Urbanization In Turkey Research Articles

A Case Study of the Impact of University Establishment on Urbanization in Turkey's Medium-Sized City of Osmaniye

A Case Study of the Impact of University Establishment on Urbanization in Turkey's Medium-Sized City of Osmaniye

The safety Dilemma of Gated Communities in Turkey: How Borders Threaten Safe Space Formation in Neighbourhoods

The production of safe spaces in neighbourhood areas is a challenge for the rapid urbanization in Turkey. The way of providing safety in housing areas has been ensured in the form of designing gated communities as clusters. However, it is possible to promote defensible spaces with the design of an urban form which increases users’ impact area and sense of belonging. The urban tissue of neighbourhoods in Turkey, before the transition to gated communities, has already had these characteristics by having the spatial configuration of neighbourhood phenomenon. This study aims to emphasize the possibility of creating defensible spaces with planning and reveal design principles by reviewing the literature. Moreover, the study conducts a critical approach to gated communities which are segregated from urban tissue regarding safety and to their spatial design following the investigated design principles of safe space creation.

Reading Tourism Urbanization in Turkey Through Employment Data

Bu çalışmada, turizm kentleşmesinin değişkenlerinden biri olan istihdamın hızlı büyümesi ve yapısal değişimi, Türkiye’nin uluslararası turizm merkezleri olarak bilinen Çeşme, Kuşadası, Didim, Bodrum, Marmaris, Fethiye, Kemer, Antalya, Manavgat ve Alanya kentleri üzerinden incelenmiştir. Turizm kentleşmesini istihdam verileri ekseninde ortaya koyabilmek için Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) ve Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu’ndan (SGK) istihdam verileri elde edilmiştir. Bu verilerden hareketle Türkiye’de, turizm sektöründe çalışan işgücünün hızlı büyümesi, turizmin istihdam yaratma potansiyeli ve mevsimlik özelliği açıklanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; 1985-2000 döneminde turizm kentlerinde genel istihdamın büyüme oranı %85 ile %440 arasında değişirken; bu kentlerin bağlı bulundukları il merkezlerinde ise %23-%45 arasında kalmıştır. 2005-2019 döneminde ise, turizm kentlerinde genel istihdamın büyüme oranı %50 ile %204 arasında iken; il merkezlerinde bu oranlar %12-%74 arasında değişmiştir. Turizm kentlerinde, 1985-2000 dönemindeki istihdam değişim oranlarının 2005-2019 dönemine göre çok daha çarpıcı olması, belirtilen dönemdeki turizm teşvik ve yatırımlarıyla ilişkilidir. 1985-2019 döneminde turizmle ilişkili faaliyet kollarında istihdam edilenlerin oranları turizm kentlerinde %32 ile %75 arasında değerler gösterirken; il merkezlerinde bu oran %5-%30 arasında kalmıştır. Elimizdeki veriler, istihdamın mevsimlik karakteri konusunda da önemli sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur. Turizm kentlerinin tamamında en düşük çalışan sayılarına Ocak ayında, en yüksek çalışan sayılarına ise Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarında rastlanılmıştır. Çalışmanın en önemli sonucu; turizmle ilişkili istihdam verilerinin turizm kentlerine özgü bir istihdam modelini ortaya çıkarmasıdır.

THE IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION AND ECONOMIC COMPONENTS ON PUBLIC HEALTH IN TURKEY: 2014-2018 PANEL DATA ANALYSIS / Türkiye’de Kentleşme Ve Ekonomik Bileşenlerinin Toplum Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkileri: 2014-2018 Panel Veri Analizi

