Urban Terrain Research Articles

Autonomous navigation for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in urban environments

This paper presents an autonomous navigation system for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in urban environments. The navigation system comprises a long-term route planner and a short-term cooperative collision avoidance function. A 3D model of a real urban terrain is used to represent the environment within which the UAVs operate, and the system takes the motion constraints of the UAVs into account when performing planning. The navigation system enables multiple independent UAVs to travel from their departure points to their destinations while predicting and avoiding collisions with one another and with static terrain. Monte Carlo simulations on the system indicate a worst-case route planner replan rate of 11.65 %, route planner failure rate of 9.82×10-4 %, and collision resolution failure rate of 0.12 % for the collision avoidance function.

Fieldwork, A Trilogy

The Fieldwork Trilogy ran over 6 years and was intended to create a public discourse on the merits of creating public space or democratizing common areas within a high-density urban environment. The series of public interventions provoked discussion within a general public as to the purpose of public space and how to create it by ‘colonising’ pieces of the urban terrain. By using gardens (guerilla gardens) and claiming a space by the public, a place can be created within a built-up urban environment to be used by the community for leisure and other social activities. Fieldwork I was the beginning of a trilogy that used the public interaction to establish this ‘place’ or series of ‘places’. This was extended by incorporating the train line that ran along the Western edge of the site and became the genesis of Fieldwork II – The Colonies. The demand for public engagement with this version was greater and more radical and drew more passionate responses. A more ephemeral work, Fieldwork III – Las Colonias set up the dialogue but also highlighted a more nuanced and pre-existing culture of public space.

Effect of Aerodynamic Modification on ‘V’ plan Shaped Tall Building Under Wind Excitation

Advanced high-rise buildings with peculiar cross-sectional plan is the major challenging concern to all structural engineers as well as researchers due to variation in dynamic wind response. Irregular shaped tall buildings are vulnerable to wind force due to height and nonuniformity of the structure. In the present study, the principal objective is to investigate the significant role of the aerodynamic modification of the building model to reduce the aerodynamic effect of wind force on ‘V’ plan shaped high-rise building and to modify aerodynamic design criteria accordingly. Various cases have been made by considering different local modification like corner chamfered and corner rounded of ‘V’ plan shaped building model. The angle between the limbs is 90° which remain unchanged. The percentage is gradually increased from 5% to 20% of the total plan area with 5% regular increment for both chamfered and rounded corner. Wind incident angle is increased from 0° to 90° with 30° regular interval for each case. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the basis of method to perform the numerical simulation of ‘V’ plan shaped building with local modifications such as corner chamfered, corner rounded which is similar wind environment as in urban terrain. Grid convergence study is performed to improve the accuracy of result by adopting very finer meshing of Computational Domain. Pressure coefficient of each face, force coefficient, velocity variation, pressure variation on each face is obtained by numerical analysis. Further, a comparison has been made with basic ‘V’ plan shaped tall building model without any modification to study the effectiveness of aerodynamic modification on wind-induced response of ‘V’ plan shaped building exposed to different wind incidence angle and observations have been made on the suitability of aerodynamic modification based on the numerical result.

Examining the Planning Policies of Urban Villages Guided by China’s New-Type Urbanization: A Case Study of Hangzhou City

Planning policies have greatly influenced the development of urban villages, an informal phenomenon in which rural settlements are encircled by urban environments during China's rapid urbanization process. "The National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)" of China initiated in 2014 provides a new perspective on planning policy research on China' urban villages. Hangzhou, a pioneer city that adopts new-type urbanization in China and combines the characteristics of rapid urban growth, mountainous urban terrains, and a long cultural history, serves as a typical case study to compare the planning policies responding to the informality of urban villages guided by traditional and new-type urbanization. This study employed the content analysis method to analyze the evolution of Hangzhou's planning policies of urban villages since the reform and opening up and used one-way ANOVA to analyze the differences in rental levels among the urban villages developed under the planning policies of different urbanization stages, aiming to compare the influences of planning policies guided by traditional and new-type urbanization on urban village development. The results indicate that the policies allowing some degree of informality in the new-type urbanization stage achieve a higher rental level for urban villages than the policies of the traditional urbanization stages that restrict and prevent informality. The findings of this research suggest that informality may provide advantages that formality cannot replace and provides important policy implications for rapidly urbanizing countries.

