Urea Ha-1 Research Articles

Soybean growth and nitrogen accumulation by soybeans in response to desiccation times of Urochloa brizantha pasture and nitrogen fertilization

The desiccation time of high-biomass pasture and nitrogen (N) fertilization of pasture and soybean can influence the soybean sowing, establishment and growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the time of desiccation of the preceding pasture of Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, cultivated at three levels of N, and by the soybean N fertilization affect soybean growth and N accumulation. Three N rates (0; 150 and 300 kg ha-1), broadcast as urea on the U. brizantha pasture were evaluated separately in each N level, every one considered as one experiment. In each experiment, five times of pasture desiccation were evaluated (60; 45; 30; 15, and 1 day before soybean sowing) and two levels of soybean N fertilization: 30 kg ha-1 (urea) broadcast at sowing or without N fertilization. A randomized complete block design with five replications was used. Early desiccation of U. brizantha pasture favors the establishment of soybean and promotes an increase in biomass and N accumulation in the vegetative stages, however these differences are not observed during the grain filling, regardless the soybean N fertilization. The soybean yield was not influenced by the desiccation time. N fertilization with 30 kg ha-1 at sowing intensifies soybean growth at the vegetative phase, but after full flowering, there were no effects on biomass and grain yield, independently of the desiccation time.

VALORIZING DEGRADED LANDS USING INNOVATIVE BIOFERTILISERSFOR TOMATO CROPPING: RESPONSE TO BOKASHI, EFFICIENT MICROORGANISMS AND COMPOST IN THE SUDANESE ZONE OF BURKINA FASO (BOBO-DIOULASSO)

In order to improvefood security and sustainable land management at relatively low cost, this study evaluates the effect of biofertilizers on soil chemical properties and on tomato yield in 2020 and 2022 in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). A Fisher randomized design compares six treatments: T1: compost at 30 kg ha-1, T2: Bokashi at 30 kg ha-1, T3: Effective Microorganisms at 500 l ha-1, T4: T1 + T3, T5: T2+T3, T6: mineral fertilizer at 300 kg ha-1 of compound fertilizer NPK (14-23-14) + 200 kg ha-1 of urea 46% N. Results show that compost and Bokashi have the potential to improve the availability of phosphorus and exchangeable bases in soil compared to mineral fertilizer. They enable the stabilization of pH value and nitrogen content, which decrease if only mineral fertilizer is applied. Bokashi increases tomato yield by 23-58% compared to mineral fertilizer. Effective microorganisms alone are less efficient than mineral fertilizer. Combining Bokashi, whether enriched or not with effectivemicroorganisms and a minimal amount of mineral fertilizer, could help optimize crop yields in the transitional phase of soil fertility recovery. This study suggests that biofertilizers can be used to improve food production while stabilizing soil quality.

Integrated Soil Fertility Management: A Promising Pathway for Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Cotton Farming Systems in Côte d’Ivoire

Aims: This study was aimed to increase the sustainability of smallholder cotton cultivation in Côte d’Ivoire, through the implementation of Integrated Soil Fertility Management, combining the use of moderate amounts of mineral fertilizer and fortified organic manure.
 Study Design: The experiment was set up in a Fisher block design, with four treatments and three replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: The trials were conducted in four locations across two largest cotton growing areas (Odienne and Minignan) in the northern agro-ecological zone, between March and September 2021.
 Methodology: The technical options included: 1) mineral fertilizer (25 kg NPK ha-1 + 12.5 kg urea ha-1) + 0 kg manure ha-1 (control), 2) mineral fertilizer + 50 kg manure ha-1, 3) mineral fertilizer + 75 kg manure ha-1 and 4) local practice (200 kg NPK ha-1 + 50 kg urea ha-1 + 0 kg manure ha-1).
 Results: The results showed an increase in seed cotton yield for the manure treatments compared to the control treatment. Non-significant yield difference was found between the manure treatments and local practice. The average yields obtained in Odienne were 5.73 ± 0.70 t ha-1 for 75 kg manure ha-1 and 5.13 ± 0.96 for 50 kg manure ha-1, versus 2.58 ± 0.76 t ha-1 for the control treatment. In Minignan, the average yields obtained were 6.86 ± 1.76 t ha-1 for 75 kg manure ha-1 and 5.73 ± 0.70 t ha-1 for 50 kg manure ha-1, versus 2.58 ± 0.76 t ha-1 for the control. The Agronomic Efficiency of applied manure varied from 37.00 ± 13.07 to 73.41 ± 16.89 kg cotton kg-1 and from 44.34 ± 15.05 to 1 for the two agro-ecological zones.
 Conclusion: The Integrated Soil Fertility Management system was proven to be a promising pathway for achieving sustainable intensification of smallholder cotton cultivation systems.

