Fluid Urea Research Articles

To evaluate the reliability of Urea and Creatinine values in vaginal wash fluid for the diagnosis of PROM

Background & Methods: The aim of the study is to evaluate the reliability of urea and creatinine values in vaginal wash fluid for the diagnosis of PROM. Study performed on pregnant women in the third trimester between 28 and 37 weeks of gestation with history of possible leakage of amniotic fluid at tending in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Results: Total 50 subjects were recruited. Group 1 is PROM confirmed 25 subjects . Group 2 were controls and in each group 25 subjects were allotted. The comparison of co-morbidity between study groups in vaginal wash fluid to diagnosis the high rupture of membrane. Around 24% of subjects had co-morbidity in PROM confirmed category. Conclusion: In PROM confirmed subject urea level was 9.99 ± 4.16 and in controls it was around 4.12 ± 2.65. This shows that both PROM confirmed and suspected subjects had increased urea level than the control group. Thus urea and creatinine levels in vaginal wash fluid serves as an excellent diagnostic marker in diagnosing premature rupture of membrane. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the measurement of vaginal fluid urea and creatinine is a simple and reliable test for diagnosis of PROM.

The role of microenvironmental factors in the pre-ovulatory oocyte in the pathogenesis of “poor” ovarian response to in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs

Background. The “poor” response to ovarian stimulation during IVF (in vitro fertilization) cycles depends on various factors, including the biochemical composition of the follicle microenvironment. Recent studies have focused on the relationship between vascular tone regulators, angiogenic factors, oxidative stress, and the quality of oocytes. Despite this, there is still no consensus on the exact effect of these factors on folliculogenesis or their role in “poor” responses.Objective. To evaluate the content of biochemical factors and regulators of vascular tone and angiogenesis in follicular fluid in patients with a “poor” ovarian response to stimulation in IVF programs, compared to similar indicators in women with a normal ovarian response.Materials and methods. An open prospective cohort study was conducted, including 56 patients who were part of the IVF program. The criterion for separating the cohort of women was their response to controlled ovarian stimulation during the IVF cycle. Women with a “poor” response (n=32) were placed in the main group, while those with a normal response (n=24) were in the comparison group. Follicular fluid samples from women with a “poor” response were divided into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of an oocyte-cumulus complex in the follicle. The biochemical and soluble regulatory factors in follicular fluid were analyzed in both groups after controlled ovarian stimulation was completed. Statistical analysis of the data was done using methods from variation statistics. A critical level of significance for the differences was set at p ≤0.05.Result. The levels of urea, glucose, high-density lipoprotein, and total antioxidant status (TAOS) in follicular fluid (FF) from patients with a “poor” ovarian response were statistically significantly higher compared to those in the control group. The levels of bilirubin, low-density lipoprotein, and uric acid were also significantly lower in VF from patients in the main group compared to the control group, p<0.05. The indices of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and vascular endothelial growth receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in FF from women with a “poor” response were significantly lower than those from patients with a normal response, while the levels of endogenous nitric oxide were significantly higher in the former group compared to the latter, p<0.05.Conclusion. The absence of an oocyte-cumulus complex in the pre-ovulatory follicle, which is associated with a “poor” response of the ovary to stimulation, is likely due to a disruption in vascularization processes. This is supported by a decrease in the levels of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, such as VEGF-A and VEGFR-2.

