sensitive and selective detection of free bilirubin in water and urine. The sensor was composed of Rhodamine B and polymer nanoaggregate of tetraphenylethylene functionalized hyperbranched polyamidoamine, which exhibited dual emission peaked at 577 nm and 465 nm. The fluorescence peak at 465 nm could be sufficiently suppressed by Förster resonance energy transfer between the polymer nanoaggregate and bilirubin, while the peak at 577 nm arising from Rhodamine B was insensitive to bilirubin, which resulted in a visually discernible blue to orange fluorescence color change. The concentrations of bilirubin could be evaluated by the fluorescence intensity ratios and the detection limit was as low as 25 nM. A portable hydrogel-based point-of-care testing device was constructed by integrating the recognition sensor in hydrogel and employed for bilirubin test. This hydrogel-based assay is convenient and affordable, providing a promising tool for at-home bilirubin detection and bilirubin-related disease diagnosis.

Pengaruh Variasi Masa Pengobatan Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) terhadap Billirubin dalam Urine Penderita Tuberkulosis Metode Carik Celup

Treatment of Tuberculosis using Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (OAT) has a hepatotoxic effect that can cause liver function disorders, one of which is bilirubin. Examination of bilirubin can use blood and urine. Qualitative and semi-quantitative examination of bilirubin in urine by diazo reaction using the dipstick or dipstick method is widely used because it is fast, more practical, and more sensitive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the treatment period of Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (OAT) on bilirubin in the urine of tuberculosis patients. This research is an analytical observational research. The sample in this study amounted to 20 people in the initial and follow-up treatment periods. Urine samples in patients with tuberculosis were examined for urine bilirubin levels using the dipstick method. The results showed that the level of bilirubin in the urine qualitatively in the early stages of treatment had a positive value, namely 5 out of 9 tuberculosis patients (56%) with a positive level of 1 (+1) semi-quantitatively. The level of bilirubin in the urine qualitatively in the advanced stage of treatment has a positive value, namely 1 out of 11 tuberculosis patients (9%) with a positive level of 1 (+1) semi-quantitatively. The results of the Chi-Square bilirubin test in urine qualitatively and semi-quantitatively showed the value of p = 0.024 &lt; = 0.05. The conclusion is that variations in the treatment period of Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (OAT) have an effect on bilirubin in the urine of tuberculosis patients.

MO314: Oliguria as a Strong Predictor of Mortality in Leptospirosis

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leptospirosis is an endemic, globally widespread zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. It presents with high clinical variability, with a constellation of symptoms ranging from a mild, nonspecific, self-limiting febrile syndrome to acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, coagulopathy and respiratory involvement. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication and generally presents as nonoliguric and hypokalemic. The aim of this study was to delineate potential predictors of mortality in Leptospirosis. METHOD We conducted a prospective, observational, single-center study in the span of 5 years, from 2010 to 2015. Patients enrolled in the study had an age at presentation &amp;gt;14 years and were hospitalized for longer than 24 h with a conclusive diagnosis of Leptospirosis. Baseline patient characteristics, including demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Definitive diagnosis was established through serology assay, using the indirect-ELISA test to detect positive Leptospira IgM and IgG. Fisher's exact test was used to identify predictors of mortality during the course of the infection. RESULTS A total of 119 consecutive patients diagnosed with Leptospirosis were enrolled during a 5-year period, 92% were males. Mean age at presentation was 48.8 ± 14.9 and 41.5 ± 19.8 years for males and females, respectively. Mortality in our cohort was estimated to be 9% (10 patients). Urine output and bilirubin levels were found to be the most significant predictors of mortality. Fischer's exact test determined urine output at a cut-off value of 400 mL/24 h as the strongest predictor of mortality (P &amp;lt; 0.001) in Leptospirosis. Bilirubin levels showed an equivalent statistical significance at a cut-off value of 19 mg/dL (P &amp;lt; .001). Creatinine levels on admission, at a cut-off value of 3 mg/dL, proved to be the third strongest predictor of mortality, followed by nadir platelet count and age at a cut-off value of 70 × 103/µL and 49 years, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study defined oliguria as the most significant predictor of mortality in patients with severe Leptospirosis, closely followed by bilirubin levels on admission. Other predictors to consider include creatinine levels on admission, nadir platelet count and age at presentation. Incorporating predictors of mortality, from the outset, in treatment algorithms of Leptospirosis, will promote a more timely diagnosis and the development of more specific management guidelines, enabling clinicians to provide personalized treatment plans, potentially impacting the prognosis, morbidity and mortality rates in these patients.

A Fluorescence-Based Quantitative Analysis for Total Bilirubin in Blood and Urine.

