Urban Women Research Articles

Factors associated with breast cancer detection method in California women: an analysis of California Health Interview Survey data.

Breast cancer mortality has significantly declined in the U.S. due in part to effective clinical screening methods. However, previous studies have found many women first detect their breast cancers through means other than their providers. Given that detection method has been shown to be an important prognostic factor, we examined the association between breast cancer detection method and various demographic and health-related factors in a representative sample of female breast cancer patients aged 40 + in California. We analyzed data from the 2009 and 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey. Weighted percentages of breast cancer patients by detection method were calculated. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to quantify each factor's association with the likelihood of having a patient-detected versus clinically detected breast cancer using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). 36% of female breast cancer patients first detected their cancer themselves. Compared to U.S.-born women, those who had spent 40% or less of their lifetime in the U.S. were more than twice as likely to report their breast cancer being patient-detected versus clinically detected (OR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.06-4.86, p = 0.035). Rural women were also more likely to report a patient-detected breast cancer than urban women (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.01-2.11, p = 0.044). Recent immigrants and those residing in rural areas were more likely to report self-detecting their breast cancer. Given the persistent disparities with regard to breast cancer mortality, particularly among underserved communities, strategies addressing barriers to screening uptake in these populations may be warranted.

The correlates of childrearing marital conflict in Mexico according to urban women parenting preschoolers

ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study is based on the 2016 National Survey on the Dynamics of Relationships in Households in Mexico. It aims to identify the correlates of childrearing-related marital conflict in urban Mexico. The analysis sample consists of 7,544 heterosexual partnered women parenting preschoolers. Binomial logistic regression models were estimated to investigate factors associated with men’s and women’s annoyance regarding how their partners treat or educate their children, as perceived by women. The findings suggest that disputes over workload distribution, and possible power and control struggles underlie this type of conflict. Therefore, couples that enhance their communication skills, prioritize power-sharing within their relationship, and engage in an equitable division of childrearing and household responsibilities may benefit from a reduction in marital childrearing conflict.

Abstract 4140142: Neighborhood Perceptions Associate with Lipid Biomarkers in African-American Women with Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: Data from the Step It Up Digital Health-Enabled, Community-Engaged Physical Activity Intervention

Background: Cardiovascular-kidney metabolic (CKM) syndrome is exacerbated among individuals experiencing chronic exposure to both environmental and psychosocial stressors. Both neighborhood and individual-level stressors increase chronic inflammation resulting in worsened CKM factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dys/hyperlipidemia. However, associations between neighborhood perceptions (NP) and lipid profiles remain understudied. Therefore, we examined associations between NP domains and lipid profiles among African-American (AA) women with ≥Stage 1 CKM syndrome (overweight/obesity) residing in resource-limited neighborhoods within the Washington, DC area. Methods: Participants were enrolled in Step It Up, a technology-enabled, community-engaged physical activity (PA) intervention. Fasting blood samples were drawn at baseline to measure lipoproteins using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Factor analysis of overall NP identified four perception sub-scores: disorder, social cohesion, violence, and safety (higher score=favorable perception). Associations between NP domains and lipoprotein particles were analyzed using multivariable regression adjusting for BMI, ASCVD 10-year risk score, and lipid-lowering therapy. Results: Participants (n=169) had mean age=57.16 ± 12.00 and BMI 35.99 ± 6.57. Perceptions of safety were positively associated with LDL concentrations (LDLc) and large LDL particles (L-LDLp) (β=4.70 [SD=2.41], p=0.05, β= 43.75 [17.70], p= 0.01), respectively). Perceptions about neighborhood violence were positively associated with L-LDLp (marginally) and very-low-density lipoprotein size (VLDLz) (β= 7.10 [3.96], p=0.08, β= 0.31 [0.14], p= 0.02, respectively). No associations were found between disorder and social cohesion with lipid biomarkers. Conclusions: After adjusting for BMI, ASCVD risk, and lipid-lowering therapy, there were significant associations between neighborhood perceptions of safety and violence with lipid profiles among AA women with CKM syndrome. Greater perceived safety was associated with higher LDLc and L-LDLp while more favorable perception about neighborhood violence was associated with higher L-LDLp. Future work should examine whether improving neighborhood resources and perceptions may improve CKM health among urban AA women.