Optimization of lowland productivity through fertilization as a food buffer against the impact of climate change

Lowland is an agroecosystem that can be cultivated for agricultural production activities. Its wide potential and planting time are generally carried out in the dry season resulting in lowland areas being the main national food buffer during El-Nino. Its management, which is not optimal results in low production. Increased productivity of lowland land can be done by applying the optimum fertilizer. This study aims to determine the effect of NPK fertilizer on the growth and productivity of rice in lowland fields in South Sumatra. The study used a completely randomized block design with four treatments and six replications. The indicator plant uses rice variety Inpari 42. The results showed that the highest production was obtained in the combined treatment of 250 kg NPK ha-1 + 150 kg urea ha-1 + 1,000 kg dolomite ha-1 with a yield of 5.81 t ha-1. These results indicate that NPK and urea fertilization combined with dolomite can increase the productivity of lowland rice fields as a buffer zone for rice production against the impacts of climate change.

Effectiveness application of fertilizer on maize: The case study of maize farmers in West Pasaman Regency

West Pasaman is one of the regencies in West Sumatera which is the center of maize. The aimed was to determine the income and habits of maize farmers using fertilizers, as well as the role of fertilizers and soil amendments in increasing the growth of maize crops. This research was carried out in 2 experimental stages, the first stage was farmer interviews and the second stage was a trial of fertilizer types in the field carried out in a factorial form, on various types of macro and micro fertilizers for Pioneer 32’s maize, including; Rock Phosphate (RP) (28% P2O5); Urea (46% N), Zeolite as a soil amendment and micro-fertilizers are derived from Unitas Super's Liquid Fertilizer. The comparison treatment plots, namely; 300 kg ha-1 NITROPHOSKA and 200 kg ha-1 Zeolite + 300 kg ha-1 NITROPHOSKA. The results of this comparison treatment were presented in a bar chart. The data were statistically analyzed using the F test with a significance level of 5% and further tested using an LSD level of 5%. The concluded that 50% of farmers already have incomes exceeding the Regional Minimum Wage. There were about 39% of them applied fertilizers of 300 to 450 kg ha-1, 87.5% applied a combination of Urea+ PHOSKA, 12.5% PHOSKA only, and 12.5% of farmers added SP36, for cultivation in maize. As a result of field experiments, it was determined that the most appropriate application was 50 kg ha-1 urea + 50 kg ha-1 Zeolite + 200 kg ha-1 RP fertilizer and 100 ml L-1 liquid fertilizer.