225 Kidney function and nitrogen excretion in Brown Swiss and Holstein dairy cows

Abstract The agricultural sector contributes to nitrogen (N) emissions since farm animals excrete considerable N amounts via feces and urine. To reduce N emissions by dairy cattle, methods predicting accurately individual N emissions are of great interest. Recent data showed that Brown Swiss (BS) cows have greater urea concentrations in milk and blood than Holstein (HO) cows. However, it is still unknown if greater BUN concentrations in a particular breed are congruently reflected by concomitantly increased contents of nitrogenous compounds in other media (e.g., urine and saliva). Thus, the present study simultaneously assessed biomarkers for kidney function like urea, and creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations in several body fluids (i.e., blood, urine, milk, and saliva) as well as nitrogen excretion in feces in BS and HO cows under identical feeding conditions. Blood, saliva, urine, and feces were sampled in 31 multiparous BS and 46 HO cows kept under identical feeding and management conditions. Samples were collected at different lactational stages after the monthly DHIA control test-day. Concentrations of urea and creatinine were measured in serum, urine, and saliva. Symmetric dimethylarginine was determined in serum, which is an established indicator for glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Feces were analyzed for dry matter content and nitrogen concentrations. Data on milk urea and protein concentrations, and daily milk yield were obtained from the monthly DHIA test-day records. The effects of breed, time, and parity number on blood, saliva, urine, feces, and milk parameters were evaluated with the GLM procedure with breed, time, and parity number as fixed effects. Differences between BS and HO were assessed by the Tukey-corrected t-test at P < 0.05. Dry matter intake and body weight were similar in BS and HO cows (P > 0.05). No differences between BS and HO were observed for milk yield, fecal DM and nitrogen content. BS cows showed greater urea concentration (25.8 ± 0.7 vs 21.8 ± 0.7 mg/dL), and protein content in milk (3.70 ± 0.08 vs 3.45 ± 0.07%) than HO cows (P < 0.01). Concentrations of urea, creatinine, and SDMA in serum, were greater in BS than in HO cows (P < 0.01) with 5.46 ± 0.19 vs 4.72 ± 0.13 mmol/L for urea, 105.96 ± 2.23 vs 93.07 ± 1.50 mmol/l creatinine, and 16.78 ± 0.69 vs 13.39 ± 0.44 µg/dL SDMA, respectively. Urea and creatinine concentrations in urine and saliva did not differ among breeds. Despite greater urea and creatinine concentrations in blood, and milk urea content in BS compared with HO, excretion of these parameters did not differ between breeds in urine. Our results suggest a reduced renal glomerular filtration rate in BS compared with HO. The underlying mechanisms require further investigations.

Development of an osmosis-assisted hollow microneedle array integrated with dual-functional electrochemical sensor for urea and pH monitoring in interstitial fluid

In healthcare, accurate detection of biomarkers is paramount for disease diagnosis, prevention, and personal health surveillance. This study focused on developing and validating a MgCl2 deposited hollow microneedle array integrated with a dual-functional sensor system, which was used for osmosis-assisted boosted interstitial fluid extraction, the simultaneous and continuous monitoring of urea and pH in interstitial fluid. The urea sensor component was fabricated by electro-depositing prussian blue onto a carbon electrode, followed by applying a molecularly imprinted polymer layer, ensuring high specificity and sensitivity. The pH sensor was constructed through electropolymerization of polyaniline, exhibiting a linear response across a wide pH range. When tested in artificial skin matrix, the system demonstrated excellent in vitro electrochemical sensing performance with high linearity and repeatability. At the same time, the practical in vivo sensing performance of the system was verified in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The development of the system underscores its potential as a valuable tool for continuous health monitoring.

Investigation of the Bioconversion of Urea with Modified Lignosulfonate Biomass as Slow-Release Urea in Aqueous Medium and Rumen Fluid

Investigation of the Bioconversion of Urea with Modified Lignosulfonate Biomass as Slow-Release Urea in Aqueous Medium and Rumen Fluid

Alterations in Cerebrospinal Fluid Urea Occur in Late Manifest Huntington's Disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in the Huntingtin gene, resulting in the production of mutant huntingtin proteins (mHTT). Previous research has identified urea as a key metabolite elevated in HD animal models and postmortem tissues of HD patients. However, the relationship between disease course and urea elevations, along with the molecular mechanisms responsible for these disturbances remain unknown. To better understand the molecular disturbances and timing of urea cycle metabolism across different stages in HD. We completed a global metabolomic profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals who were at several stages of disease: pre-manifest (PRE), manifest (MAN), and late manifest (LATE) HD participants, and compared to controls. Approximately 500 metabolites were significantly altered in PRE participants compared to controls, although no significant differences in CSF urea or urea metabolites were observed. CSF urea was significantly elevated in LATE participants only. There were no changes in the urea metabolites citrulline, ornithine, and arginine. Overall, our study confirms that CSF elevations occur late in the HD course, and these changes may reflect accumulating deficits in cellular energy metabolism.

Wearable Microneedle Patch for Transdermal Electrochemical Monitoring of Urea in Interstitial Fluid.