Evaluation of Turbulence and Dispersion in Multiscale Atmospheric Simulations over Complex Urban Terrain during the Joint Urban 2003 Field Campaign

Abstract This paper evaluates the representation of turbulence and its effect on transport and dispersion within multiscale and microscale-only simulations in an urban environment. These simulations, run using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with the addition of an immersed boundary method, predict transport and mixing during a controlled tracer release from the Joint Urban 2003 field campaign in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. This work extends the results of a recent study through analysis of turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence spectra and their role in accurately simulating wind speed, direction, and tracer concentration. The significance and role of surface heat fluxes and use of the cell perturbation method in the numerical simulation setup are also examined. Our previous study detailed the model development necessary for our multiscale simulations, examined model skill at predicting wind speeds and tracer concentrations, and demonstrated that dynamic downscaling from mesoscale to microscale through a sequence of nested simulations can improve predictions of transport and dispersion relative to a microscale-only simulation forced by idealized meteorology. Here, predictions are compared with observations to assess qualitative agreement and statistical model skill at predicting wind speed, wind direction, tracer concentration, and turbulent kinetic energy at locations throughout the city. We also investigate the scale distribution of turbulence and the associated impact on model skill, particularly for predictions of transport and dispersion. Our results show that downscaled large-scale turbulence, which is unique to the multiscale simulations, significantly improves predictions of tracer concentrations in this complex urban environment. Significance Statement Simulations of atmospheric transport and mixing in urban environments have many applications, including pollution modeling for urban planning or informing emergency response following a hazardous release. These applications include phenomena with spatial scales spanning from millimeters to kilometers. Most simulations resolve flow only within the urban area of interest, omitting larger scales of turbulence and regional influences. This study examines a method that resolves both the small and large-scale flow features. We evaluate simulation accuracy by comparing predictions with observations from an experiment involving the release of a tracer gas in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, with emphasis on correctly modeling turbulent fluctuations. Our results demonstrate the importance of resolving large-scale flow features when predicting transport and dispersion in urban environments.

An urban DEM reconstruction method based on multisource data fusion for urban pluvial flooding simulation

A digital elevation model (DEM) is crucial for hydraulic/hydrodynamic simulation of urban pluvial flooding. To reduce the simulation error caused by the low resolution and poor vertical accuracy of DEM data, a novel urban terrain reconstruction method is proposed based on multisource data fusion (MDF). A 1D-2D coupled pluvial flood model under the typhoon rainfall scenario is built to verify the superiority of the proposed method. The results show that the systematic elevation error of terrain is reduced with MDF-kriging and MDF-IDW, and the performances of simulations are improved by 5% and 23% in terms of peak water-level error compared to using conventional kriging and IDW methods, and by 0.13m and 0.11m in terms of manhole water level accuracy compared to using raw DEM. Moreover, the temporospatial patterns of the flooding simulation results are more rational with the scattered flooding eliminated, and the proportion of flood area with ground elevation lower than 8 m increased from 37.9% to 92.34% and 89.33%, respectively. This method is proven to be a notably effective and low-cost DEM reconstruction method for improving the accuracy of urban pluvial flooding simulation.

Impact of air barriers application in LCA and LCC of naturally ventilated dwellings in mild climate regions

Assessing singular elements that constitute the air barrier of a building envelope is quite unfeasible in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The study of these solutions through this particular scope is often overlooked. Two major aspects contribute to it: the complexity of the relationships between elements and the reduced embodied impact of these materials in the overall construction or retrofitting works. This work uses LCA and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) to study the viability of applying two envelope air barrier solutions in dwellings with excessive air change rates and equipped with different heating systems. The application of air barrier solutions resulted in average energy consumption savings in urban terrain, almost half of those in rural terrain during the heating season. Environmental performance and life cycle costs revealed mechanically (MECH) fastened air barriers to outperform fluid (FLUID) applied ones. The median annualized cost of adopting a FLUID solution was almost four times that of a MECH solution. Dwellings equipped with electric radiators ranked first in the shortest average Energy Payback Period (EPP) and the highest average Reference Service Life (RSL) savings. With the current analysis, the adoption of MECH solutions is recommended, independently of the heating system the dwelling is equipped with.