Investigation of response of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) to blended NPSZnB fertilizer in Fogera and Libo Kemkem Districts of Amhara Region, Ethiopia

A field experiment was conducted for three years to determine economic optimum rate of NPSZnB blended + urea fertilizers for upland rice production in Fogera and Libokemkem districts of Amhara Region. Blended NPSZnB fertilizer rates of 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1 were factorially combined with 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg urea ha-1. Zero fertilizer as control treatment and recommended NP fertilizer as a reference treatment were included in the study. The treatments were laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that the highest grain yields of 4 and 6 t ha-1 at Libokemikem and Fogera districts, respectively were obtained from 250 kg NPSZnB + 200 kg urea ha-1. The highest biomass yields at both districts were obtained from 250 kg NPSZnB + 250 kg urea ha-1. The partial budget analysis of the pooled data indicate that, at Libokemikem district, the maximum net economic return (NER) of Ethiopian Birr (Birr) 37,474.80 with marginal rate return of (MRR) 2617.5% was obtained from 250 kg NPSZnB + 200 kg urea ha-1. At Fogera district the maximum NER of Birr 62,548.60 with MRR 1214.6% was obtained from 100 kg NPSZnB + 250 kg urea ha-1. However, it is not possible to draw conclusions that the significant yield increment recorded was due to the contribution of S, B and Zn blends in the NPSB blended fertilizer. Because, there were confounding effects of N and P nutrients in the NPSZnB blended fertilizer. As it is revealed in the results, the significant yield response recorded, however, was due to the increasing levels of N. Therefore, we recommend further investigation of* the response of NERICA-4 (upland rice) to each nutrient (P, S, Zn and B) through nutrient omission studies.

Effect of microdose chemical fertilization method on soil chemical properties and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in West-Central Senegal

This study was conducted in West-Central Senegal (Thies region) during two cropping seasons (2018 and 2019) to evaluate the effect of different doses of chemical fertilizer on soil chemical properties and the productivity of maize. Four treatments consisted of T0 (absolute control), RD (Recommended dose= 200 kg ha-1 NPK and 150 kg ha-1 urea), M1 (microdose 1= 41.66 kg ha-1 NPK and 41.66 kg ha-1 urea i.e. 0.5 g hill-1 NPK and 0.5 g urea), M2 (microdose 2= 83.33 kg ha-1 NPK and 41.66 kg ha-1 urea i.e. 1g hill-1 NPK and 0.5 g urea) and four maize varieties Gwana and Soror (composite varieties), Pan12 and Pan53 (hybrid varieties) were arranged in a split plot design with four replications. On average height of ear insertion was significantly increased with fertilizer microdosing. In 2018, microdose M1 achieved 89% and 26% of the grain yields recorded from T0 and RD, respectively. In line with grain yields, the amounts of soil elements exported in 2018 were higher in microdose in comparaison with RD and T0. A progressive decrease in soil pH and potassium is observed. Soil nitrogen decreased in 2018 but it increased in 2019, while an opposite trend was observed for soil phosphorus. The microdose technique was economically profitable with value-to-cost ratio of 9 and 4.47 for M1 and M2, respectively. It is concluded that the positive effect of fertilizer micro-dosing in improving maiz production depend on year, and on the better exploitation of soil nutrients.

Limited yield penalties in an early transition to conservation agriculture in cotton-based cropping systems of Benin

Transitioning toward minimum or no tillage is challenging for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), due to the possible yield penalties during the initial years of a transition. Understanding the early impacts of such transitions is crucial in a cash crop such as cotton, on which farmers rely for their income, and is necessary to inform agroecological strategies to cope with both these challenges. This study explores the combined impact of minimum or no tillage and fertilizer regimes on agronomic parameters of cotton–cereal rotations, as practiced by smallholder farmers in Benin. A multilocation experiment was set up in three different agroclimatic zones, namely, Savalou (7°55′41″, 1°58′32″), Okpara (2°48′15″, 7°72′07″), and Soaodou (10°28′33″, 1°98′33″). In each area, the experiment was laid out as a split-plot design with four replications (main plot = soil preparation; subplot = fertilizers regimes). The treatments consisted of three different forms of soil preparation, namely, tillage, strip tillage, and no tillage or direct seeding, and four fertilization regimes, namely, basal mineral fertilizers (BMF, 200 kg ha1 of N14P18K18S6B1 + 50 kg ha1 of urea), BMF + A (200 kg ha1 of calcium phosphate amendment, 22P2O5-43CaO−4S), BMF + C (400 kg ha1 of compost), and BMF + A + C. At all sites, direct seeding led to lower below-ground biomass growth and seed cotton yields compared with conventional tillage in an early transition to conservation agriculture starting from degraded soils (2% to 25%). Weak rooting under direct seeding resulted in lower cotton yields compared with that under tillage (−12%) and strip tillage (−15%). At 45 and 90 days after emergence, cotton plants were shorter under direct seeding compared with tillage (−9% and −13%, respectively) and strip tillage (−23% and −6%, respectively). Fertilizer regimes affected seed cotton yields differently across sites and treatments, with marginal responses within soil preparation methods, but they contributed to increase yield differences between conventional and no tillage. Considering the need for sustainable practices, in the context of degraded soils and poor productivity, such limited yield penalties under CA appear to be a reasonable trade-off in the first year of a transition. Alternatively, the results from the first year of this experiment, which is meant to continue for another 5 years, suggest that strip tillage could be a sensible way to initialize a transition, without initial yield penalties, toward more sustainable soil management.

