Urea Creatinine Research Articles

096. The Effectiveness of Cardamom Seed Extract (Amomum compactum) Against Urea Creatinine and Histopathology Obese Rat Kidney

Background: There are several factors that can cause kidney damage, one of which is obesity. Obesity itself can cause complex metabolic disorders that can affect kidney physiology. The biological activity of flavonoid components in A. compactum showed that cardamom extract had high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Cardamom Seed Extract (Amomum Compactum) on urea creatinine and histopathology obese rat kidney. Methods: This study was a true experimental with post tests only of control group design and was conducted from July to August 2022 at Pusat Study Pangan dan Gizi (PSPG), Gadjah Mada University. A total of 30 Wistar rats were used in this study and which randomly divided into normal control, negative control, 45 mg dose cardamom, 90 mg dose cardamom, 180 mg dose cardamom groups. Obesity was obtained by high fat and high carbo diet. At the end of the study, the rats will be terminated and urea, creatinine was examined, renal histopathology changes were observed using hematoxylin and eosin strain. Results: There was differences in urea levels between groups K and P1, P2, P3; P1 and P2, P1 and P3, and P2 and P3 (p<0.005). There was differences in creatinine levels between groups K and P1, P2, P3; P1 and P2, and P1 and P3 (p<0.005). There was a significant difference in renal histology between groups normal control, negative control, and P1 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Cardamom seed extract is effective in reducing urea creatinine levels and improving histopathology obese rat kidney.

A Investigation of Kidney Function in the Hypo-Thyroidism Individuals at the Tertiary Healthcare Centre

The most prevalent endocrine illnesses worldwide are thyroid disorders. India is also no different. There are thought to be 42 million thyroid ailment sufferers in India, based on projections from numerous research on the condition. to investigate Kidney function in hypo-thyroid individuals at a tertiary medical facility. This cross-sectional investigation was conducted over a one-year period in 100 hypo-thyroid individuals at a Medical College and Hospital in Central India after receiving approval from the institutional ethical committee. The investigation includes similar euthyroid participants in addition to the diagnosed hypo-thyroidism individuals who provided consent. Both groups underwent the kidney function test, which included indicators such as creatinine clearance, creatinine urea, and uric acid, among others. Unpaired t-test statistics were computed using SPSS version 22 software. 49 -16%, 50-59 12%, and >60 10%. Women individuals made up 66% of the total population, with male individuals making up 24%. The Creatinine Clearance was considerably poorer in the hypo-thyroidism individuals compared to controls, measuring 102.08±9.98, 80.74±10.56 (P 0.001), Creatinine -0.82±0.102, 0.726±0.0456 (P 0.001), Urea -28.18±3.18, 21.82±3.01 (P 0.001), and Uric acid - 5.082±0.7614, 3.124±0.158 (P 0.001). According to the results of our investigation, the majority of hypo-thyroid individuals were women and in the age range of 30-39. They also demonstrated significantly abnormal kidney function tests, such as lower creatinine clearance and higher creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels in comparison to euthyroid individuals.

Analisis Pemeriksaan MRI Pelvis Pada Kasus Kanker Serviks Di Instalasi Radiologi RSUP Persahabatan

The aim of this research is to find out the procedures for Pelvic MRI examinations in Cervical Cancer Cases at the Radiology Installation at Persahabatan Hospital, to find out the reasons for using T1W SPIR and to find out the reasons for using T2W SPAIR in Pelvic MRI examinations in cervical cancer cases. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative methods with a case study approach. Data collection methods are carried out through observation, interviews and documentation. Then data analysis was carried out using open coding charts and categorization tables, so that conclusions could be drawn. The results of this study indicate that the Pelvic MRI examination procedure in cases of cervical cancer at Persahabatan Hospital using contrast media requires special preparation, namely the patient fasting from eating fibrous foods 1 day before the examination, taking laxatives 12 hours before the examination, and checking urea creatinine. The patient is injected with 20 cc of ultrasonic gel in the rectum and vagina which functions as a marker. The purpose of using the T1W SPIR sequence is to compare enhancement before and after administration of contrast media. The use of T2W SPAIR in pelvic MRI examinations to assess pathological fluid by suppressing fat signals.