Bilirubin is a catabolic product of heme metabolism that circulates in the bloodstream in its unconjugated or glucuronide-conjugated form. Because the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood is a common symptom of liver diseases, its measurement in plasma (serum) is important for the diagnosis of these diseases. We developed a method to assess total bilirubin levels in serum and urine, using the fluorescent protein UnaG and β-glucuronidase. Our results indicate good correlation in serum total bilirubin levels between UnaG and the conventional bilirubin oxidase (BOD) methods. We found low levels of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin in the urine of healthy subject individuals. Urinary bilirubin levels were elevated in patients with liver or bile duct diseases. A simple spot test of bilirubin using serum and urine showed a strong signal in patients with liver diseases. The proposed method to assess bilirubin levels in serum and urine will contribute to the accurate diagnosis of health conditions such as jaundice, anemia, and liver disease.

Performance analysis of photonic crystal based biosensor for the detection of bio-molecules in urine and blood

Photonic crystal based sensing technology is the latest technology for various bio-sensing applications. A 2D photonic crystal (PhC) hexagonal shaped ring resonator based biosensor is simulated and designed for the detection of bio-molecules such as glucose, bilirubin, urea and albumin in blood and urine over different concentration ranges. The biosensor structure is created using line and point defect in order to form a ring waveguide and a bus waveguide above the ring structure. If the concentration of bilirubin, glucose, albumin and urea in blood and urine is varied, the refractive index is varied, which in turn changes the output response of the sensor [1]. This principle can be used to identify the aberrant value range of the glucose, bilirubin, albumin and urea in blood and urine. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) tool called Lumericals is used for the modeling and simulation of the biosensor. The resonant wavelength shift, sensitivity, Full-Width Half-Maximum (FWHM) and quality factor (Q-factor) for different concentrations of glucose, bilirubin, albumin and urea are observed and tabulated. The Q-factor obtained for the normal range of glucose, bilirubin, albumin and urea concentration in blood and urine is 310, sensitivity is 400 nm and the resonant wavelength is around 1518.8 nm with the efficiency of 86%.

DOP01 Efficacy and safety of the IL-6 trans-signalling inhibitor olamkicept: a phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trial in moderately to severely active Ulcerative Colitis

Abstract Background Total inhibition of IL-6 or its receptor represents a potent anti-inflammatory therapy with considerable side effects. Selective targeting IL-6 trans-signalling may have safety advantages that differentiates it from current pan-IL-6 inhibitors. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of olamkicept, a soluble gp130-Fc fusion protein that binds to the IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor complex, as induction therapy for active ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods This multi-national, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial (NCT03235752) enrolled patients with active UC (full Mayo score ≥5, rectal bleeding (RB) score ≥1, endoscopy score (ES) ≥2) with an inadequate response to at least conventional therapy, in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive either placebo, olamkicept 300 mg or 600 mg biweekly for 12 weeks. Primary efficacy endpoint was clinical response (decrease in Mayo score from baseline ≥3 and ≥30%, including RB ≤1 or RB decrease ≥1) at week 12. Secondary endpoints were mucosal healing (ES 0 or 1) and clinical remission (Mayo score ≤2, with no subscore &amp;gt;1 and RB=0). The efficacy endpoints were analysed by logistic regression. All p-values were 2-sided without adjustment for multiplicity. Results Of 91 treated patients (30 in placebo, 31 in olamkicept 300 mg group and 30 in 600 mg group), 88 patients (29:30:29) were evaluable for efficacy. Baseline disease and demographic characteristics were similar among the groups (Table 1). Most patients (94.5%) were bio-naïve. The percentage of patients achieving clinical response at week 12 was significantly greater for olamkicept 600 mg than placebo (58.6% vs 34.5%, P=0.032). Clinical remission at week 12 occurred in 0% (placebo), 6.7% (olamkicept 300 mg) and 20.7% (olamkicept 600 mg, P&amp;lt;0.001) of patients. Mucosal healing at week 12 occurred in 3.4%, 10% and 34.5% (P&amp;lt;0.001) of patients, respectively (Figure 1). Incidence of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was similar across the groups. The most common TEAEs included upper respiratory tract infection, increased AST levels, and increased urine bilirubin levels, which were mild to moderate and mostly transient. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in 6.7%, 3.2% and 3.3% of patients, respectively. There were no deaths, or other severe AEs associated with current IL-6 inhibitors, such as perforations, severe infections, neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. Conclusion Biweekly 600 mg olamkicept induction therapy demonstrated clinical efficacy with respect to achieving clinical response, clinical remission and mucosal healing in patients with active UC. Olamkicept was well tolerated with a favourable safety profile. The positive results of this phase 2 study support further development of olamkicept in IBD.

Mechanism of bilirubin elimination in urine: insights and prospects for neonatal jaundice.