Microneedle-based wearable electrochemical biosensors are the new frontier in personalized health monitoring and disease diagnostic devices that provide an alternative tool to traditional blood-based invasive techniques. Advancements in micro- and nanofabrication technologies enabled the fabrication of microneedles using different biomaterials and morphological features with the aim of overcoming existing challenges and enhancing sensing performance. In this work, we report a microneedle array featuring conductive recessed microcavities for monitoring urea levels in the interstitial fluid of the skin. Microcavities are small pockets on the tip of each microneedle that can accommodate the sensing layer, provide protection from delamination during skin insertion or removal, and position the sensing layer in a deep layer of the skin to reach the interstitial fluid. The wearable urea patch has shown to be highly sensitive and selective in monitoring urea, with a sensitivity of 2.5 mV mM-1 and a linear range of 3 to 18 mM making it suitable for monitoring urea levels in healthy individuals and patients. Our ex vivo experiments have shown that recessed microcavities can protect the sensing layer from delamination during skin insertion and monitor changing urea levels in interstitial fluid. This biocompatible platform provides alternative solutions to the critical issue of maintaining the performance of the biosensor upon skin insertion and holds great potential for advancing transdermal sensor technology.

Beta hCG, urea and creatinine levels in vaginal fluids: a reliable marker for prelabour rupture of membranes

Beta hCG, urea and creatinine levels in vaginal fluids: a reliable marker for prelabour rupture of membranes

Diagnostic aspects of laboratory research of amniotic fluid are at premature births

The objective: to learn a diagnostic value clinical-and-laboratory research of amniotic fluid atpremature births. Materials and methods. Under our supervision in clinical terms was 142 puerpera which actedon births to maternity establishments of different level. All the inspected acted with beginning ofchildbirth. From an incurrence there were eliminated puerpera with a multifetation, pelvic fetal presentation, anomalies of development of fetus and antenatal fetal death. Most inspected was inactive reproductive age. Middle age of inspected made 24,9±0,3 year.A complex clinical inspection was conducted all pregnant at a receipt in permanentestablishment. The clinical inspection of women was included by the study of anamnesisof life, including also to anamnesis of disease, the features of motion of pregnancy werestudied, the generally accepted laboratory and functional methods of research wereconducted. To the complex of additional methods researches were included echographic,cardiotocographic and Doppler. Results. The study of hormonal status of amniotic fluid rotined in births, that content ofestradiol during a childbirth had hesitated within the limits of 30–180 ng/ml. Found out areliable difference between maintenance of this hormone in a amniotic fluid at birth of boysand girls. So at birth of girls the index of estradiol arrived at 21,4±2,3 ng/ml, while at birthof boys a middle index of estradiol was at the level of 16,5±2,3 ng/ml. Although found out adifference and did not carry reliable character (р>0,05), this fact specifies on participating offetus in making a amniotic fluid.Meantime, level of estradiol in a amniotic fluid at birth of boys and girls identically for certainrose at presence of obstetric pathology, such as a weakness of childbirth in combination withfetal distress (p<0,05). An analogical picture is marked in maintenance of cortisol in a amnioticfluid. Indexes of cortisol in a amniotic fluid in births were within the limits of 200–450 nmol/ml.Thus at birth of girls the middle level of cortisol made 180,4±8,4 nmol/ml and at birth of boys –265,4±10,2 nmol/ml, that also testifies to participating of fetus in making of amniotic fluid.Between two hormones found out direct cross-correlation connection (r=0,64; p<0,05). Atpathological motion of births index of estradiol, as well as to the cortisol, rose for certain, thathad testified to the intrauterine fetal distress (p<0,01). The found out intercommunication oflevels of estradiol and cortisol is with other parameters of amniotic fluid and state of fetus inbirths. An index of estradiol was in direct dependence on the indexes of resistance of bloodstream at dopplerometry, namely – systolic-diastolic ratio and index of resistance (r=0,64).The indexes of estradiol and cortisol appropriately rose at the decline of pH in a amnioticfluid (r=-0,71; p<0,01) and at the decline of basale rhythm of cardiac activity of fetus oncardiotocogram (r=-0,69). Conclusion. The results of the conducted researches rotined that the physical and chemicaland biochemical parameters of amniotic fluid are inclined statistically to the reliable changesdepending on the term of births and intrauterine fetal distress in births. A most model are changesof concentration of kreatinine and urea in a amniotic fluid at births which were late, that canhave a diagnostic value. Combination of the indicated signs with the decline of acidity by theincrease of closeness of amniotic fluid at births which were late, and also a presence in it ofmeconium specifies on violation of metabolism of fetus and necessity of timely correction of foundout violations.The clinical use of the transferred parameters of amniotic fluid in births has an important diagnosticvalue at physiology and pathological motion of pregnancy and births.