Evaluating the hepatotoxic versus the nephrotoxic role of iron oxide nanoparticles: One step forward into the dose-dependent oxidative effects

The present study has been designed to detect the dose-dependent effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on the liver and kidney of rats by evaluating three different doses 30, 300, 1000 mg/kg/day IONPs for 28 days. Forty rats were divided into four groups; I (control), II (low dose), III (medium dose) and IV (high dose).There also was a statistically-significant elevation in the serum levels of hepatic enzymes; AST and ALT in medium & high dose. The elevation of serum ALP, on the other hand, was significant in all IONPs doses.There was significant elevation in the levels of urea creatinine, and MDA in the medium and high doses of IONPs. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) showed significant decrease in the high dose only compared to the control group.The serum iron levels increased in a dose-dependent manner in the IONPs-treated groups with highly significant increase in the moderate and high dose groups.On comparing the effect of different doses of IONPs between the liver and kidney, the high dose revealed statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the area percent of collagen deposition (54.4 ± 3.9 versus 6.1 ± 2.6) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) reaction (7.7 ± 1.5 versus 17.8 ± 4.3) in the liver relative to the kidney. The medium and high doses revealed statistically significant difference in optical density of Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction (45 ± 3.4 versus 50.3 ± 1.8 in the medium dose, and 38.9 ± 6 versus 63 ± 3 in the high dose) and area percent of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) reaction (12.98 ± 2.7 versus 3.5 ± 0.5 in the medium dose, and 27.91 ± 1.5 versus 7.7 ± 0.6 in the high dose) in the liver relative to the kidney.

The Relationship between Lifestyle and Ureum Creatinine Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients at Kudungga Hospital, East Kutai

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between lifestyle and urea creatinine levels in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients at Kudungga Regional Hospital, East Kutai. The design of this research was cross sectional with a retrospective approach. The population is 43 patients with chronic kidney failure at Kudungga Regional Hospital from January to March 2023. The sampling technique used total sampling, so the sample totaled 43 patients. Data analysis used the independent sample t test. The characteristics of the respondents were mostly aged between 46-55 years (27.9%), female gender (55.8%), completed high school education (37.2%) and occupation as a housewife (51.2%). The lifestyle of chronic kidney disease patients is unhealthy (58.1%), abnormal urea levels (74.4%) and abnormal creatinine levels (74.4%). There is a relationship between lifestyle and urea levels (p value 0.000) and there is a relationship between lifestyle and creatinine levels (p value 0.002).

PERBEDAAN EFEKTIVITAS HEMODIALISA METHODE HD REGULER DENGAN METODE CAPD YANG DILAKUKAN PADA PASIEN GGK DI UNIT HEMODIALISA RSUD Dr. PIRNGADI KOTA MEDAN

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) or chronic kidney failure (CKD) is a condition when kidney function decreases gradually due to kidney damage. Medically, chronic kidney failure is defined as a decrease in the filtering rate of the kidneys for 3 months or more. The kidneys function to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood before being excreted through urine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120-150 liters of blood, and produce about 1-2 liters of urine. Within each kidney, there is a filtering unit or nephron which consists of the glomerulus and tubules. The glomerulus filters fluid and waste for excretion, and prevents the exit of blood cells and large molecules of protein. Formulation of the problem: In this study, what is the difference between the effectiveness of the Hemodialysis Regular Hemodialysis Method and the CAPD Method in CRF Patients in the Hemodialysis Unit of RSUD Dr. Pirngadi, Medan City. Research Objectives: to determine the effectiveness of Hemodialysis between the HD Regular method and the CAPD method in reducing urea and creatinine levels in CRF patients at the Hemodialysis Unit of RSUD Dr. Pirngadi City of Medan in 2020. This type of research is analytic, namely to find out the difference in the effectiveness of the Hemodialysis Regular HD Method and the CAPD Method in CKD Patients in the Hemodialysis Unit of RSUD Dr. Pirngadi, Medan City. The design used in this study is cross-sectional, that is, different populations are observed at the same time for all the same variables in order to save time and money, with a total sample of 60 people. The results of this study describe the effectiveness of reducing urea creatinine levels before and after HD Regular as well as reducing urea creatinine levels before and after HD CAPD. Conclusion : The HD CAPD method is more effective than the HD Regular method in reducing urea creatinine in patients with chronic kidney failure (CKD). HD CAPD is more effective when viewed from a decrease in urea creatinine levels where HD regular before regular HD obtained p value = 0.069 and before HD CAPD p value = 0.000. It is recommended: for patients with Chronic Renal Failure to know HD CAPD and excess CAPD is more effective in reducing urea and creatinine levels.