Three-Dimensional Path Planning of UAVs in Complex Urban Terrains: A Case Study of Emergency Medicine Delivery in Shanghai (China)

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), widely known as drones, are used in various domains for tasks including geological prospecting, e-commerce business, and emergencies. Because of the necessity for fast and efficient delivery for emergency medicine distribution, drones can play crucially important roles by their ability to pass through complex urban environments. Drones might therefore aid people living under strict lockdown conditions during surges cases of COVID-19 or other communicable diseases. Nevertheless, distribution routes are usually planned in two-dimensional space. Moreover, restricted areas in urban aerial domains might be overlooked because of complex environmental considerations. To boost the feasibility of drone use, three-dimensional (3D) path routing can be applied when planning aerial distribution routes for drones, such as those used for delivering emergency medicines. This study specifically examines a more reliable method of using heuristic algorithms and software ArcGIS. After collecting location data of chronic patients in lockdown areas from the Shanghai official information system database, 3D visualization of the terrain and complex airspace was done using ArcGIS. Secondly, UAV routing constraints are summarized according to current laws and regulations for UAV operation at low altitudes. Furthermore, feasible solutions are incorporated into this model. Finally, after improved ant colony optimization (ACO) application to 3D route planning problems, programming was done using MATLAB (ver. 2017b). Assuming guaranteed safety and compliance with regulations, the solutions demonstrate the algorithmic efficiency and provide a satisfactory route plan for emergency medicine delivery that might guide emergency delivery system routing design in similarly complex urban environments.

Design and performance assessment of a novel self-anchored pedestrian suspension bridge

Conventional suspension bridge systems generally adopt a symmetrical layout, which has limited applicability in asymmetric urban terrain. However, the span capacity of the asymmetric bridge system is not as good as that of the conventional suspension bridge. Therefore, under the constraints of limited space, it is very urgent to design a new asymmetric pedestrian bridge with a strong crossing ability on the complex asymmetric terrain of the city. However, the design faced two challenges. (1) Because of the asymmetry of the structure, the cable balance equation and calculation theory of the new bridge need to be redetermined; (2) Because of the restriction of terrain conditions, it is necessary that optimize the preliminary design of the new bridge to achieve better mechanical properties. To address above problems, a new self-anchored continuous steel box girder composite system is proposed for use in suspension footbridges. This system uses connectors to reliably connect the suspension, main girders, and pylons. The continuous beam structure is used in the side span of the pedestrian bridge and the cable-stayed beam composite system is used in the main span. Therefore, the mechanical behavior of the structure is complex. To investigate the mechanical characteristics of the new structural system based on the preliminary conceptual design, the static and dynamic stability of the proposed structural system is comprehensively analyzed. A new force mode is proposed to improve the mechanical properties of the proposed structural system, and the applicability of the tuned mass damper to the new structural system was verified. Finally, an improved multi-objective genetic algorithm (I-MOGA) algorithm is hired to optimize the layout and mechanical properties of the proposed-composite system. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed-composite system bridge is verified to design for urban pedestrian bridges in limited terrain. Moreover, I-MOGA is used to optimize the design of the proposed mixed systems and obtain an improved structural layout for a complex pedestrian bridge in terms of forces, stability, and reliability. This study will provide a reference for the design of urban bridges on asymmetric terrain.

Using mobile monitoring to map air pollution: A practical review

Background and Aim: Mobile platforms can capture the hyperlocal variation of air pollutants in a complex urban terrain, in a limited time, and with a limited number of (costly) high-resolution monitoring devices, but limited temporal coverage per location. In this practical review, we focus on the applicability of mobile monitoring to develop air pollution maps for use in epidemiological studies. Methods: We assessed a wide range of mobile monitoring studies and summarize findings and conclusions, focusing on the critical design issues. We highlight the trade-off between the temporal and spatial variability, as well as differences between pollutants. We specifically assessed spatial coverage, number of streets and repeats per street, on-road versus of-road measurements, need for a reference site and statistical modeling options. Results: Robust mobile LUR models can be made with about 10% of the streets in the domain and limited (or no) repeats. Street segments with similar characteristics serve as pseudo repeats, meaning LUR models can be developed based on street segments with mobile measurements only measured once, if there is enough spatial and temporal coverage by including all spatial characteristics of the domain and measure during different parts of the day, days of the week and season. This also means that there is no critical need to temporally correct all measurements. To retain the local variation as much as possible, it is advised to keep the spatial resolution as low as possible (< 200m). It is possible to add data-only mapping on top of a LUR model in a mixed-model framework. Here, a LUR model is used to create a base map, and with more measurements more local variation can be added to the map. Conclusions: Mobile monitoring is a cost-effective scalable approach to map air pollution at fine spatial resolution.