Association between metabolome and neutrophil count in intrauterine fluid after insemination in the mare

Assessment of post-breeding endometritis is challenging in the mare. Correlation analysis of metabolite concentration in serum and intrauterine fluid with neutrophil count in intrauterine fluid after insemination was performed in 17 Spanish mares. After body condition score (BCS) was determined, a uterine edema score and intrauterine fluid diameter (IUF) were determined by ultrasonography at insemination and 8 hours afterwards, when a blood sample and low volume uterine lavage sample were collected. Neutrophils in the recovered fluid were counted using a Neubauer camera. In lavage supernatant fraction and in serum, metabolite determination by spectrophotometry was performed. Data were analyzed with PROC CORR (SAS) after log transformation of neutrophil count, oedema score and IUF. There was no association between edema or IUF at insemination and edema/IUF at lavage. The BCS tended to be positively associated with edema score (r=0.466, p=0.059) and IUF 8 hours after insemination (r=0.4562, p=0.066), but not at the time of insemination. Correlation analysis of BCS and neutrophil count did not reach significance (r=0.3928, p=0.118). Age tended to be positively associated with neutrophil count (r=0.4112, p=0.100) and was highly associated with urea concentrations in the IUF (r=6221, p=0.008). Edema at lavage was correlated with serum globulin concentrations (r=0.50911, P=0.03). The IUF was also correlated with serum albumin (r=0.5396, p=0.02),but no association with globulin was detected; instead IUF was correlated with serum glucose concentrations (r=0.4818, p=0.05). Neutrophil count was positively correlated with specific metabolites (cholesterol, urea, globulins), but not with glucose, triglycerides or albumin concentrations in the IUF. Neutrophil count was associated with serum globulin concentration (r=0.548, p=0.02), but no other correlations were found. The only metabolite that was correlated in serum and IUF was globulin (r=0.4777, p=0.05). Glucose and urea concentrations in the IUF were negatively associated with serum albumin (r= -0.6173, p=0.008 and r= - 0.4533, p=0.06 respectively). This is probably the first report showing an association between BCS and oedema score and intrauterine fluid after insemination, suggesting that in obese mares, clearance of physiological endometritis post-breeding is altered. The finding of the association between the oedema and neutrophil count with serum globulin concentrations, and the positive correlation of globulins in serum and uterine fluid suggest a systemic pro-inflammatory state that is present locally. Moreover, serum albumin was negatively correlated with glucose and urea in the uterine fluid. Overall, neutrophil count in low volume lavage obtained after breeding is consistent with the metabolome in uterine fluid and serum, and thus neutrophil count and serum globulin determination could be used as a diagnostic tool for post-breeding endometritis.

Multiplex Chroma Response Wearable Hydrogel Patch: Visual Monitoring of Urea in Body Fluids for Health Prognosis.

Visual wearable devices can rapid intuitively monitor biomarkers in body fluids to indicate the human health status and provide valuable reference for further medical diagnosis. However, unavoidable interference factors such as skin color, natural light, and background luminescence can interfere with the visualization accuracy of flexible wearable devices, limiting their practical sensing application. Here, we designed a wearable sensing patch via an embedded upconversion optical probe in a 3D porous polyacrylamide hydrogel, exhibiting a multiplex chroma response to urea based on the inner filter effect, which overcomes the susceptibility to external conditions due to its near-infrared excited luminescence and improves the resolution and accuracy of visual sensing. Furthermore, a highly compatible portable sensing platform combined with a smartphone was designed to achieve in situ rapid quantitative analysis of urea. The limit of detection values of the upconversion optical probe and hydrogel sensor are as low as 1.4 and 30 μM respectively, exhibiting the practicality in different scenarios. The designed sensing patch provides a convenient and accurate sensing strategy for the detection of biomarkers in body fluids and has the potential to be developed into a point-of-care device to provide disease early warning and clinical diagnosis.