Correlation of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocytes Ratio with Serum Urea and Creatinine Levels in Leptospirosis Patients

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that is still a problem in Indonesia. The kidneys are often the target organs in leptospirosis. The outer membrane of Leptospira Sp contains antigenic components and toxins that stimulate the inflammatory process in the kidneys. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is used as a marker of the inflammatory process, while urea creatinine is a sign of kidney damage. Objective: To prove the correlation between NLR and serum urea and creatinine levels in leptospirosis patients. Methods: This study was carried out retrospectively on the medical records of patients with confirmed leptospirosis by Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) at Dr. Kariadi Semarang between January 2020 and July 2022. NLR examination was obtained by dividing the number of neutrophils by the number of lymphocytes in the leukocyte count, urea, and creatinine levels from the patient's medical record. Statistical analysis using the Spearman correlation test, with a significance level of p &lt;0.05. Results: From 33 samples, the median NLR was 10.75 (2.19-47,5), the median urea level was 131.0 mg/dL (15–467 mg/dL) creatinine 2.0 mg/dL (0.7-11.9 mg/dL). The correlation between NLR with urea (p=0.001 and r=0.561) and creatinine (p=0.003 and r=0.501). Increased NLR, urea, and creatinine were found in leptospirosis patients. Conclusion: There is a moderate positive correlation between NLR and urea and creatinine. An increase in NLR is a sign of an inflammatory process from leptospirosis. An increase in NLR correlates with an increase in urea and creatinine

Gene expression of ACE2 gene in patients infected with COVID-19 and comparing them with vaccine recipients

COVID-19 virus caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-Cov-2) poses a great threat to human life and public health as it enters the body through ACE2 receptors in lung and spreads through respiratory droplets and close contact. The present study aimed to investigate the role of ACE2 and some biomarkers of COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients. In total , 80 samples divided into 4 groups (healthy, Patient , healthy vaccinated, Patient vaccinated) were studied, with 10 males and 10 females for each group. RNA was extracted from blood and ACE2 gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR , as well as some biomarkers were measured, including CRP, D.dimer, LDH, Ferritin, Urea, and Creatinine, for all study groups. The results also showed that there were significant differences at the level (P ≤ 0.05) of some biochemical variables in males and females in the healthy group, and in the group of patients, and the group of patients receiving the vaccine, the values of vital signs increased to predict the severity of infection, as for kidney functions, which included (Urea, Creatinine). The results showed a high significant difference of Urea level in females compared to males in the healthy and patients groups at the level (P ≤ 0.05), and the results of Creatinine showed a significant difference for males in the patients group at the level (P ≤ 0.05) compared to females. Significant differences for females at the level (P ≤ 0.05) compared to males in the group of those who received the vaccine, the virus caused kidney impairment in severe cases due to its binding to ACE2 found in kidney tubes, causing tissue and kidney damage in general due to the high level of both creatinine urea, and there is a high positive significant relationship between the angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE2 and some biomarkers in cases of Covid-19 and between the biomarkers each other.

Clinical Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Covid-19 Patients

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the infectious diseases that exist in Indonesia. Not only infects the lungs, but this virus can also infect other organs such as the kidneys. In addition, the process of viral infection causes cell hypermetabolism, which can increase the workload of the kidneys in excreting metabolic waste. In the end, the damage caused by the virus can cause Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). It is necessary to know the prevalence and characteristics of this event. Purposes: This study aims to provide an overview of AKI's prevalence and clinical features in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This was a descriptive study that used patient medical records for the period April-September 2021. The univariate analysis data showed a characteristic frequency distribution of age, gender, comorbidity, hospitalization duration, and urea creatinine rate. Results: The incoming samples based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were 44 samples. In COVID-19 patients, complications of AKI were found in adults, as much as 68.2% of both men and women had a percentage of 50%, the most common comorbid was hypertension 30.8% with a hospitalization duration of 1-10 days 43.2% and an average increase in urea 79.68 mg/dL and creatinine average 2,859 mg/dL. Conclusion: Based on patient characteristics, the results showed that more COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury complications occurred in adult patients, with no difference in prevalence between males and females, with comorbid hypertension and length of hospitalization less than ten days.

