Urbanization Promotion Areas Research Articles

Studies on the urban greening : A survey in urbanization promotion area of Tottori city

Studies on the urban greening : A survey in urbanization promotion area of Tottori city

A Study of Residential Use of agricultural Lands in Urbanization Promotion Area An Analysis of Kohoku and Izumi Ward in Yokohama City

A Study of Residential Use of agricultural Lands in Urbanization Promotion Area An Analysis of Kohoku and Izumi Ward in Yokohama City

Sludge Incineration Process of Kyoto City – The Employment and Heat Balance of the Step Grate Stoker Furnace

Kyoto City, an ancient city of international tourism, has been actively constructing its public sewerage system as one of the most important policies of the city. As of April, 1989, 79.6% of the urbanization promotion area of the city has been sewered. The fully completed sewerage system will be established in 1994, the 1200th anniversary of the founding of the city as the ancient Heian capital of Japan. However, the increase of the sewered ratio effects a steady increase in the influent volume of wastewater. Due to the inland location of the city, sludge produced in the wastewater treatment plants has been landfilled after incineration, but recently the securing of appropriate sites for landfill is difficult, and hence sludge treatment and disposal is an important issue for Kyoto City. In order to minimize the ultimate disposal volume, incineration of the entire volume of sludge has been undertaken in early days of sewerage operations. This report introduces the sludge incineration system and assesses the newly adopted step grate stoker furnace. At present, Kyoto City has 4 treatment plants in operation. The Toba Treatment Plant, which has the largest treatment capacity receives sludge cake trucked from the Fushimi Treatment Plant and excess sludge pumped through pipes from the Kisshoin Treatment Plant, and incinerates the whole amount of sludge cake generated in the plant. The sludge cake produced at the Ishida Treatment Plant is incinerated at an adjacent refuse sanitation plant together with the municipal refuse from the city. The characteristics of sludge treatment systems are given in this report. The step grate stoker furnace system was introduced to reduce the final disposal volume and to save energy. Through comparison with the multiple-hearth furnace system the actual results of operation were verified. The volume of generated ash was decreased by more than 50%, and energy consumption was reduced by 77%, resulting in an 18% reduction of operating expenses.

Urbanization promotion and control in metropolitan Japan

Urbanization in post‐war Japan has been phenomenal. Massive migration from rural to urban areas led to the expansion of metropolitan areas both in population and in geographical terms, and has consequently caused various problems related to land development such as high land prices, long distance commuting, poor housing conditions, inadequate infrastructure provision and urban sprawl. All these problems have been most conspicuous in the metropolitan fringe areas where the pressure for development has been strongest. In 1968, the Japanese government introduced a set of new planning measures including distinct land zones within which urbanization would and would not be permitted, as a major device for controlling land development in the metropolitan areas. However, its effect is questionable: a number of small, sporadic developments have taken place within Urbanization Control Areas whilst a large amount of land within Urbanization Promotion Areas has remained undeveloped. The paper ends with a discussion o...

市街化調整区域スプロールの実態と線引きのされ方の影響 : 市街化調整区域におけるスプロールの発生要因に関する研究 その1

This paper aims to analysis disorderly development and conversions of land use in the Urbanization Control Area (UCA) and recognize the influences of the designation of Urbanization Promotion Area (UPA) over the urban sprawl in UCA. The conclusions are as follows; 1) The urban sprawl in UCA is shown not in the three great metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, but in the suburbs of many local cities. 2) Three features are pointed between the urban sprawl and the designation of UP A. First, if the capacity of the UPA is too small to accommodate the large demand for land and housing, then many developments and buildings are generated in UCA. Second, in almost the all UCA the scale or the capacity of UPA has no direct influence over increase or decrease of urbanization activities in UCA. Third, however, the large population designated outside UPA generates a large quantity of urban sprawl, because almost all of their urbanization activities in UCA are permitted as exceptions to the development control systems. 3) As the development control system has exceptions and loopholes in UCA, it is not effective in legally restraining urban sprawl. 4) As there is in general no land use planning in UCA, urbanization activities are not controlled or induced. Consequently permit on urban sprawl or scatteration results.

市街化調整区域における住宅需要特性 : 市街化調整区域におけるスプロールの発生要因に関する研究 その2

This paper aims to analyze housing demands as a major factor of urban sprawl in Urbanization Control Areas (UCAs), where developments and buildings are in principle not permitted in order to restrain disorderly expansion of the urban area. The conclusions are summarized as follows; (1) The housing activities in UCAs are caused by local housing demands in UCAs and extensive housing demands outside UCAs. (2) The local housing demands of farmers and their off-spring continue to generate within UCAs, because they need not move out of urban suburbs to find employment. (3) As their housing activities are permitted due to legal exceptions in the regulation system of UCA, large housing demands consequently promote urban sprawl over a long term. (4) Though the extensive housing demands must be concentrated in Urbanization Promotion Areas, they promote urban sprawl in UCAs. This is due to the detached houses and lots, which are developed in disorder on existing building lots in legal, are supplied for the extensive demands. (5) Therefor it is necessary to reduce disorder housing activities in UCAs, in order to restrain extensive housing demands and, consequently, to control urban sprawl.