Increasing Overnight Fluid Intake and Kidney Function During Ramadan Fasting: A Randomized Controlled Trial

All healthy Arab individuals are obligated to abstain from eating, drinking, and sexual relations from dawn to sunset during Ramadan, which is one of the 5 pillars of Islam. Fasting effects various body systems, apart from the renal system. Fasting can also increase serum creatinine levels because of dehydration. Our aim was to examine the effects of increased fluid intake during the night on serum creatinine and urea levels. This randomized controlled trial included 58 healthy subjects who were randomly divided into 2 groups of 29. The hydrated group drank 2 to 3 L of fluid from sunset to the dawn of the next day. Kidney function was measured before, during, and 1 month after Ramadan. After adjustment for sociodemographic variables, the control group exhibited higher means of serum concentrations of creatinine and urea and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate than the hydrated group. The Ramadan group exhibited highest means of serum levels of creatinine and urea and the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate compared with the pre- and post-Ramadan periods. All results were statistically significant at P <.05. We found that Ramadan fasting was not associated with a permanent increase in serum creatinine or urea. For those groups with a high fluid intake, serum creatinine and urea were significantly lower than the controls suggesting a favorable effect of hydration during the nonfasting hours. This compensated with the dehydration occurring during daylight, as dehydration is responsible for increased concentrations of urea and creatinine. This study adds further evidence that Ramadan fasting does not affect the renal system of healthy subjects; however, fluids should be increased at night, during nonfasting hours.

Vaginal fluid urea and creatinine, an untapped diagnostic tool for premature rupture of membranes.

The diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) can be difficult in equivocal cases. This study was designed to test the validity of vaginal fluid urea and creatinine in the diagnosis of PROM against the gold standard, the Amnisure ROM test™ METHODS: The study was a prospective observational study. All consenting eligible pregnant women between gestational ages of 28weeks to 41weeks + 6days were recruited from the obstetrics emergency and antenatal clinic of the Federal medical centre, Keffi. Patients with history of drainage of liquor were recruited as the case group, and controls who match for age, parity and gestational age were recruited from the antenatal clinic to constitute the control group. Vaginal fluid aspirated was assessed in the laboratory for urea and creatinine levels and an Amnisure ROM test™ done. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of vaginal fluid urea and creatinine were assessed in the diagnosis of PROM. Vaginal fluid urea and creatinine had sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), respectively, of 94%, 82%, 93.18% and 83.93%, and 98%, 90%, 97.82% and 90.74%. The cutoff values for vaginal fluid urea and creatinine were 1.25mg/dl and 0.23mg/dl, respectively. This study has found that vaginal fluid urea and creatinine are very effective tests in diagnosis of PROM. It is a cheaper and more readily available alternative to the Amnisure test. It is especially useful in our environment, especially in cases of equivocal PROM, as a cost-effective means to confirm the diagnosis. 72961653, retrospectively registered on the 2020-07-09.

Diet crude protein reduction on follicular fluid and cumulus-oocyte complexes of mid-lactating Girolando cows.

This study evaluated the effect of crude protein (CP) reduction in four diets (156, 139, 132, and 127 g Kg-1 DM) maintaining constant metabolizable protein (188 g/day) on the follicular fluid and cumulus-oocyte complexes of mid-lactating Girolando cows. Twenty-two Girolando cows with average of 21.55 ±3.19 L daily milk yield, 105.30 ±22.62 days in lactation and 3.22 ±0.03 body condition score were selected. To reduce CP in diets and maintain constant metabolizable protein, urea and soybean meal were gradually replaced by lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (SoyPass®, Cargill), resulting in an increase in rumen-undegradable protein and a reduction in rumen degradable protein. A linear and quadratic reduction was observed in the plasma and follicular fluid urea nitrogen concentration following CP reduction, with the most intense reduction occurring in the 127 g Kg-1 DM group (p<0.001). As CP reduced, there was a tendency for a linear increase in the follicular growth rate (P=0.0696), on the number and proportion of viable oocytes (P<0.09), and also a linear increase for the number (P=0.0397) and proportion (P<0.09) of grade I viable oocytes. Plus, there was a linear effect for the number of cumulus oophorus cells. Cows fed with the lowest amount of CP had cumulus-oocyte complexes with higher numbers of cumulus oophorus cells (P=0.0238). Also, the reduction of diet crude protein was followed by a decrease in the probability of oocytes’ DNA degradation. In conclusion, the reduction of CP in the diet of mid-lactating Girolando cows, reduces urea nitrogen concentration in both blood plasma and follicular fluid, and, as a consequence, increases the viability of oocytes and the number of cumulus oophorus cells while reducing oocytes’ DNA degradation of follicular included cumulus-oocyte complex. The reduction on dietary CP may improve in vivo oocytes’ embryo development impacting fertility of lactating dairy cows.