A comparative study of antenatal depression among urban and rural pregnant women in Gimbi District, Oromia, Ethiopia

BackgroundAntenatal depression (AND) is a form of clinical depression that can be caused by stress and worries that can bring pregnancy to more severe levels. It has negative impacts on women, the family, and the community at large. The comparative study of antenatal depression among rural and urban pregnant women was less studied in Ethiopia and in this study area in particular.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to compare the prevalence of antenatal depression and its associated factors among pregnant women in Gimbi rural and urban residents in Ethiopia in 2023.MethodsA community-based comparative cross-sectional study design was used from 1 February to 30 March 2023. A systematic random sampling method was used to select study participants. Data were collected using pretested interviewer-administered structured questionnaires. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with antenatal depression. Variables with a p-value of 0.25 or less in the bi-variable logistic regression model were candidates for a multi-variable logistic regression model.ResultsThe prevalence of antenatal depression was 56 (21.5%), 95% CI: [16.9–25.5] among rural participants and 50 (19.2%) [95%] CI: [14.6–23.8] among urban participants. Having complications during pregnancy (AOR: 4.92, 95% CI: 1.35, 17.88), ever had depression (AOR: 3.20, 95% CI: 1.30, 7.85), consuming alcohol (AOR: 3.78, 95% CI: 1.24, 11.49), and educational status (can read and write) (AOR: 2.14, 95% CI:1.05, 4.67) were factors associated with antenatal depression among urban mothers, while no antenatal care follow-up (AOR: 6.6, 95% CI: 2.63, 16.85), unplanned pregnancy (AOR: 4.51, 95% CI:1.10, 1.86), and having complications during pregnancy (AOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.30, 5.92) were factors associated with antenatal depression among rural mothers.ConclusionThe prevalence of antenatal depression among rural mothers was higher than the prevalence of antenatal depression among urban mothers in the Gimbi district. Having complications during pregnancy, ever had depression, consuming alcohol, and educational status were associated factors with antenatal depression among urban mothers; having complications during pregnancy, unplanned pregnancy, and no ANC follow-up were factors associated with antenatal depression among rural mothers. Therefore, quality family planning and ANC services should be provided for the women to reduce unplanned pregnancies and experience complication-free pregnancy periods.

Social determinants and socioeconomic inequalities in adherence to antenatal iron-folic acid supplementation in urban and rural Indonesia.

Adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation (IFAS) has been linked with maternal anaemia. While findings about determinants of IFAS adherence have been mixed across different research, there is inadequate evidence in relation to socioeconomic inequalities. This study aims to examine social determinants and socioeconomic inequalities of adherence to IFAS in urban and rural Indonesia. We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey by including a total of 12 455 women aged 15-49 years. The outcome was adherence to IFAS for at least 90 days. We used multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for the survey design to analyse factors associated with IFAS adherence. We estimated socioeconomic inequalities using the Wagstaff normalized concentration index and plotted them using the concentration curve. About half of women consumed IFAS for at least 90 days, with a higher proportion in urban areas (59.0%) than in rural areas (47.8%). Social determinants of adherence to IFAS were similar for urban and rural women. Overall, being an older woman, having weekly internet access, antenatal care for at least four visits, and residing in Java and Bali were significantly linked to IFAS adherence. Higher maternal education was significantly linked to IFAS adherence in urban settings, but not in rural settings. There were interactions between place of residence and woman's education (p<0.001) and household wealth (p<0.001). Concentration indices by woman's education and household wealth were 0.102 (p<0.001) and 0.133 (p<0.001), respectively, indicating pro-educated and pro-rich inequalities. However, no significant education-related disparity was found among rural women (p=0.126). Women (age, education, occupation, birth number, internet access, involvement in decision-making), household (husband's education, household wealth), health care (antenatal care visit) and community (place of residence, geographic region) factors are associated with overall adherence to IFAS. These factors influence the adherence to IFAS in a complex web of deep-seated socioeconomic inequalities. Thus, programs and interventions to improve adherence to IFAS should target women of reproductive age and their families, particularly those from socioeconomically disadvantaged groups residing in rural areas.