Evaluation of Blended Fertilizer Rates for Improved Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor, (L.) Moench.] Yield in Derashe District, Southern Ethiopia

Sorghum is one of the main grains grown in Derashe district, southern Ethiopia. However, its production is limited by many factors. Of these, less fertile soil is predominant. In the region, the rational use of fertilizers has not been studied. In addition, the type of fertilizer required and the optimal fertilizer rate for the area have not been quantified. Field trials were carried out in Derashe district to evaluate the ratio of compound fertilizers to improve sorghum yield. The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design, with three replications, using Melkam sorghum variety. The experiment had thirteen treatments consisting of control (no fertilizer), four different types of blended fertilizers (NPS, NPSB, NPSZn and NPSZnB) each with three rates. Our analysis show that the highest grain yield was recorded from the plot that receive 225 kg∙ha-1 NPSZnB + 117 kg∙ha-1 urea in the first year, In the second year, the highest yield was recorded from the plot that received 150 kg∙ha-1 NPS + 88 kg∙ha-1 urea. In both years, the lowest grain yield wasmeasured from the plots treated with no fertilizer (control). The marginal analysis showed that application of 112 kg∙ha-1 NPSZnB + 59 kg∙ha-1 urea is economically the most profitable than the other treatments. Based on our findings, it is recommended to apply 112 kg∙ha-1 NPSZnB + 59 kg∙ha-1 urea for the profitable production of Melkam sorghum variety in the study area.

The yield of maize-soybean intercropping on Mycorrhizal inoculation treatment and plant nutrition provision in suboptimal land North Lombok, Indonesia

Mycorrhizal inoculation and plant nutrition have an important role in increasing the yield of maize-soybean intercropping in suboptimal land. The experimental design used was a factorial randomized block design with two factors, the first factor was AMF inoculation which consisted of two levels, namely M0 = without AMF inoculation and M1 = with AMF inoculation, and the second factor was plant nutrition treatment. with four levels, namely U0 = without the addition of nutrients, U1 = with the addition of 100% dose of inorganic fertilizer (maize = urea 300 kg ha-1 and Phonska 200 kg ha-1, soybean = 60 kg ha-1 Urea and 120 kg ha-1 Phonska), U2 = with the addition of 100% dose of cattle manure and U3 = with the addition of 50% dose of cattle manure (6 t ha-1) plus 50% dose of inorganic fertilizer (maize = urea 150 kg ha-1 and Phonska 100 kg ha-1, soybean= 30 kg ha-1 Urea and 60 kg ha-1 Phonska). The results showed that AMF inoculation treatment and application of 50% inorganic fertilizer plus 50% organic fertilizer gave the highest yield with maize grain weight of 4.3 tons ha-1 and soybean grain weight of 0.5 tons ha-1.