仙台南部の都市化に伴う土地利用秩序の変容過程

Progress of housing development in urban fringes has brought the large-scale transformation of land use ordination in the recent decades. The purpose of this study is to understand the historically constructed structure of land use ordination and its transformation process. In particular, theinfluences of land use control technique (zoning procedure) and natural conditions on land use changes are taken into consideration. Southern Sendai area including parts of Sendai-shi (Prefectural Capital) and Natori-shi is selected as a caseto study. The zoning of this area includes the urbanization promotion area the agricultural promotion area (the exclusive agricultural zone and the agricultural district zone), the provisional rezoning area, and the unzoning area. The map of natural land units indicated by landforms and soils presents different natural conditions which have historically determined the land use ordination of this area. Recent trends in land use changes are evaluated in terms of land suitability presented by natural conditions. Followings are the significant problems in this area; 1) the expansion of housing development on unsuitable site, 2) the concentration of commercial and industrial land use on unsuitable wet lands where paddy fields have been historically developed. and 3) increasing of public land use in the urbanization control area. In every zone, the relationship between zoning procedure and natural conditions is examined. As a result, it is concluded that the natural conditions have not sufficiently taken into consideration in zoning procedure. For the presentation of optimal land use zoning in the planning process, each zone should be drawn based on both social and natural conditions.

Land-Use Changes in the Rural-Urban Fringe

Land use in the rural-urban fringe is regulated by two zoning acts: the first is the Urban Planning Act, which is intended to divide urban planning area into an urbanization promotion area and an urbanization control area in order to restrict urban sprawl; the second is the Agriculture Promotion Act, which is intended to define agriculture promotion area within the urbanization control area in order to protect and promote agriculture by a strict management of land-use conversions. It is often said that these zoning acts have not achieved expected results. However, there have not been sufficient attempts to examine their achievements quantitatively. The aim of this paper is to establish quantitatively the patterns of land-use changes in the two contrasting zones of the rural-urban fringe, i. e. the urbanization promotion area and the urbanization control area, for an actual case.The area selected, which is about 20 square kilometers in size, occupies the southern part of Matsuzama City, and it is facing a hasty urbanization, with a rapid increase of population and large-scale land-use changes. This area includes both types of zone, i. e. an urbanization promotion area and an urbanization control area (including an agriculture promotion area). The author measured land-use changes in each zone on the land-use maps of 1971 and 1976 compiled by Matsuyama city office on a scale of 1 to 10, 000.The results of the investigation are as follows:(1) In the urbanization promotion area and the urbanization control area, land-use changes from rural (paddyfield, upland field, forest) to urban categories (housing, business and commerce, industry etc.) exceeded other types of change, and they amounted to sixty percent of the total land-use changes.(2) The diversification of land use during this period was shown in terms of the increase in the number of land uses extracted by Doi's method of land-use combination.(3) The area of land-use changes in the urbanization control area was about one third of that in the urbanization promotion area, but it still amounted to 3.5 percent of the former area. This means that although the zoning by the Urban Planning Act played certain role in the management of urban sprawl, it fell short of its original target.(4) In the urbanization promotion area, land-use changes between urban categories was about three times as much as in the urbanization control area, reflecting looser legal restrictions on these changes in the former. Land-use changes from rural to transitional categories (vacant land) were more evident in the urbanization control area, because large-scale projects, which were accompanied by many vacant lands during contstruction, were apt to be located in the urbanization control area.(5) In the urbanization promotion area, land-use changes were disorderly throughout the whole area, because land-use conversion was almost free in this area. On the other hand, land-use conversions were mainly located along trunk roads in the urbanization control area, due to the legal guidelines on the conversion of agricultual land.It may be concluded that there were clearly different patterns of land-use changes between the urbanization promotion area and the urbanization control area, and the zoning acts regulated patterns of conversion to some extent in the rural-urban fringe.

URBANIZATION AND GREENERY CONSERVATION POLICY IN YACHIYO CITY, CHIBA PREFECTURE

The purpose of this paper is to make clear the aspects of urbanization and greenery conservation policy, especially the woodland preservation project by the greenery conservation ordinance of the Yachiyo municipal government, and the landowners, response to the situation in Yachiyo City situated in Tokyo's suburban area, Chiba prefecture. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Urbanization front has already passed through Yachiyo City and its population growth has been settled, but a great deal of greenery has been lost mainly because of the development of residential districts. Yachiyo municipal government, which is putting emphasis on the improvement of living environment, established “The Ordinance of the Greenery Conservation of Yachiyo City;” in 1975, which attempts to preserve these remaining private woodlands in the built-up area. Now, 15.6 percent (57 sites, about 24. 1 hectares) of the total woodlands which remain in the urbanization promotion area within the city planning district, has been designated as “Environmental Conservation Woodland” by the ordinance. To these designated woodland owners, the government pays for the maintenance expenses. But the municipal property tax and the urban planning tax of these areas have been rising, due to the increasing land value. In order to overcome these difficulties, almost all woodland owners (farmers) hope to cancel these designated contracts and to change it either to farmland whose tax is much lower or to a parking area which can earn cash income. In order to preserve the remaining woodlands in the built-up area positively for the future, the municipal government either has to purchase these lands or has to put more strict restrictions on the land use by applying the “Urban Open Space Conservation Law” enforced in 1974, or some other people have to purchase these lands by the institution of “National Trust”. In any case, in the present situation, it seems almost impossible for the budget of the municipality to purchase these expensive woodlands.