“She” at the Corner of a Small Town: A Study of Female Characters in Urban Themes in Ma Jinlian’s Novels

In recent years, the focus of Ma Jinlian’s novel creation has gradually shifted from rural areas to cities. The characters in her works have also gradually shifted from rural Hui ethnic minorities to urban Hui ethnic minorities. This study focuses on the creation of urban Hui ethnic minorities in Ma Jinlian’s works, systematically combs and summarizes the female characters of urban Hui ethnic minorities in her works, and on this basis compares the images of urban Hui female characters and rural Hui female characters in her novels, examines the gender consciousness and development of female consciousness of Hui ethnic minorities in Ma Jinlian’s urban themes, and further studies the reflection and introspection of the image of urban Hui community in Ma Jinlian’s works on the living conditions of urban Hui women in Ningxia today, and explores the realistic value and universal significance of Ma Jinlian’s image of urban women from the perspective of text.

Factors Affecting Urban Women Empowerment in Bangladesh

This study explored the factors (attributes) affecting women empowerment in Bangladesh focusing 24 specific attributes grouped into six categories. The primary data is collected through a questionnaire survey of 176 urban women selected through convenient sampling. The most agreed attributes are access to education, and the education of people. Next agreed factors are social security, family support, women personality, women rights, legal rights, societal perception about women, vocational training, work mobility, and NGO impact and support, Next in the row are break of study, income, voting rights, savings, dowry, employment length, profession choice, wealth, inheritance. The disagreed factors are public or private education, and sibling status. The analysis of group variables showed that environment is the most important group followed by rights, education, family dynamics, finance, and employment. The important environmental factors include social security, and societal perception about women. NGO impact and support also plays a key role. Regarding rights the significant factors are awareness of women, legal, and voting rights. In the education group, access to education, and level of education of people are the two most crucial factors. Also, vocational education, as well as break of study play important roles. But public or private education have no effect in women empowerment. Regarding family dynamics, family support, and women personality are two important variables. Dowry payment, and marital status also found to carry less weight. But sibling status have no impact on women empowerment. Financial factors playlesser role in women empowerment. In this group income and savings are key factors followed by wealth and inheritance. Employment is the least important group variable. Here work mobility found to help women empowerment followed by length of employment. Parental leave was found to have no impact. Demographically not much difference in opinion is observed.

Tracing the educational journey of Indian women across generations: A study of multigenerational education mobility in India

This study investigates intergenerational mobility and socioeconomic disparities in women's education in India, utilizing data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave 1. It uniquely examines three generations of women: the second generation (G2), aged 45–75, who reported on their own education, their mother's education (G1), and their daughter's education (G3). Despite India's economic growth over the past three decades, women's educational status remains poor, influenced by enduring gender discrimination. The study constructs educational transition matrices and measures two mobility indices: M1, which represents the expected proportion of daughters transitioning from their mother's educational level, and M2, which measures the extent of transitions between educational categories. M1 is further broken down into upward and downward mobility. The findings highlight significant progress in educational mobility across generations, with notable increases in upward mobility from the grandmother-mother to the mother-daughter generations, indicating a positive trend. Urban women show significantly higher levels of educational mobility compared to their rural counterparts. However, the study also identifies a decline in multigenerational educational mobility among Muslim women. Persistent caste-based disparities in education are observed, although there is a promising trend of narrowing gaps in recent years. Additionally, the study reveals substantial progress in educational attainment among the most economically disadvantaged groups compared to previous generations.

Archetypes and change in wildfire risk perceptions, behaviours and intentions among adults in Tasmania, Australia

Background Anthropogenic climate change globally increases wildfire risk. Understanding how wildfire threats impact community-wide risk perceptions and response options will critically inform resilience education strategies. Aim To gain an increased understanding of wildfire risk perceptions and self-evacuation intentions among residents in the wildfire-prone state of Tasmania, Australia. Methods We co-designed survey questions with stakeholders from emergency management, health and community recovery, using a computer-aided telephone interview to survey residents over 18 years of age. Numerical classification analysis, linear regression and descriptive statistics were used to analyse survey data. Results We identified four archetypes – the ‘immediate leaver’, ‘prepared stayer’, ‘unprepared leaver’ and ‘informed leaver’, each with distinct sociodemographic characteristics. Key variables were gender, age, location and income, with women most likely to leave and lower-income householders from rural areas most likely to stay. Previous wildfire experience and owning a home were significantly associated with increased preparedness actions. Compared to 2016, we found a significant increase in the proportion of residents intending to leave their property, with rural men least likely and urban women most likely to leave. Implications Recent education campaigns have likely driven increases in wildfire threat-related self-evacuation, yet the existence of distinct archetypes argues for more tailored messaging and education programs.