Performance of Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Influenced by Integrated Effect of Vermicompost and Inorganic Fertilizer Rates in Ethiopia

Finger millet is extensively cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and is known to save the lives of small income farmers from starvation at times of extreme drought. Therefore, this field experiment was carried out to study the integrated effect of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer blended NPSB with urea on yield and yield components of finger millet. Treatments of the experiment consisted of four levels of vermicompost (25, 50, 75, and 100%) and three levels of recommended NPSB and urea (25, 50 and 75%) rates, control, recommended vermicompost alone (4.64 t ha-1), and inorganic fertilizer alone (100 kg NPSB ha-1 and 90 kg urea ha-1). Experiment was arranged in the field in Randomized Complete Block Design in fifteen treatments replicating thrice. The maximum (10730.4 kg ha-1) dry biomass weight and straw yield (88235 kg ha-1) was obtained with the application of 100: 25% vermicompost and recommended NPSB with urea. Utmost harvest index (33.8 7%) and grain yield (2202 kg ha-1) of finger millet were obtained with the application of 25:50% vermicompost and blended NPSB with urea. The highest net benefit of ETB 56475.9 ha-1 with a marginal rate of return of 93.63% was recorded from application of 25:50% vermicompost (1.16 tons ha-1) and blended NPSB with urea, (50 kg NPSB ha-1 and 45 kg urea ha-1), fertilizer. Hence, it is recommended to apply 25:50% vermicompost (1.16 tons ha-1), and blended NPSB with urea, (50 kg NPSB ha-1 and 45 kg urea ha-1), fertilizer to increase finger millet productition in the study area.

Integrated Effect of Vermicompost and Inorganic Fertilizer Rates on Yield and Yield Components of Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] in Gobu-Sayo District

Finger millet is an important food and beverage crop in the highlands and mid lands of Ethiopia, however marginal cultivation and suboptimal fertilizer application have caused soil nutrient depletion and yield decline of the crop. With this in view, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the integrated effect of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer blended NPSB with urea on yield and yield components of finger millet. The treatments consisted of combination of four levels of vermicompost (25, 50, 75, and 100%) and three levels of recommended NPSB and urea (25, 50 and 75%) rates; control (non-treated), recommended vermicompost alone (4.64 t ha-1), and inorganic fertilizer alone (100kg NPSB ha-1 and 90kg urea ha-1). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design in fifteen treatments with three replications. Significantly (P<0.05) higher value in number of days to 50% flowering (99.6 days) and days to 90% to maturity (149.33 days) of finger millet were obtained with the application of 50:75% vermicompost and recommended NPSB with urea, the longest (70 cm) plant height was obtained with the application of inorganic fertilizer alone. Moreover, the highest number of tillers per plant (6.4) and productive tillers per head (3.96) was obtained with the application of 100:75% vermicompost and recommended NPSB with urea, while the maximum (10730.4kg ha-1) dry biomass weight and straw yield (88235kg ha-1) was obtained with the application of 100 : 25% vermicompost and recommended NPSB with urea. The highest net benefit ETB 56475.9 ha-1 with a marginal rate of return of 93.63% was recorded from application of 25:50% vermicompost (1.16 tons ha-1) and blended NPSB with urea, (50kg NPSB ha-1 and 45kg urea ha-1), fertilizer. Therefore, farmers in the study area are advised to use 25:50% vermicompost (1.16 tons ha-1), and blended NPSB with urea, (50kg NPSB ha-1 and 45kg urea ha-1), fertilizer to increase finger millet productivity. However, the experiment has to be repeated across locations and seasons to provide a reliable recommendation for sustainable finger millet production for similar agroecology.