Wind Pressure Distribution on the Façade of Stand-Alone Atypically Shaped High-Rise Building Determined by CFD Simulation and Wind Tunnel Tests

The investigation of wind pressure distribution on a façade of an atypically shaped 162 m tall building is discussed in this paper. The horizontal cross-section was changed with the height of the structure (the square in the bottom part and the polygon in the top). The surface of the structure was smooth. A structural system was created using a combination of the tube structural system and exoskeleton structure. The building was stand-alone, located in urban terrain. In this case, the information in standards were not sufficient for its design. Therefore, other available tools had to be used for the determination of required input parameters (mean external pressure coefficients). At first, wind tunnel tests (WT) were performed on a reduced-scale model (1:300). Then, the obtained results were compared with data from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The accuracy of the simulation was evaluated by the method of three metrics. Short descriptions of the reduced-scale model, boundary layer wind tunnel, used measuring devices, and the methodology of tests are mentioned. The aim of this research was to identify the influence of the shape modification on the values of mean external pressure coefficients (in the comparison with the original shape, which was the cuboid). In the case of the cuboid, good agreement between the values determined by the CFD and the values from Eurocode was achieved. Larger discrepancies occurred on the roof. The modification of the total shape of the structure from the cuboid to atypical structure had the positive effect on the mean values of external pressure coefficients cpe. These values were smaller (at some levels significantly). Mainly, this effect was noticeable on the leeward side. For the wind directions 0° and 180°, the changes of the values were relatively large. For the other two wind directions (45° and 67.5°), the values on the windward sides were similar. The large advantage of this atypical structure is that the negative pressures on side walls and leeward side are smaller in the comparison with the cuboid. This is very useful for the fixing of façade components, where the values of negative pressures are larger than the positive pressures on the cladding in the larger heights.

A New Horizon in Urban Warfare in Ukraine?

The Russian invasion of Ukraine serves as another illustration of the urban nature of contemporary war. While cities have been battlegrounds throughout history, it is only in the last few decades that military thinkers and strategists have seriously started to consider urban warfare as imperative – that cities have become <em>unavoidable</em> in war. In this article, I provide an overview of the type of urban warfare we have seen unfolding in Ukraine so far, and discuss what appear to be mismatches between these urban battles and the type of urban wars anticipated and planned for by Western military organizations and strategic thinkers. In some respects, the general character of the urban warfare we see unfolding in Ukraine has more in common with medieval than modern warfare. While Russia pursues a brutal combination of siege warfare with heavy and indiscriminate bombardment of cities, Ukraine has developed an effective urbanized defence, not only by using the urban terrain to its advantage, but by using cities as fortresses and bases of operation.

Computational-fluid-dynamics analysis of a Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine installation on the rooftop of buildings under turbulent-inflow conditions

Abstract. The behaviour of a rooftop-mounted generic H-rotor Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine (H-VAWT) is investigated numerically in realistic urban terrain. The interaction of the atmospheric boundary layer with the different buildings, topography, and vegetation present in the urban environment leads to the highly turbulent-inflow conditions with continuously changing inclination and direction. Consequently, all these factors can influence the performance of a VAWT significantly. In order to simulate a small H-VAWT at rooftop locations in the urban terrain under turbulent-inflow conditions, a computational approach is developed. First, the flow field in the terrain is initialized and computed with inflow turbulence. Later, the mesh of wind turbine is superimposed on the mesh of the terrain at two distinct locations and different heights for further computation in the turbulent flow field. The behaviour of the H-VAWT is complex due to the 3D unsteady aerodynamics resulting from continuously changing the angle of attack, blade–wake interaction, and dynamic stall. To get more insight into the behaviour of a rooftop-mounted H-VAWT in turbulent flow, high-fidelity delayed detached-eddy simulations (DDESs) are performed at different rooftop positions and the results compared against the behaviour under uniform-inflow conditions in the absence of inflow turbulence. It is found that the performance of a wind turbine is significantly increased near the rooftop positions. The skewed flow at the rooftop location increases the complexity. However, this effect contributes positively to increasing the performance of H-VAWT wind turbines.