Assess the knowledge regarding food adulteration among house wife: A study on berhampur city of Ganjam district, Odisha

Adulteration of food has occurred if it contains any substance injurious to health; it contains any filthy, putrid or decomposed substance; it is prepared, handled or stored under unsanitary conditions; diseased animals have been used in preparation; the container is made of a poisonous substance which will render the contents harmful; contains colours and preservatives other than those permitted by law; it contains pesticide residues or additives not recognised as safe etc. foods may be adulterated either intentional or incidental at all stages from production to selling. Food is adulterated if its quality is lowered or affected by the addition of substances which are injurious to health or by the removal of substances which are nutritious. The present study focuses on the awareness of the housewives among the consumers on food adulterants and to find out the extent of adulteration of the food stuffs. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge about food adulteration among 100 housewives in selected areas, Berhampur. A survey was conducted to collect the information through interview method. They must be well acquainted with the physical food characteristics such as appearance, colour, shape, texture, touch, flavour, taste etc. The urban and rural women are using the home test method for detecting food adulteration. Some urban house wives are having knowledge about food law and the rest of the housewife’s are not aware about food law. The rural housewife’s are not having any knowledge regarding food law, food standard and consumer protection Act. It can be concluded that some women are not having any knowledge regarding different adulteration programme. So, the government and people should promote the different adulteration programme. The media should take a great role to aware women in an interesting and attractive manner. Hence, it is essential to create community awareness and take interventional measures for the health and wellbeing of the community

Are novel ASCVD risk factors more prevalent in young middle eastern women who have classical risk factors

Abstract Introduction Urbanization is an important contributor to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the Middle East, especially in the younger age groups. There is a scarcity of data on clinical profiles and cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) in urban young women compared with those who reside in rural areas in this region. Purpose To study the demographic and clinical profiles and prevalence of traditional and novel CV RFs in a cohort study of young urban Middle Eastern women compared with those in rural areas. Methods The prevalence of 19 traditional and novel cardiovascular RFs were compared in urban vs. rural young women residents (18-50 years of age), who were enrolled in 12 centers (August 2020 to October 2023). Results Of 627 young women enrolled (mean age 44.2 ± 5.1 years old), 463 (74%) were urban residents and 164 (26%) were rural residents. ASCVD was diagnosed in 32% of urban and 37.3% of rural young women. Table shows the prevalence of traditional and novel, sex-specific RFs with significant differences in the 2 groups. Other RFs with no significant differences included hypertension, diabetes and gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, persistent weight gain after delivery, radiation for breast cancer, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Conclusion In this cohort of Middle Eastern young women, despite heterogeneity, those who were urban residents had worse clinical profiles with higher prevalence of certain classical and sex-specific risk factors.

Research on the Impact of Gender Role Perceptions on Women's Educational Opportunities in Urban and Rural China

This study explores the impact of gender role perceptions on womens educational opportunities in urban and rural China, focusing on how socio-cultural, familial, societal, and personal factors contribute to educational disparities. Through a comprehensive review of existing research, the study tests three hypotheses: (H1) perceptions of gender roles in urban areas correlate with higher educational attainment among women compared to rural areas; (H2) exposure to progressive media positively influences educational ambitions across both urban and rural contexts; and (H3) increased access to technology narrows the gender gap in education between urban and rural women. The findings underscore the persistence of traditional gender norms in rural areas, which hinder womens educational progress, while urban areas benefit from more progressive views that support higher educational attainment. The study also highlights the significant role of media and technology in challenging traditional gender norms and promoting educational equality. By addressing these factors, policymakers and educators can develop targeted strategies to reduce educational disparities and foster gender equality in both urban and rural China.

Stories of women's marriage and fertility experiences:Qualitative research on urban and rural cases in Bali, Indonesia.