Biochemical and breakpoint cluster region-c-ABL oncogene 1 polymorphism study among Iraqi patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been well recognized as an exemplary instance of a malignant disease characterized by a distinctive molecular occurrence, namely the presence of the breakpoint cluster region (BCR)-c-ABL oncogene 1 (ABL1) oncogene. The Philadelphia chromosome gives rise to an anomalous fusion gene characterized by atypical kinase activity, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and genetic instability that holds significance in the advancement of diseases. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the detection rate of BCR-ABL1 polymorphism and BCR protein level in a group of Iraqi patients with CML. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study has been carried out on 150 specimens, 120 patients subjected to CML included 20 patients diagnosed as newly diagnosis CML and 100 patients treated with CML. In addition to 30 apparently healthy persons as a control group (normal persons) from the National Center of Hematology/Mustansiryiah University/Baghdad, 65 out of 100 patients on imatinib while 35 nonimatinib (nilotinib and bosutinib). Fresh whole blood and serum were obtained from all patients and controls. We used total DNA genomic extraction extracted from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood for genetic detection of Bcr/Abl Genes Polymorphism by sequencing technique in patients with CML and apparently control groups and used serum for biochemical tests include urea, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and creatinine using biochemicals methods (colorimetric and kinetic), respectively, as well as detection BCR protein level using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays technique. RESULTS: According to age and sex, the patients’ groups were matching with the control group. Regarding the biochemical parameters (urea creatinine, ALT, AST, and LDH) serum level, there are no significant differences among new diagnosis CML, patients respond to treatments and failure group except in serum level of creatinine between new diagnosis CML group and failure group, there are significant differences (P = 0.01). The present results showed that DNA polymorphism distribution was according to C\C; G\C; A\T; and A\A were 32%, 26%, 18%, and 24%, respectively, in patients with CML and 28%; 20%;12%; and 40%, respectively, in the control group. There are significant statistical differences (P &lt; 0.05) between different groups according to the genotyping of BCR\ABL, the results obtained from the sequenced 429 bp fragments, and the detailed positions of the observed variations are described in the NCBI reference sequences (rs766724113). The samples were submitted in NCBI, and the accession number of nucleotide sequences of BCR\ABL as new recording: LC 775148, LC 775149, and LC 775150, while regarding with BCR protein, there are significant differences in level between new diagnosis CML and CML on treatment and control groups, P &lt; 0.001 for each comparison while there are no significant differences between treated group and control group (P = 0.729). CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that BCR-ABL1 polymorphism and BCR protein level in a group of Iraqi patients with CML may play a role in the tumor biology of the examined subset of CML and may contributed to their development.

Evaluation of Levels of Urea and Creatinine, Comorbidity and Socioeconomic Status in Diabetic Patients

Nephropathy occurs in 10±40% of patients who have Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus [1±3]. The development of diabetic nephropathy cannot be explained by poor glycaemic control alone. Objectives: To determine the frequency, association of diabetes with gender, correlation of diabetes duration with urea and creatinine, co morbidity, socioeconomic status renal disease in diabetic patients. Methods: The study was carried out in Mayo Hospital. A total of 100 patients were included in this study from 1st November 2019 to 31st January 2020. Blood samples were collected from diabetic people for chemical analysis to determine the protein and Urea Creatinine Ratio (UCR). RFTs was done to calculate the urea/creatinine values and their ratios. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS software version 13. Results: The ratio of male and female diabetic patients was 60:40. Mean age of male diabetic patients was 53.67 years and of female diabetic patients was 50.42 years. Frequency of renal diseases in diabetic patients was 55%. A significant p-value was obtained from the correlation of duration of diabetes (yrs) with urea and creatinine (mg%). Frequency of co-morbidity in all diabetic patients was measured and the highest frequency was of heart diseases. Conclusions: We conclude that diabetes is the single main and leading cause of renal diseases. It is clear that diabetic kidney disease is becoming a problem in Pakistan. As long as the duration of diabetes increases there will be more chances of renal disease so the proper diagnose at time and management is very necessary.