Despite a century of research, bilirubin metabolism and the transport mechanisms responsible for homeostasis of bilirubin in serum remain controversial. Emerging evidence on the hepatic membrane transporters and inherited disorders of bilirubin metabolism have contributed to a greater understanding of the various steps involved in bilirubin homeostasis and its associated excretory pathways. We discuss these recent research findings on hepatic membrane transporters and evaluate their significance on the newborn bilirubin metabolism and excretion. New insights gained speculate that a proportion of conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the renal system, as an alternative to the intestinal excretion, even in normal physiological jaundice with no associated pathological concerns. Finally, this paper discusses the clinical relevance of targeting the altered renal excretory pathway, as bilirubin in urine may hold diagnostic importance in screening for neonatal jaundice.

Case Study 6: Deconvoluting Hyperbilirubinemia-Differentiating Between Hepatotoxicity and Reversible Inhibition of UGT1A1, MRP2, or OATP1B1 in Drug Development.

New molecular entities (NMEs) are evaluated using a rigorous set of in vitro and in vivo studies to assess their safety and suitability for testing in humans. Regulatory health authorities require that therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses be administered, by the intended route of administration, to two nonclinical species prior to human testing. The purpose of these studies is to identify potential target organ toxicity and to determine if the effects are reversible. Liver is a potential site for toxicity caused by orally administered NMEs due to high exposure during first pass after oral administration. A range of clinical chemistry analytes are routinely measured in both nonclinical and clinical studies to evaluate and monitor for hepatotoxicity. While bilirubin itself circulates within a wide range of concentrations in many animal species and humans, without causing adverse effects and possibly providing benefits, bilirubin is one of the few readily monitored circulating biomarkers that can provide insight into liver function. Therefore, any changes in plasma or urine bilirubin levels must be carefully evaluated. Changes in bilirubin may occur as a result of adaptive nontoxic changes or severe toxicity. Examples of adaptive nontoxic changes in liver function, which may elevate direct (conjugated) and/or indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin above baseline levels, include reversible inhibition of UGT1A1-mediated bilirubin metabolism and OATP1B1-, OATP1B3-, or MRP2-mediated transport. Alternatively, hepatocellular necrosis, hypoalbuminuria, or cholestasis may also lead to elevation of bilirubin; in some cases, these effects may be irreversible.This chapter aims to demonstrate application of enzyme kinetic principles in understanding the risk of bilirubin elevation through inhibition of multiple processes-involving both enzymes and transporters. In the sections that follow, we first provide a brief summary of bilirubin formation and disposition. Two case examples are then provided to illustrate the enzyme kinetic studies needed for risk assessment and for identifying the mechanisms of bilirubin elevation. Caveats of methods and data interpretation are discussed in these case studies. The data presented in this chapter is unpublished at the time of compilation of this book. It has been incorporated in this chapter to provide a sense of complexities in enzyme kinetics to the reader.

A phase II study of apatinib treatment for advanced biliary tract carcinoma after failure of the standard chemotherapy.

e16684 Background: There is no standard second-line therapy for advanced biliary tract carcinoma (BTC). Apatinib, a VEGFR2 tyrosine kynase inhibitor, showed an inhibitary effect on tumor formation in BTC tumorgraft mouse model in previous study, with tolerable toxicity in clinical trials for other types of advanced cancer such as gastric cancer. We conducted an exploratory study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with advanced BTC. Methods: This is a single-center, single-arm phase II study (NCT03427242). The key inclusion criteria were:(1) histologically confirmed advanced or metastatic BTC; (2) Prior lack of response or intolerance to at least one chemotherapeutic regimens; (3) At least one measurable lesion as defined by RECIST 1.1; (4) No prior use of anti-angiogenic targeted drugs. Eligible patients received oral apatinib 500mg each day continuously until unacceptable toxicity or tumor progression. The primary endpoint was progression free survival (PFS). The secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and treatment safety. Results: From Dec 1, 2017 to Jan 31, 2020, a total of 18 patients (12 males and 6 females) had been recruited, and 16 patients who had received the medication of apatinib were included in this analysis. Among these patients, 10 were previously treated with only first-line chemotherapy and 6 were treated with two or more lines of therapy. The median age was 65 (range 45-76) years old. Fourteen patients had received the efficacy evaluation after treatment. Two patients achieved partial response (PR, 14.3%), 6 patients with stable disease (SD, 42.9%),and 6 patients with progressive disease(PD). The ORR and DCR were 14.3% and 57.1%, respectively. At the last follow-up date on Jan 30, 2020, 4 patients are still on apatinib medication. The median PFS was 2.70 months (95% CI, 1.94 - 3.46), and the median OS was 7.03 months (95% CI, 3.16 - 10.9). Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were reported in 7 patients (43.8%). The detailed grade 3 or 4 adverse events were proteinuria in 5 patients, hand-foot syndrome in 2 patients, platelet count decrease in 1 patients, diarrhea in 1 patients and urine bilirubin in 1 patients (Table). Conclusions: For the patients with advanced biliary tract carcinoma, apatinib showed an anti-tumor activity with acceptable safety. Clinical trial information: NCT03427242 . [Table: see text]

How Relationship of Urine Bilirubin with Wrist-Watch Lovers?