Effect of substitution urea fertilizer with cow manure fertilizer on the productivity of Asystasia gangetica (L.) Subsp. Micrantha

Research that aimed to examine the effect of substitution urea fertilizer with cow manure fertilizer on the productivity of Asystasia gangetica (L.) subsp. Micrantha, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 10 replications. The substitution treatment of urea fertilizer with cow manure i.e: D0: 0 tons ha-1; D1: 20 tons ha-1; D2: 200 kg urea ha-1; D3: 200 kg urea ha-1 + 5 tons ha-1; D4: 150 kg urea ha-1 + 10 tons ha-1; D5: 100 kg urea ha-1 + 15 tons ha-1; and D6: 50 kg urea ha-1 + 20 tons ha-1. The observed variables were: growth variables, yield and characteristics. The results of the study saw that the substitution of urea fertilizer + cow manure increased the productivity of Asystasia gangetica (L.) subsp. Micrantha. It was concluded that the best treatment to increase the productivity of Asystasia gangetica (L.) subsp. Micrantha at the substitution of 50 kg urea ha-1 + 20 tons ha-1.

Effects of Blended NPSB Fertilizer Rates on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties on Jimma Arjo District, Western Ethiopia

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia, however the yield of the crop is low mainly due to low soil fertility management, lack of using balanced fertilizer and lack of using improved wheat varieties. The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of varieties, fertilizer rate and their interaction on yield and yield components and to determine the economic feasibility of application of fertilizer for optimum yield of bread wheat varieties. The experiment was conducted in Jimma Arjo district with four levels of NPSB fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1) and 64/20 NP and three bread wheat varieties (Ogolcho, Huluka and Hidase) combined factorially and laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The soils of the experimental area exhibited high sand (36%) but relatively low clay fractions (30%). Before sowing, the soils of the experimental site showed mean soil pH (H2O) value of 5.52, organic carbon content of 2.21%, total N (0.19%) available P (10.02%), organic matter content (3.80%), and available boron of 0.99 ppm.. The main effect of varieties and NPSB fertilizer application were significant for all parameters of bread wheat varieties except harvest index and only seed per spike and thousand seed weight were significant for interaction. The highest mean grain yield of 5801 kg ha-1 was obtained for Huluka bread wheat variety with applications of 150 kg NPSB ha-1 and 200 kg urea ha-1 fertilizers. The lowest 1599 kg ha-1grain yield was recorded from Hidase with no fertilizer. The highest net benefit ETB 154288 ha-1 with marginal rate of return of 3210% and value to cost ratio of ETB 66.19 per unit of investment for bread wheat production was obtained from application of 150 kg NPSB ha-1 and 200 kg Urea ha-1. In conclusion, application of 150 kg ha-1 NPSB enhanced bread wheat yield and, therefore, recommended for bread wheat production.

Teff growth and yield response to blended fertilizer type and rate in Debub Ari and Bena Tsemay Districts, Southwestern Ethiopia

Depleting of soil fertility, soil organic matter, macro-and micro-nutrients and crop nutrient imbalances are among the primary biophysical limitations that reduce the production of teff. The experiment was conducted to evaluate teff response to blended fertilizer types and rates in Debub Ari and Bena Tsemay districts. Control, Recommended NP, 3 dosages of NPS and NPSB blended fertilizer rates each were used that is laid out in RCBD following three replication. The full dose of blended and P fertilizers was applied at planting and urea was applied in two splits. The result was revealed that application of 200 kg ha-1 NPSB + 127 kg ha-1 Urea resulted in the highest grain yield of 2299.5 kg ha-1 in Debub Ari and 200 kg ha-1 NPS + 117 kg ha-1 Urea gives 1809.2 kg ha-1 in Bena Tsemay, while the lowest grain yield was recorded from the nil in both districts. However, the highest economic return was obtained in response to the application of 64 kg ha-1 N + 20 kg ha-1 P in both districts. Application of 64 kg ha-1 N + 20 kg ha-1 P gives 57.24% and 14.42% yield increment in Debub Ari and Bena Tsemay, respectively; also 54.47% and 7.57% increment in economic return in Debub Ari and Bena Tsemay in the same order over the control. Application of 64 kg ha-1 N + 20 kg ha-1 P was recommended for the production of teff on the study area and similar agro-ecologies, as it was optimum for improving teff production. Further investigation should be done on plant nutrient uptake and using efficiency and grain quality. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(1): 145-154, June 2022