Estimation of cystatin C and inflammation marker levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with microalbuminuria

Serum cystatin C (CstC) is a type of protein produced by cells at the normal level; when the kidney is in normal condition or function, it inhibits the interstitial cysteine protease. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the levels of CstC and inflammation markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with early diagnosed microalbuminuria (MBA) and find if there is a relationship between CstC and different parameters. Fifty T2DM patients with a mean age of 44.41 ± 6.51 years in the Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital were recruited according to the presence of MBA, and they were compared with 40 nondiabetic individuals with a mean age of 42.22 ± 5.33 years as control. Serum CstC, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean values of serum CstC, IL-6, and TNF-α in the diabetic patients with MBA were all significantly increased compared to those of the nondiabetic individuals (P &lt; 0.001). In T2DM patients with MBA, there were positive correlations between serum CstC levels and serum creatinine, creatinine urea, and cystatin-c/creatinine ratio. Similarly, there was a strong positive correlation between serum CstC and serum of the inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α. However, there was a negative association between CstC and the estimated glomerular filtration rate-Larson equation. The results of the current study suggest that serum CstC, IL-6, and TNF-α may potentially serve as biomarkers for the early detection of MAB in patients with T2DM.

Effects of Xylopia Aethiopica Leaf Extract on The Renal Function, Liver Enzymes and Antioxidants Status of Albino Rats

Aim: To determine effects of Xylopia aethiopica leaf extract on urea, creatinine, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Vitamin C and Vitamin E levels of albino rats. Material and Methods: Thirty-five albino rats were randomly divided into five groups with seven rats in each group (n=7); Control (C) received normal feed only. Group 1: was administered with Xylopia aethiopica leaf extract 100 mg/kg, Group 2: Xylopia aethiopica extract 150 mg/kg, Group3: Xylopia aethiopica leaf extract 200 mg/kg. Group 4: received Xylopia aethiopica leaf extract 250 mg/kg. This lasted for 28 days. Results: Group 3 and 4 showed significantly decreased urea (18.88±0.23mg/dl, 18.04± 0.56mg/dl,) creatinine (0.55±0.03mg/dl, 0.49±0.03mg/dl) AST (18.19±0.33iu/l, 18.05±0.32iu/l) and ALT (13.72±0.23iu/l, 13.58± 0.66iu/l) when compared with the control (urea 21.4±1.36mg/dl, Creatinine 0.73±0.06iu/l, AST 18.61±0.33, ALT 14.14±0.28) respectively at p &lt; 0.05. While Group 3 and 4 showed significantly increased vit C and E levels when compared with the control at p &lt; 0.05. Conclusion: Xylopia aethiopica leaf extract has an antioxidant effect as well heptoprotective and renal protective effect.

Polyphenol-rich Spondias mombin leaf extract abates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced disturbed glutamate-ammonia metabolism and multiorgan toxicity in rats

ABSTRACT Introduction: This study investigated the protective properties of Spondias mombin leaf extract (SML), in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) mediated toxicity in the brain, liver, and kidney of male Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Animals were subjected to 30 min of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion (BCCAO/R). The animals were divided into sham, I/R, and I/R treated with SML (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) or quercetin (20 mg/kg) groups. Animals were sacrificed after 24 h of reperfusion and markers of organ toxicity (urea creatinine, glutamine synthetase (GS), glutaminase (GA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE)) were measured in the brain regions (cortex, striatum, and hippocampus), liver, and kidney. Results and discussion: BCCAO/R significantly (p < 0.0001) inhibited the glutamate-glutamine cycle and mediated toxicity in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, liver, and kidney of rats. Post-treatment with SML significantly (p < 0.0001) reversed glutamate-glutamine cycle inhibition and ameliorated cerebrohepatorenal toxicity in ischemic rats. Conclusion: Cerebral I/R significantly mediated cerebral, hepatic, and renal toxicity through the inhibition of glutamate-ammonia detoxification in rats, and SML protected against this post-ischemic glutamate-ammonia mediated multiorgan toxicity.