Covid-19 Pandemi süreci sonrasında ekonomi ve kentleşme alanındaki akademik çalışmaların odak noktasını toplum sağlığı üzerinde etkili olan iktisadi ve sosyopolitik bileşenler ve bu konuda karşılaşılan temel açmazlar oluşturmaktadır. Toplum sağlık harcamaları üzerinde doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak kentsel dinamikler, ekonomik kalkınma girişimler ve ekolojik kısıtlar belirleyici olmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın temel amacı kentleşme ve çevresel unsurlar ile ilişkili olarak iktisadi ve sosyopolitik parametrelerin toplum sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada Türkiye’deki 2014 ile 2018 yılları arasında 30 büyükşehir için toplum sağlığı harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi olan unsurları belirlemek için Panel EGLS modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda plansız kentleşmenin sebep olduğu nüfus yoğunluğu, hava kirliliği, hijyen koşullarının yetersizliği, atıklar, kişi başına düşen yeşil alan miktarının yetersiz olması gibi bileşenlerin toplum sağlığını koruma ve geliştirme maliyetlerini arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Benzer şekilde enerji kullanımının artması, yüksek eğitim seviyesi ve yaşlı nüfus oranı gibi parametrelerin toplum sağlık hizmetlerine olan talebi artırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Network Simulation on the Evaluation of Urbanization in Turkey against the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began as an international health crisis, has quickly become an economic crisis on both national and global scale. As economies are linked through global value chains, this crisis has significantly affected the global economy. The strict measures to prevent the rapid spread of the virus negatively affected the supply and demand relations. In this study, the authors examine the inter-provincial supply–demand relations in Turkey via a complex network analysis. The analysis has the following two stages: examination of topological properties and simulation estimates. The topological analysis reveals the complexity and core–periphery structure of the inter-provincial trade network. Istanbul comes to the forefront as the strongest node in the network in terms of both supply and demand. Simulation results reveal that such economic dependence on Istanbul alone makes the inter-provincial trade system more vulnerable against supply or demand shock.

Hosting Overnight Guests: Gendered Unpaid Work as a Solidarity Mechanism of Migrants in the Process of Urbanization in Turkey

Abstract This article addresses overnight guest hosting, which is a widespread solidarity practice among rural-to-urban migrants in Turkey. The fieldwork, based on in-depth interviews with 28 first-generation migrant women, reveals that it was mostly the young migrant women who shouldered hosting tasks as gendered unpaid work, which deepen their time poverty and reinforce their dependence on family. The analysis highlights the links between intersectional disadvantages of young migrant women and poverty, the failure of the welfare state to provide social assistance for migrants, and the familialist character of social policy during the peak years of migration.

Environmental sustainability statement of economic regimes with energy intensity and urbanization in Turkey: a threshold regression approach.

In recent time, the investigation of the state of environmental quality has largely been conducted with less attention on the situation of environment sustainability especially in different economic regimes (expansion and recession). In the current context, the role of income per capita, energy intensity, and urbanization in driving the ecological footprint of Turkey is examined in the framework of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis over the period of 1990-2015. Considering the potential evidence of regime switching, we employed the Threshold Autoregressive Model (TAR) method with a regime change threshold of 14.43505 per hectare per capita and found that the EKC hypothesis is valid for all the 4 models. Moreover, eight observations are below the threshold value in the first regime while fifteen observations are equal or higher than the threshold value in the second regime. With a threshold per capita income of 9340.1326 USD, the study found that Turkey begin to experience a decline in environmental degradation resulting from income growth in 2015. However, this desirable outcome was short-lived in 2018 because the per capita income slightly decreases to 9340.1326 USD. In addition, increases in energy intensity and urbanization level hamper environmental sustainability drive of the country. The frequency domain causality test further supports the nexus evidence among the implied variables. By virtue of observation, this study offers that the government should work toward achieving a sustainable growth in order to attain the country's environmental sustainability agenda.

Türkiye’de Çevre Sorunları Başlığı Altında Hazırlanmış Kayıtlı Yüksek Lisanas ve Doktora Tezlerinin Bibliyometrik İncelenmesi