Aplikasi Pupuk Hayati Bakteri Endofitik Penambat N2 dan Pupuk N untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung (zea mays l.) Pada Ultisols Kentrong

Corn cultivation on Ultisols is limited due to low nitrogen content of the soil. Efforts to increase the N content in the soil include the use of biofertilizers by symbiotic nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria. This study assesed various combination of nitrogen fertilizer doses and N2-fixing endophytic biofertilizer to increase the growth of maize in Ultisols Kentrong. The experiment was conducted at the Ciparanje Experimental Greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor. A randomized block design was used which consisted of 16 treatments with 3 replications, with a combination of doses of urea fertilizer and endophytic biofertilizer applied to seeds or planting holes. The experimental results showed that the combination of urea fertilizer and biofertilizer doses had a significant effect on the population of endophytic bacteria in the roots and leaves of corn plants, plant wet weight, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, plant nitrogen uptake and content of plants but was not significantly affected on the number of corn leaves. Combination of 80 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer and 3.6 kg ha-1 of biofertilizer was the best combination which increased the dry weight of the corn plant and reduced the dose of urea fertilizer

Response of Growth and Productivity of Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) to Nano -N and Urea Fertilizer

Field experiment ware carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Basrah University College of Agriculture, north of Basra governorate during the winter seasons of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 to study the growth and yield of three cultivars of wheat (IPA99, BANGIL and JAAD) urea- nitrogen applied at four rate (0,60,120 and 180)kg ha-1 as comported Nano-N applied at three rate (0, 15 and 30) L ha-1. The experiment was designed as factorial randomized complete design (R.C.B.D)with three replicates. A flag leaf area, number spikes in m2, number grian per spike and grain yield parameters were recorded. The results of the study showed no significant difference in all studied growth parameters, yield components and yield Between sources of nitrogen fertilizer (urea and nano), however the cultivars were differed significantly in the studied parameters, as growth parameter of flag leaf area, number of spikes in m2, number of grains per spike and grain yield of JAAD cultivar were higher than those of other cultivar IPA99 AND BANGIL for both growing seasons. Increasing the level of nitrogen rate for both urea and nano sources an increased all studied parameters for both seasons. Application of 180 kg N ha-1 and 30 L ha-1 resulted the highest average of flag leaf area, number of spikes in m2, number of grains per spike, and weight of 1000 grain and grain yield for study seasons. The interaction treatment between JAAD cultivar and the 180 kg N ha-1 level of urea fertilizer and the 30 liter ha-1 of nano- source resulted highest flag leaf area, number of spikes, number of grains per spike and grain yield. However the interaction treatment between Ibaa99 cultivar and the level of 180 kg N ha-1 urea and 30 L ha-1 nano, showed the highest weight of 1000 grain. lowest of flag leaf area, number of spikes in m2, number of grains per spike and grain yield, were recorded at the interaction between BANGIL cultivar and the control treatment for both urea and nano fertilizer sources for both seasons.

Effect of Humic Acid on Nutrient Availability and Yield of Upland Rice Inoculated with Biofertilizers in the Coastal Area

This study aims to determine the effect of humic acid on nutrient availability and upland rice production in coastal land. The research was carried out in June - November 2020 in the Beringin Raya Village, Muara Bangkahulu District, Bengkulu City. This study used a completely randomized block design with 2 factors. The first factor was the local Bengkulu upland rice variety, namely the Red upland rice variety and the White upland rice variety, while the second factor was the type of fertilizer, namely control (basic fertilizer only), humic acid, and fertilizer recommended for upland rice from BPTP (200 kg Urea ha-1, 100 kg SP36 ha-1, 100 kg KCl ha-1). The results showed that the administration of humic acid in both the White and Red varieties resulted in the best KCl pH. And if you look at the yield per plot, the upland rice of the Red variety is better when given humic acid, which has an increase of 7.4% g/plot, while the White variety has better results when given the recommended inorganic fertilizer, which is an increase of 12% g/plot. The Red variety had a higher soil pH, but had a number of pithy grains per panicle, and a lower grain content percentage than the White variety. The application of humic acid resulted in better KCl, CEC, and N-total pH, but had plant height, number of pithy grains per panicle, and yields per plot that were almost the same as recommended inorganic fertilizers.