Toxicological Outcome of Combined Exposure to Potassium Dichromate and Levonorgestrel in the Kidney of Female Rats

Co-exposure to chromate (VI) compound and oral contraceptives is common in our environment especially among women working in chromate-related industries. Exposure to either chromate (VI) or oral contraceptives is linked with the etiology of several diseases including cancers and renal injury. However, there is paucity of information on the toxic effect of combined co-exposure to both compounds. The present study examines the toxicity of combined exposure to potassium dichromate (PDC) and an oral contraceptive, levonorgestrel in the kidney of female rats. Control animals were fed distilled water, while experimental rats were injected 12 mg/kg body weight of PDC once a week for six weeks and oral daily exposure to 15µg/kg body weight of levonorgestrel either alone or in combination. Absolute and relative kidney weight, renal function, oxidative stress and pathological lesion were assessed in plasma and kidney of control and experimental rats. The PDC and levonorgestrel significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased plasma urea creatinine and malondialdehyde levels in treated-rats, while renal superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activities were reduced by both compounds. Moreover, histopathological lesions including necrotizing nephritis was observed in the kidney of PDC-treated rats, while tubular epithelial degeneration and necrosis was observed in levonorgestrel-treated rats. Combined exposure to both compounds aggravated the increase in urea, creatinine and renal damage. Additionally, the antioxidant enzymes were further repressed in the co-treatment group. The study suggests that combined exposure to potassium dichromate and levonorgestrel worsened nephrotoxicity in rats by increasing oxidative stress.

Investigation of cypermethrin toxicity in Swiss albino mice with physiological, genetic and biochemical approaches

In this study, cypermethrin toxicity was investigated using physiological, biochemical and cytogenetic parameters, and more than one organ and cell type was preferred to determine these effects. In this multifaceted study, the genotoxicity mechanism of cypermethrin was elucidated by molecular docking. In addition, comet assay technique was applied to detect and quantify DNA damage at the cell level. For this aim, body and organ weights, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, mitotic index (MI), DNA fragmentation, frequency of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) were used as indicators of toxicity. Mice were divided into 4 groups. The control group was fed with tap water and the administration groups were orally exposed to 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/kg b.w cypermethrin for 28 days. Then, the mice were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected. Cypermethrin caused a decrease in body and organ weights, GSH levels and MI and an increase in AST, ALT, MDA, BUN, creatinine levels and the frequency of MN and CAs (break, ring, gap, acentric, etc.). Cypermethrin promoted MN formation in leukocyte, erythrocyte, buccal mucosa epithelial cells. CAs and MN formation promoted by cypermethrin have been associated with DNA-cypermethrin interactions. This interaction has been demonstrated by simulation with molecular docking method and experimentally by spectral measurements of DNA. As a result, all three doses of cypermethrin caused toxicity in different cell types. In other words, the effect of cypermethrin taken into the body was not limited to only one cell type or region. Therefore, cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that promotes multifaceted toxicity in non-target organisms.

A Relationship of Periostin with some Bio- parameters in Type2 Diabetic Patients without and with COVID19

Background: Type 2diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prolonged disease characterized by hyperglycemia resultant from weakening in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. T2DM and its associated metabolic disorders have been stated as the main cause in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Current study was designed to investigate the association of periostin with some parameters in T2DM patients without and with COVID19. Materials and methods: This study involved of 56 patients, 28 with T2DM without any complications, the other 28 have T2DM with COVID19 attending Al-Fallujah teaching hospital, and 28 healthy persons matching in age, gender and ethnic background as control group. Serum level of periostin was estimated by ELISA technique while urea and creatinine were assessed by colorimetric enzymatic methods. Total protein and albumin were determined by biuret method. Results: Serum level of periostin was elevated in the T2DM patients without and with COVID19 than in healthy controls (HCs). The levels of urea and creatinine were importantly higher in T2DM patients without and with COVID 19 than in HCs (P < 0.000l), while total protein and albumin were lower in T2DM patients without and with COVID 19 than in HCs (P < 0.000l). Periostin had significant positive association with fasting serum glucose (FSG), HbA1c, urea creatinine, BMI, and ALB/GLB (P Conclusion: Serum level of periostin may be used as a novel biomarker in diagnosis T2DM without and with COVID19.