Countries in the world have begun to pay more attention to environmental problems in recent years. Because these problems have threatened human life in every aspect and without limit. Climate changes, rising temperatures, melting of glaciers, and the change of natural vegetation are among the threatening environmental issues and many countries act together in the international area on these issues. Protection of ecological balance and natural life, use of renewable energy sources, recycling of wastes, environmentally friendly production methods are strong solutions to be brought to environmental problems. In addition, original academic studies should be conducted to bring solution to the these issues. In this context, bibliometric studies, which is one of the most important reference sources of science policies, come to the fore. In these studies, publications produced by individuals or institutions are analyzed after determining their subject, period and region. In this context, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the master and doctorate theses registered under the title of environment problems in the Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education between 1978-2018 in line with various parameters by using bibliometric analysis technique. In accordance with this purpose, environmental problems were written in the search section of the web page of the Thesis Center of the Higher Education Council and the master's and doctorate theses were analyzed in detail. 214 master's and doctoral theses have written under the title of urbanization in Turkey by the end of 2018. 36 of these theses are doctoral theses and 178 of them are master's theses. In the scope of the subject, bibliometric studies can be performed on topics such as environment, environmental policy and environmental law in the following years except for the title of environmental problems. In addition, in these subjects comparisons between countries, branches of science and public and private sectors producing publications will be useful for contributing to the literature.

Industrialization and Urbanization in Turkey at the beginning of the 20th Century

The starting point of this study is the fact that every production system entails a specific spatial organization and changes its physical environment. This research is an attempt to understand the industrialization period of Turkey’s Early Republican Period (1930’s) and the spatial effects of the new production system. Right after the Turkish War of Independence, The Republican Government of Turkey had aimed to establish an independent country and started to carry out a modernization and contemporization project. This project had different dimensions appealing to the institutional, economical, social and civic aspects of Turkey. The economical dimension included the industrialization and economical independence of Turkey. Besides its economical, political and social goals, the Republican Government had aimed to change the physical appearance of the country. The Government’s first goal was to turn the country into the space of National Turkish Republic State from an empire’s land. Secondly, the small towns or settlements of the country were supposed to become modern cities, the places of modernity, just like the modern cities of the industrial and developed countries of the world. That explains why the factories which were set up all around the country had played such a crucial role in the modernization period of Turkey at the beginning of the Republican era. They were not only economical achievements of the state; they also affected their physical and social environments and introduced the modern way of living particularly where they were set up.

Energy Efficient Building Systems For Urban Transformation Projects: Case Study

In last decades uncontrolled rapid urbanization in Turkey led to existence of squatter areas and disaster-vulnerable building stocks. After 1999 Marmara earthquake urban renewal has become the base of urbanization politics and planning agenda in Turkey. Turkish building industry usually uses RC buildings in the urban renewal projects. In recent years cold formed steel CFS and 3D panel building systems due to its lightweight, fast constructed, energy efficient , and economy start to be used as an alternatives to reinforced concrete buildings especially in seismic areas. In this paper energy performance of three building systems were investigated on a case study school building. Analysis results shows that 3D panel and CFS buildings systems will established with 59% and 36% less energy requirements with respect to traditional reinforced concrete non-insulated buildings.

Transformation of the Space in the context of Neoliberal Urbanization: The Case of İzmir New City Centre, Turkey

The neoliberalism process of Turkey, the intersection point of the Global South and the Global North, which dates back to the 1980s when neoliberalism became a dominant paradigm in the world, began to rapidly transform urban space in the 2000s. With the transformation of capital out of Istanbul, the main application area of neoliberal urbanization in Turkey, the other metropolitan cities of Turkey have been involved in the process of neoliberalization. In Izmir, the third largest metropolitan city of Turkey, the area which is declared New City Centre (NCC) in 2003 has become one of the important application areas of neoliberal urbanization policies. The neoliberalization process of NCC is carried out through large-scale urban projects which are one of the important implementation tools of neoliberal urbanization policies and intervene in the economic, social and cultural areas as well as urban space. In this context, the aim of this study is decipher neoliberal urbanization-oriented process and variables of neoliberal urbanization process in NCC and to reveal the neoliberal spatial transformation in the region on the basis of reproduction of the space.