Assessing the influence of integrated nutrient management on growth performance of aromatic fine rice

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during July 2017 to December 2017 to study the combined effect of vermicompost with inorganic fertilizers on the growth attributes of aromatic fine rice varieties. The experiment comprised three varieties viz. BRRI dhan34, Binadhan-13 and Kalizira, and five nutrient managements viz. Control (no application of manures and fertilizer), Recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers ( i.e. 150, 95, 70, 60, 12 kg ha-1 of Urea, TSP, MOP, Gypsum and Zinc Sulphate, respectively), vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1, 25% less than recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + vermicompost @ 1.5 t ha-1, 50 % less than recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth characters of aromatic fine rice were significantly influenced by variety, nutrient management and interaction of variety and nutrient management. In case of variety, the highest number of total tillers hill-1 leaf area index, total dry matter production and chlrophyll content were obtained from Binadhan-13 at all sampling dates. While, Kalizira produced the lowest number of total tillers hill-1, total dry matter, leaf area index and chlorophyll content except plant height at all sampling dates. In case of nutrient management, the tallest plant, the highest number of total tillers hill-1, total dry matter production, leaf area index and chlrophyll content were obtained from 50 % less than recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 at all sampling dates. But the shortest plant, the lowest number of total tillers hill-1, leaf area index, total dry matter production, crop growth rate and chlorophyll content were found in control (no manures and fertilizers) at all sampling dates. In case of interaction of variety and nutrient management, the highest number of total tillers hill-1, leaf area index, total dry matter production and chlorophyll content were found in Binadhan-13 along with 50 % less than recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 at all sampling dates. So, it can be concluded that Binadhan-13 along with 50% less than the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers + vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 combination might be a promising practice for aromatic fine rice cultivation.

The Pengembangan Aplikasi Mikroorganisme Lokal (MOL) pada Produksi Padi (Oryza sativa L.) di Kecamatan Jiwan, Madiun

Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers has led to land degradation. There need efforts to increase land fertility to increase rice production. One way that can be done is utilizing local microorganisms (MOL) to improve the soil quality. Therefore, productivity can be increased. Community development activities were aimed to socialize the use of MOL in increasing rice production. Community development activities were carried out on January 20-April 20, 2020, at the Dadi Rukun farmer group association (Gapoktan), Sukolilo Village, Jiwan District, Madiun, East Java. The method used is to make a demonstration plot (demplot) of rice production using MOL in the residents' rice fields about 3000 m2. The demplot was given with three kinds of treatment, they were organic fertilizer 200 kg ha-1 with MOL application, 50% an-organic fertilizer (75 kg ha-1 NPK dan 75 kg ha-1 urea) with MOL application, and 100% an-organic fertilizer (150 kg ha-1 NPK dan 150 kg ha-1 urea) without MOL application. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Apart from using the demplot, socialization activities were also carried out by holding meetings between farmers and field extension workers, practitioners from academia and students who carry out fieldwork practices (PKL) in the village. Feedback in the form of farmer responses is given before and after the end of the activity as evaluation material for the success of the program. The experimental results showed that there was no significant difference in the rice production variables in the three treatments. MOL can be used as an alternative to liquid organic fertilizer to support rice production. Community empowerment activities carried out greatly affect changes in knowledge, perspectives, and skills of farmers in making and utilizing MOL to support rice production so that assistance efforts must continue to be improved.