Effects of fluid and drinking on pneumonia mortality in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and aimsAdvice to drink plenty of fluid is common in respiratory infections. We assessed whether low fluid intake (dehydration) altered outcomes in adults with pneumonia.MethodsWe systematically reviewed trials increasing fluid intake and well-adjusted, well-powered observational studies assessing associations between markers of low-intake dehydration (fluid intake, serum osmolality, urea or blood urea nitrogen, urinary output, signs of dehydration) and mortality in adult pneumonia patients (with any type of pneumonia, including community acquired, health-care acquired, aspiration, COVID-19 and mixed types). Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, references of reviews and included studies were searched to 30/10/2020. Studies were assessed for inclusion, risk of bias and data extracted independently in duplicate. We employed random-effects meta-analysis, sensitivity analyses, subgrouping and GRADE assessment. Prospero registration: CRD42020182599.ResultsWe identified one trial, 20 well-adjusted cohort studies and one case–control study. None suggested that more fluid (hydration) was associated with harm. Ten of 13 well-powered observational studies found statistically significant positive associations in adjusted analyses between dehydration and medium-term mortality. The other three studies found no significant effect. Meta-analysis suggested doubled odds of medium-term mortality in dehydrated (compared to hydrated) pneumonia patients (GRADE moderate-quality evidence, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.8 to 2.8, 8619 deaths in 128,319 participants). Heterogeneity was explained by a dose effect (greater dehydration increased risk of mortality further), and the effect was consistent across types of pneumonia (including community-acquired, hospital-acquired, aspiration, nursing and health-care associated, and mixed pneumonia), age and setting (community or hospital). The single trial found that educating pneumonia patients to drink ≥1.5 L fluid/d alongside lifestyle advice increased fluid intake and reduced subsequent healthcare use.No studies in COVID-19 pneumonia met the inclusion criteria, but 70% of those hospitalised with COVID-19 have pneumonia. Smaller COVID-19 studies suggested that hydration is as important in COVID-19 pneumonia mortality as in other pneumonias.ConclusionsWe found consistent moderate-quality evidence mainly from observational studies that improving hydration reduces the risk of medium-term mortality in all types of pneumonia. It is remarkable that while many studies included dehydration as a potential confounder, and major pneumonia risk scores include measures of hydration, optimal fluid volume and the effect of supporting hydration have not been assessed in randomised controlled trials of people with pneumonia. Such trials, are needed as potential benefits may be large, rapid and implemented at low cost. Supporting hydration and reversing dehydration has the potential to have rapid positive impacts on pneumonia outcomes, and perhaps also COVID-19 pneumonia outcomes, in older adults.

Immobilization of anthocyanin-based red-cabbage extract onto cellulose fibers toward environmentally friendly biochromic diagnostic biosensor for recognition of urea

Simple, green, sustainable, portable, wearable, cheap, reversible, flexible, comfortable, real time and highly sensitive viscose (Vis) fabric was developed for visual colorimetric recognition of urea in fluids. Natural anthocyanin (Ac) spectroscopic probe extracted from red-cabbage as well as urease enzyme as a catalyst were subjected to co-encapsulation process into the matrix of the calcium alginate biopolymer, which in turn was immobilized in situ into viscose fibers as a host matrix. Calcium alginate nanocapsules were generated on viscose surface utilizing the anthocyanin extract in combination with urease enzyme as the interior materials and the crosslinked calcium alginate as a shell. This co-encapsulation process was carried out in situ employing the pad-dry-cure method under ambient conditions. Both high sensitivity and small molecular size of this anthocyanin probe made it suitable for encapsulation within calcium alginate nanoparticles biosensor assay (Vis-Ac). The anthocyanin receptor encapsulated into calcium alginate displayed ratiometric variations in the absorbance spectra to the degree of a 127 nm hypsochromic blue-shift from 567 nm to 440 nm with the increasing the total content of urea in an aqueous medium. The colorimetric changes of Vis-Ac were monitored between purple and greenish-yellow in relative to increasing the concentration of urea. Those colorimetric changes were studied using CIE Lab chromogenic parameters, UV–visible absorbance spectra and colorimetric strength (K/S). HPLC-MS was utilized to describe the colored solution extracted from red-cabbage. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images were used to explore the generated Vis-Ac nanocapsules to display diameters in the range of 50–65 nm. The morphologies of Vis-Ac immobilized on viscose fabrics were investigated with energy-dispersive X-ray patterns (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and scan electron microscope (SEM). The current biochromic sensor barcode showed a comparatively quick responsiveness (6–9 min) with a detection limit in the range of 300–1000 ppm. The comfortability of the treated viscose was studied by exploring its bend length, air-permeability and fastness properties.