Physiological Demands and Characteristics of Movement During Simulated Combat.

Military tasks place considerable physiological demands on the soldier. It is therefore important to know the energy expenditure of soldiers while solving tasks in different environments. The purpose of this study was to describe the cardiorespiratory demands of certain movements and activities on ground combat soldiers during military field operations using body sensors and simulated combat. Movement characteristics and cardiorespiratory responses were assessed in 42 soldiers (three women) in the Swedish Army. The different posts assessed were commander, combat engineer, driver, and gunner. The military field exercises examined were urban operations and retrograde operations in rough terrain. Measurements included (1) body mass, (2) heart rate (HR) including maximal (HRmax), (3) velocity, (4) accelerations/decelerations, and (5) distance moved. Maximal aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak, mL·kg-1·min-1) was tested in a laboratory setting when wearing combat gear and body armor. There was a weak positive correlation (r = 0.41 and 0.28, both P < .05) between VO2peak and percentage of time over 40% and 50% of maximal aerobic capacity during simulated combat. No differences were found for the different posts in time spent over 40% or 50% of maximal aerobic capacity and 76% of their HRmax (P > .05). Wearing combat gear and additional load while solving tasks resulted in mean HR varying between 98 and 111 beats·min-1, corresponding with 50-57% of the soldiers HRmax. Studying all exercises, mean HR was 105 ± 11 beats min-1, 54 ± 5% of HRmax corresponding to light work intensity. Soldiers performed between 2.8 and 4.9 accelerations/min in the different exercises. A significant correlation between V̇O2peak (mL kg-1 min-1) and acceleration and m/min were found, implying that soldiers with good aerobic capacity were able to cope better with tasks requiring quick movements. Conducting military operations in urban terrain and retrograde operations in rough terrain strains ground combat soldiers' cardiorespiratory system, with work intensities close to 40% of maximal aerobic capacity in 15-33% of mission time. Tasks with external load carriage include change of direction, accelerations, bounds, and jumping over obstacles, and physical fitness tests should replicate this. Findings in this study also add objective data to the physiological demands of work performed by combat soldiers while conducting urban operations and retrograde operations in rough terrain. These findings could be used to develop a model for classifying work demands for ground combat forces.

Erasing Race from the Urban Terrain: The “Colorblind” Path to Place-Based Inequality

Keywords race and housing, post–World War II urban politics, white supremacy, urban redevelopment/urban renewal, “slum” clearance, “second ghetto,” “dual city,” “colorblindness,” Fair Housing Act of 1968, Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) Rule of 2015

Prediction of shooter localization accuracy in an urban environment

The use of acoustic sensor networks for shooter localization can provide a vital contribution to situational awareness in urban environments. During mission planning, the performance prediction for acoustic shooter localization plays a central role as it allows an optimization of the sensor positions in a sensor network. Instead of a sound propagation-based approach, in our work we focus on an information theoretical analysis using the Cramér-Rao bound to predict the achievable shooter localization accuracy. Through this approach, we have shown that accounting for incomplete and heterogeneous acoustic measurement data sets leads to maximization of the fusion gain and consequently to improved achievable localization accuracy. We validated the match between predicted and actual experimental performance in free-field measurements with supersonic gunshots including varying sensor-to-shooter geometries, weapon types, and various measurement types. By measuring signatures of impulsive gas cannon shots in urban terrain, we analyzed the effect of buildings to the sensor performance and achieved a significant improvement in the localization performance prediction by adjusting the sensor model depending on whether line-of-sight or non-line-of-sight conditions to the target exists.