Community engagement in developing urban design guidance for heritage sites: The case of Bursa, Turkey

In recent years, central and local governments have carried out studies to establish a legal administrative infrastructure for urban design and to develop urban design guidance to preserve the identity of historic cities under the pressure of rapid urbanization in Turkey. The main aim of this article is to explain how we implemented a participatory urban design guidance (PUrDeG) model for cultural heritage sites, which was developed as part of a research project. We explain how we used various techniques to engage various actors in preparing urban design guidelines for a cultural heritage site. In addition, the article discusses the importance of community engagement techniques and processes in developing urban design guidance, and the context of guidelines for sustainable conservation of cultural heritage sites with examples from the United Kingdom and Turkey. It then presents a case study conducted in the Hanlar District, a Unesco world heritage site in Bursa, Turkey. The case study includes research on planning decisions, site analysis, a survey of urban residents, in depth interviews with local artisans, and an urban design workshop with various actors. The main outcomes of this study include a presentation of how to use various community engagement techniques to prepare urban design guidelines for cultural heritage sites in Turkey, an urban design guidance system for Bursa, and a list of recommendations related to urban design guidelines for the Hanlar District and Bursa in the light of UK experience.

The Enduring Influence of Informality in Istanbul: Legalization of Informal Settlements and Urban Transformation

Author(s): Sadikoglu Asan, Hatice; Ozsoy, Ahsen | Abstract: The phenomenon of urban informality has coincided with rapid urbanization in Turkey from the 1950s onward. By the urban transformation act that was presented in 2012, formal developments and activities have increased in informal areas. Although recent activities are legal/formal, they have caused the reproduction of informality in these areas. With focusing on this spontaneous collaboration of formal and informal activities, this article seeks to understand the new urban fabric that was created by formal and informal builders who are both rule-breakers and rule-makers. The research was carried out in the Guzeltepe neighborhood, a complex neighborhood with a mix of squatter houses and renewal areas. The field study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 with site visits, photo analysis, and archival research. We will reveal and discuss legalization and upgrading processes, and the effects of this transformation. We will then analyze how informality operates as a logic of urban life.

Noise analysis of urban change in the structure of health care up to the present from the beginning of the Republican era in Turkey: Case studies from Ankara Numune Hospital

This research investigates the acoustical characteristics of hospitals' building environment of the Republican period and the contemporary era. Ankara Numune Hospital has been selected as a sample for research. The acoustical effect of the evolution of urban planning on the edges of Numune hospital in Capital city Ankara is analyzed. Green areas surrounded the boundaries of Numune hospital in the 1930s, whereas nowadays these green areas have been narrowed during decades. Social, political, and economic relationships changed as a result of urbanization in Turkey. Urban planning decisions affected the development, particularly the (historic) city center of Ankara where Numune hospital, the oldest hospital in Ankara, is located. Results, at the research, include equivalent sound pressure levels (Leq) as a function of location, frequency, and time of day. It appears that there are important problems in measurements taken at the entrance and at the hospital periphery and at different days and times. Average equivalent sound levels are in the 50–60 dB (A) range for 1 min, ½, and 24 h averaging time periods. The spectra are generally flat over the 63–2000 Hz octave bands, with higher sound levels at lower frequencies, and a gradual roll off above 2000 Hz. Many units exhibit little if any reduction of sound levels in the nighttime.

Consistency of the rapid assessment method for reinforced concrete buildings

Determination of earthquake-safety of existing buildings requires a rather long and challenging process both in terms of time and expertise. In order to prevent such a tedious process, rather rapid methods for evaluating buildings were developed. The purpose of these rapid methods is to determine the buildings that have priority in terms of risk and accordingly to minimize the number of buildings to be inspected. In these rapid evaluation methods detailed information and inspection are not required. Among these methods the Canadian Seismic scanning method and the first stage evaluation method included in the principles concerning the determination of risk-bearing buildings promulgated by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization in Turkey are used in the present study. Within the scope of this study, six reinforced concrete buildings damaged in Van earthquakes in Turkey are selected. The performance scores of these buildings are calculated separately with the mentioned two methods, and then compared. The purpose of the study is to provide information on these two methods and to set forth the relation they have between them in order to manifest the international validity.