Urease-free Ni microwires-intercalated Co-ZIF electrocatalyst for rapid detection of urea in human fluid and milk samples in diverse electrolytes

Co-ZIF-NiMWs composite was fabricated on GCE and then utilized for the urease-free determination of urea in human urine and milk samples.

Evaluation of Vaginal Fluid Urea and Creatinine as Biomarkers of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes

Background: PROMs occurs in 10% of all term pregnancies and about 2- 4% of preterm pregnancies and is associated with complications such as infection and preterm birth. Vaginal fluid urea and creatinine levels may be helpful in the diagnosis of PROM. Objectives: To evaluate the reliability of vaginal washing fluid urea and creatinine as biomarkers for diagnosis of preterm PROM. Subjects and Methods:A prospective case control study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department; Benha University Hospital during the period from September 2018 to September 2019. The study included 100 cases: 50 inpatient cases with preterm PROM and 50 cases from those attending outpatient clinics for routine antenatal care. All patients underwent speculum examination, nitrazine paper test, and U/S. Results: The creatinine levels were 0.35 ±0.12 mg/dl and 0.16± 0.08 mg/dl in confirmed cases and controls, respectively. The urea levels were 6.5 ±2.48 mg/dl and 3.4 ±1.68 mg/dl in confirmed cases and controls, respectively. There was a highly significant difference regarding creatinine level and urea level (P < 0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for creatinine level were 100%, 84%, 86,2% and 100%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV, for urea level was 100%, 80%, 83.3% and 100%, respectively, with a cut‑off value of 0.2 mg/dl for creatinine level and 3 mg/dl for urea level. Conclusions: Detection of vaginal fluid urea and creatinine to diagnose PROM is a simple, reliable and rapid test with high sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV.

Relationships between blood and follicular fluid urea nitrogen concentrations and between blood urea nitrogen and embryo survival in mares

High blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration is linked to low fertility in cows and ewes; however, this relationship has not been reported in mares. The study characterized the relationship between BUN and follicular fluid urea nitrogen (FUN) during follicle growth (Experiment 1) and the impact of BUN from embryo donors on the pregnancy outcome of recipient mares (Experiment 2). In experiment one, follicular fluid and blood samples were collected from mares during diestrus with growing follicles and during estrus with pre-ovulatory follicles (n = 16 and 10 mares, respectively). In experiment two, BUN concentrations of embryo donors were related to pregnancy outcome after embryo transfer. In experiment one, there was a strong positive correlation between BUN and FUN (R = 0.83; P < 0.0001), with higher BUN in mares with growing follicles than with preovulatory follicles (P = 0.004) and higher FUN in growing follicles than in preovulatory follicles (P = 0.031). In experiment two, BUN was higher in donor mares that produced unsuccessful embryos compared to donor mares that produced embryos resulting in successful pregnancies at D14 (P < 0.03). Additionally, there was an effect of age (P = 0.01) and interaction between age and lactation (P = 0.009) in donor mares for embryo survival after embryo transfer. Donor mares with unsuccessful embryos were older than donor mares with successful embryos. Therefore, these experiments showed that BUN was related to follicular fluid environment as well as to the survival of Day 7–8 embryos after transfer to recipient mares.

Role of vaginal fluid urea and creatinine in diagnosis of premature rupture of membrane

Pre labour rupture of membrane is associated with an increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. So confirmatory diagnosis is essential before initiating the definitive treatment of PROM.This study was a cross sectional, case control, hospital based study. All pregnant women having gestational age 28 to 42 weeks are divided into 3 groups as per criteria. Each group has 30 pregnant women group 1 and group 2 are the cases studied and group 3 is control group. Data analysis was done by ANOVA test, kurskal Wallis Test. Difference between two groups are analysed using Man whitney’s U test.The level of vaginal fluid urea and creatinine came out to be higher in group 1 (confirmed cases) than group 2 (suspected cases) and group 3 (controls).Detection of urea and creatinine in vaginal fluid is easy, safe and cost effective method to diagnose PROM.