Remote sensing applied to classification of local climate zones

Monitoring of representative intra-urban thermal features is a difficult task due to the complexity of urban terrain (OKE, 2004). The characteristics of urbanized areas can be quantified using different methods, including the classification system of Local Climate Zones (LCZs), which describes the local-scale physical conditions of a given area. It is applied with universal and relatively easy standardization based on geometric, thermal, and radiative surface properties. This study aims to characterize the urban and rural areas of the municipality of Campo Grande (Midwest region, Brazil) using an adaptation of the LCZ method. Results from the modeling detected the following six built types: 2 - compact midrise, 3 - compact low-rise, 4 - open high-rise, 6 - open low-rise, 8 - large low-rise, 9 - sparsely built. This method can be used in any urban area if the required input data is available.

Urban Climate Insurgency

Abstract Urban climate insurgency refers to the ensemble of grassroots initiatives aiming to tackle climate change from a radical point of view. Insurgency in this case does not imply violence but rather refers to the radical rejection of the current socioecological system. While explicitly challenging planetary ecocide and climate-change effects, these forms of insurgency target all policies that make the urban condition yet more precarious, demonstrating that climate mobilization is inherently intersectional. The focus here is on the urban dimension of this global climate insurgency that unsettles the dichotomy between rural and urban. It is on the urban terrain, already fissured by racial capitalism but also traversed by antiracist and promigrant movements, that the climate emergency becomes a climate and social justice issue. This introductory essay offers a fresh approach to the new municipalist project and digs into its environmental agenda. From New York to Mälmo, from Rio de Janiero to Istanbul, passing through Jakarta, Bangalore, and Naples, this special issue explores the articulation of radical climate-change politics, the materialization of climate injustices, and grassroots reactions to these injustices in the urban sphere.

Identifying urban ventilation corridors through quantitative analysis of ventilation potential and wind characteristics

Urban heat islands (UHIs) are mainly caused by mismanaged urban development. Urban ventilation corridors (UVCs) can effectively reduce UHIs. Hangzhou, a large, dense city in eastern China, is one of the nation's hottest cities and must urgently improve its ventilation. In this study, a newly developed method combining land surface temperature retrieval, GIS spatial analysis, and weather data was employed to design city-level UVCs. The functional space and compensation space of UVCs are identified based on the LandsatETM8 image data inversion of surface temperature. The contribution of affect factors, such as building density, building height, green land area, waterbody, roads, and urban terrain, to the urban ventilation potential is calculated using AHP and GIS. Areas with tremendous ventilation potential were identified as possible ventilation corridors by using an evaluation model and considering wind characteristics. Fifty-four high-temperature zones and 48 low-temperature zones were identified as functional and compensative spaces in Hangzhou, respectively. On the urban scale, green space (area >500ha), water bodies (area >300ha or width >100 m), and roads (width >50 m) were considered to be the factors that have the greatest impact on urban ventilation potential. The LCP method was used to verify the accuracy and rationality of the method proposed in this study to determine the city-scale UVC. UVC planning schemes and construction measures were proposed to provide rich information and a reference basis for the new general land and space planning of Hangzhou. However, to improve the accuracy of the potential ventilation results, the urban underlying surface criteria should be re-evaluated more comprehensively.

Multichannel Interconnection Decomposition for Hyperspectral LiDAR Waveforms Detected From Over 500 m

The full-waveform hyperspectral light detection and ranging (FWHSL) data have been widely used in surface topography, vegetation detection, and 3-D urban terrain modeling, capable of revealing the spatial distribution of a target and more detailed spectral information in the vertical direction. However, the echo signals of a target would significantly vary between different spectral channels due to the reflectance characteristics and the uneven energy distribution of supercontinuum laser source. Especially, band channels with weak reflectance over a long distance would affect the extraction accuracy of waveform parameters, which are essential for retrieving the spatial and spectral information of targets. This article proposes a multichannel interconnection decomposition method to improve the extraction accuracy of distance and spectral information at each pulse using hyperspectral waveform data. Two experiments were conducted to verify the performance of long-distance detection of targets using FWHSL. The first experiment detected a standard whiteboard, a green leaf, and a yellow leaf at roughly 518 m. Results demonstrated a considerable improvement in ranging precision and spectral detection using the proposed method compared with using the optimal channel with the best data quality. The second experiment simultaneously detected two adjacent targets at a distance of approximately 518 m. Results presented clear superiority of adding waveform channels in terms of discovering overlapping components and retrieving accurate waveform parameters. The success rate of extracting two targets 60 cm apart was greatly increased from 47% to 73% through the multichannel interconnection waveform decomposition (MIWD) method.