Objective of the here studies was to correlation the urine bilirubin with wrist-watch likeliness. A total strength of 200 performers were performed. All students belong to the institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan Pakistan. To measure the urine bilirubin and questionnaire was precipitation relation to urine bilirubin and their high interest if wrist-watch likeliness. In the here study was both male and female. 120 females and 80 male performances in this project. Most of the performers 60-100 have higher like of wrist-watch likeliness. While most students 40-100not interest the wrist-watch likeliness.

Research progress on color determination methods of reagent strips in routine urinalysis

Clinically, routine urinalysis includes more than 10 items, such as urine protein, urinary pH, urinary bilirubin and so on. The above items are usually analyzed by dry chemical methods. The principle is that after the urine infiltrates the reagent strips, the color changes can be observed in each strip. The color depth is related to the component concentration, and the darker the color, the greater the measured component concentration, and vice versa. In this paper, four color discrimination methods in urinary dry chemical analysis were introduced, i.e. the method based on integrating sphere photoelectric conversion, the method based on charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor, the method based on color sensor, and the method based on the combination of color sensor and fiber bundle. Besides, the four methods were compared and analyzed. Finally, the recent research progress in urinalysis was reviewed. Key words: Urine; Dry chemical method; Color; Urine reagent strip

Paper-based device for the colorimetric assay of bilirubin based on in-situ formation of gold nanoparticles.

A paper-based colorimetric assay for the determination of bilirubin has been developed. The method is based on the in-situ reduction of chloroauric acid to form gold nanoparticles. A chromatographic paper was patterned using a wax printer. Chloroauric acid was drop-cast onto the reagent zone. In the presence of bilirubin, gold(III) ions are reduced and form gold nanoparticles. This leads to a color change from yellow to purple. The intensity of the purple color (peak at 530nm) increases with bilirubin concentration in the 5.0 to 1000mgL-1 range. The detection limit is 1.0mgL-1. For the quantification of bilirubin, images were captured using a digital camera, and data were processed with the help of machine learning-based supervised prediction using Random Forest classification. The method was applied to the determination of bilirubin in urine samples. The spiked urine samples exhibit more than 95% recovery. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of the paper-based colorimetric assay for the detection of bilirubin based on the in-situ formation of gold nanoparticles. A color band is generated for visual interpretation and used for the testing of bilirubin in urine.

Exploration of modern scientific connotation of Miao medicine Qizu Xueyu syndrome and intervention mechanism of Kangfuyan Capsules

The aim of this paper was to explore the modern scientific connotation of Qizu Xueyu syndrome in Miao medicine and the intervention mechanism of Kangfuyan Capsules on Qizu Xueyu syndrome. Under the guidance of the theory of Miao medicine,an experimental animal model was constructed to characterize Qizu Xueyu syndrome in Miao medicine,and its modern scientific connotation was explored from the perspectives of general signs,blood lipid index,serum biochemical index and immune index. Furthermore,the relevant experimental animals were given Kangfuyan Capsules for intervention,then observed the corrective effect of Kangfuyan Capsules on abnormal physiological and biochemical indexes of the experimental animal model. The model animals showed signs such as mental depression,rough coat,dull and glossy,and the writhing behavior changed significantly. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,creatine phosphate kinase,Ig G,urea nitrogen,creatinine,direct bilirubin,urea,urinary biliary and liver index were significantly higher than those in the blank group( P< 0. 01). The blood sugar and thymus index were significantly lower than those in the blank group( P <0. 01). After the intervention of Kangfuyan Capsules,the physiological and mental state of the experimental animals improved,their weight increased and their writhing behavior improved. Creatine phosphate kinase( CK) was significantly higher than that of Qizu Xueyu group( P<0. 01),direct bilirubin was significantly lower than that of Qizu Xueyu group( P<0. 01),immune indexes had no significant difference,urinary bilirubin returned to normal. The modern scientific connotation of Qizu Xueyu syndrome in Miao medicine can be characterized by ischemia,tissue and cell damage,infection and abnormal liver and kidney function caused by smooth muscle spasm. Kangfuyan Capsules can relieve uterine smooth muscle spasm,improve local blood circulation,repair muscle cell injury,protect liver and improve renal function.