Factors influencing the use of urban greenways: A case study of Aydın, Turkey

Urban greenways are important quality of life indicators in cities. However, urban greenways research is mostly carried out in developed countries, which limits the knowledge about urban greenways use, perceptions and preferences in urbanized metropolitan cities in developing countries. Considering the high levels of urbanization in Turkey, it is necessary to evaluate urban greenways. This study explores users’ perceptions, preferences in urban greenways, and the factors that affect urban greenways in the city of Aydın, Turkey. Data were collected through a survey with 417 active users on the field and the data were analyzed with multivariate linear regression while controlling for sex, age, marital status, education level, job status, and household income level. Respondents were asked about the distance from their home to the Koşuyolu Urban Greenway (KUG), frequency and duration of use of the KUG, and the factors that affected their use of the KUG. Results showed that 79.8% of the users live within 1km of the KUG, 55.4% of the users use the greenway everyday spending 1–2h for health, recreational and leisure activities. Two factors, distance to home and accessibility were identified as factors influencing frequency of use. Six factors, lighting, drinking water and restroom facilities, well-design, cleanliness, safety, and parking lot, were important factors relating to duration of use. This study shows that greenways are more than “luxury” and provide important health, recreational and leisure activities for Turkish people.When designing an urban greenway, consideration of certain factors may be an effective strategy to improve the use of urban greenways in developing countries.

The transition to low carbon urbanization in Turkey: Emerging policies and initial action

The aim of this paper is to analyse the emergence of urban planning for climate change in Turkey, with particular reference to climate change mitigation, and to assess the prospects of a gradual transition to low carbon urbanisation. The paper first establishes an analytical perspective, in terms of normative models of low carbon urban development and the specificities of Turkish urbanisation processes. This perspective informs the analysis of the evolution of policies to reduce carbon emissions from cities which led to adoption of the first Turkish National Climate Change Action Plan in July 2011.The paper then argues that a move towards low carbon urbanisation is contingent on integrating national energy and climate change policies with evolving national policies for urban development and regeneration. The paper concludes that recent national policy innovations are an important first step and that continuing international support will sustain the momentum, but that significant progress towards low carbon urbanisation in Turkey will depend on the effectiveness of continuing efforts to improve the regulation of urban development.

Evaluation of the Potential for Districts/Counties to Become Provinces with Respect to the Level of Urbanization in Turkey

This paper presents the political, socio-economic, spatial and demographic aspects for the changing administrative status of districts/counties in Turkey in the last two decades (1990s and 2000s) with respect to urbanization and development levels. There has been a rapid increase in the number of provinces in Turkey recently. Fourteen districts/counties have been announced as new provinces in years between 1989 and 1999. There were attempts and applications for the other 129 districts, till the present day to become a “province”. In fact, attempts and requests to become a province for districts create pressures on policy makers, central government bureaucrats and members of the Parliament and prevent adequate formulation of urbanization and administrative subdivision. In this study, it is aimed to take a picture of the urbanization levels of districts by using the multivariate statistical analysis and to develop some proposals for the applications of changing the administrative status of settlements as well.

Kentlerin Siyasi Fonksiyonları ve Türkiye Gerçegi

The aim of the study is to reveal in the context of Turkey the political functions of cities which is the cradle of civilization. Subject is discussed in a theoretical framework in the light of previous studies. The cities pioneered to the establishment of democratic values as the center of political activities. The urbanization, significantly affected in the process of social change as a process economic, social, cultural and political covering transformation. The cities which has become the center of political studies and developments, deeply influenced national politics. The cities are areas which being acquired of democratization culture at the same time.The local governments have gained importance with globalization, therefore, diversified and increased also the political functions of cities. Accelerated urbanization in Turkey after 1980, with the effect of economic and technological developments, in the 2000s, started living in cities two-thirds of the population. Especially in large cities, depending on the development of capitalism, further consolidated its traditional ties and individuals directed towards ethnic and religious communities, instead of getting free. Social modernization, while the political modernization must give birth, It has continued consolidating of the traditional political structures, institutions and relations. City governments have gained a view which uses significant resources, controls and distributes. The parties have the political power in Turkey, usually is having in the management of the city. This case, the city administration makes clear the political influence of the central administration and It leads to partisan approaches in relations between central government and city management. This behavior is influenced in the cities on the political structures and attitudes. The struggles and conflicts which is taking place in various ways between city government and central government, also raises the debate over autonomous and democratic urban management. In short, while the urban culture change the political behaviors, the urbanization has led to the establishment of democratic values and the concentration of political studies.

Enfermagem na Turquia: seus avanços e desafios

Enfermagem na Turquia: seus avanços e desafios