Serum Interleukin-26 is a Potential Biomarker for the Differential Diagnosis of Neurosyphilis and Syphilis at Other Stages

BackgroundInterleukin-26 (IL-26) is an atypical proinflammatory cytokine due to its binding to circulating double-stranded DNA and direct antibacterial activity. Although IL-26 has been confirmed to be involved in the pathophysiology of cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases and infections, the diagnostic and prognostic values of IL-26 levels in syphilis patients are not clear. This study aimed to investigate IL-26 levels in different stages of syphilis progression.MethodsA total of 30 healthy controls and 166 patients with syphilis at different stages of disease progression were enrolled. Serum IL-26 levels were quantified in accordance with the protocols of RayBio® Human Interleukin-26 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Clinical laboratory diagnostic parameters and blood analysis data were detected and collected according to clinical medical laboratory standards.ResultsThe levels of serum IL-26 were significantly higher in neurosyphilis patients than in healthy subjects (6.87 (4.36, 12.14) and 1.67 (0.09, 4.89) pg/μL, respectively; ****p < 0.0001), latent syphilis (1.48 (0.40, 2.05) pg/μL, ****p < 0.0001), seroresistant syphilis (0.81 (0.20, 2.91) pg/μL, ****p < 0.0001) and secondary syphilis (1.66 (0.41, 4.25) pg/μL, ****p < 0.0001) with data presented as the median with interquartile range. The concentration of serum IL-26 was most sensitive to serum low-density lipoprotein concentration (r = −0.438, **p = 0.004) in latent syphilis, urine epithelial cells (r = 0.459, **p = 0.003) in seroresistant syphilis, and serum creatinine levels (r = 0.463, **p = 0.004) and urea creatinine ratio levels (r = 0.500, **p = 0.008) in secondary syphilis patients. There was no significant correlation with the concentration of IL-26 and toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST) titers in each type of syphilis patient.ConclusionCirculating IL-26 in serum displays diagnostic potential in the progression of neurosyphilis and warrants further evaluation in clinical trials.

Renal transcriptome profiles in mice reveal the need for sufficient water intake irrespective of the drinking water type

This study sought to characterize the impact of long-term dehydration in terms of physiological and biochemical parameters, as well as renal transcriptomes. Furthermore, we assessed whether consumption of specific types of water elicit more beneficial effects on these health parameters. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were either provided water for 15 min/day over 2 and 4 weeks (water restricted; RES), or ad libitum access to distilled (CON), tap, spring, or purified water. Results show that water restriction decreases urine output and hematocrit levels while increasing brain vasopressin mRNA levels in RES mice compared to control mice (CON). Meanwhile, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were higher in the RES group compared to the CON group. Kidney transcriptome analysis further identified kidney damage as the most significant biological process modulated by dehydration. Mechanistically, prolonged dehydration induces kidney damage by suppressing the NRF2-signaling pathway, which targets the cytoprotective defense system. However, type of drinking water does not appear to impact physiological or blood biochemical parameters, nor the renal transcriptome profile, suggesting that sufficient water consumption is critical, irrespective of the water type. Importantly, these findings also inform practical action for environmental sustainability by providing a theoretical basis for reducing bottled water consumption.

Correlation of Biochemical Abnormalities with the Severity of Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients

Background: Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has a global impact. The laboratory assessments in Covid-19 illness help in better understanding the disease pathophysiology useful in screening asymptomatic individuals to diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring the affected patients. The aim of the study:To observe the association between biochemical and inflammatory parameters among the hospitalised COVID-19 patients of different clinical severity. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study carried out with the approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. The study included patients over 18 years, hospitalised with COVID-19 infection, grouped into three severity groups, admitted to ward, high dependency unit or intensive care unit between May to September 2020. Data collection was carried out by manual perusal of inpatient case sheets, computerised patient data system and transcription database for discharge summaries. The biochemical and inflammatory markers like plasma glucose, renal function tests, serum electrolytes, liver function tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-Reactive protein (CRP), d-dimer, ferritin, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at the time of admission were collected. Data was expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and range. ANOVA test followed by post hoc (Tukey) test, Pearson correlation and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve analysis were performed. Results: Significant correlations were observed between the mild and moderate-severe illness groups with respect to fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin, ferritin and LDH. The AUC was the highest for LDH at 0.64 followed by blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio at 0.62. Conclusion: High levels of renal function parameters were potential predictors of acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19. Fasting plasma glucose, serum albumin, LDH, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and BUN-creatinine ratio are better indicators of the severity of the disease with multiorgan dysfunction.