As a Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, Bali presents a unique and distinctive culture. Patrilocal ( purusa) marriage and patrilineal inheritance as a continuation of the patriarchal system puts a male in the key role of family representative and successor. Having a son is a priority for a married couple in Balinese society. As a consequence, Balinese women experience several constraints related to their economic productive, reproductive, and adat (ritual) roles. When a family does not have a male heir, their daughter is pressed to find a spouse willing to accept sentana (daughter succession) marriage. This secondary form of marriage brings another complication for Balinese-Hindu women and does not necessarily relieve their submissive position. This study analyzes Balinese-Hindu women's perspectives on their marriage experiences and fertility decisions in patrilineal society in changing rural and urban conditions. The data was collected in two areas representing rural (Gianyar) and urban (Denpasar) locations in Bali Province, Indonesia from November 2019 to February 2020. Primary data was based on in-depth interviews of six rural and six urban married Balinese-Hindu women. This qualitative inquiry into Balinese women's experience of the marriage system and fertility options in urban and rural Bali revealed varying degrees of social expectation to provide male descendants for their families. At the same time, economic burdens still haunted them in this development era and manifested conflicting implications for family size. Their stories of purusa and sentana marriage were complex because it has strongly associated with customary law ( adat) in traditional society. Paradoxically, this study found that it was predominantly rural women who opted for the sentana arrangement and expressed a preference for smaller family sizes. This study explores women's fertility aspirations, notably regarding son precedence. It problematizes the sentana marriage alternative as a potential solution to alleviate the expectations and burdens placed on women.

Risk assessment of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in rural Maharashtra, India

The research question I addressed was - “To what extent do socioeconomic factors influence the risk of developing lifestyle diseases such as Obesity, Hypertension and Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Rural and Urban Indian women aged 35-55 years?”. Having lived in the urban parts of India for the majority of my life, this opportunity exposed me to healthcare in rural India and language barriers due to the diversity of subIndian cultures.

Prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia among urban and rural Indian adults in middle age: A cross-sectional study from Western India.

Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle mass and function. India has 8.6% of the global elderly (>60 years) population, and this is expected to increase to 20% by 2050. Around 70% of Indians live in rural areas where lifestyle factors like diet and physical activity differ from urban areas. Understanding age, sex and location-specific sarcopenia prevalence in India is crucial. Thus, our aim was to assess the prevalence and determinants of sarcopenia in urban and rural community-dwelling men and women aged 40 years and older, representing the next generation of older Indian adults. This cross-sectional study included 745 adults (400 women) from urban and rural areas near Pune, Western India. Assessments included socio-demography, diet by-24-hr recall, physical activity, anthropometry (height, weight), muscle mass measurement by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle strength (hand grip) & muscle function by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Sarcopenia was defined by Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia-2019 guidelines Mean age of participants was 53±7.6yrs. Overall prevalence of sarcopenia was 10% and of severe sarcopenia was 4.2%. Sarcopenia prevalence was higher in rural (14.8%) than urban (6.8%) participants and in men (12.5%) than women (8%, all p<0.05). Muscle mass, grip strength and SPPB score were all higher in urban than rural participants (p<0.05). Older age, rural residence, inadequate protein intake, and lower socio-economic status were independently associated with sarcopenia. In this middle-aged group, sarcopenia prevalence was similar to that observed in older Western populations, over 100% higher among rural than urban participants, and higher amongst men than women. Age, location, protein intake and socioeconomic status were factors associated with sarcopenia. Given this rapidly increasing population of older adults in India there is an urgent need to plan strategies for early sarcopenia diagnosis and management, especially in rural populations.

Disparities in mental health screening for veteran women with a new diagnosis of breast cancer.

222 Background: Compared to the general population, mental health disorders, including depression, are higher for Veteran women. Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in this population and up to 50% of women will experience depressive symptoms after diagnosis, associated with poor prognosis and survival. An increasing number of Veteran women live in rural areas, where access to behavioral health care may be limited. This study sought to evaluate rural disparities in mental health screening and follow-up evaluation after a new BC diagnosis. Methods: Women Veterans with a new BC diagnosis were identified between 2017 and 2021. Data for mental health screenings [Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-2, PHQ-9, General Anxiety Disorder-7] were collected subsequent to the first BC diagnosis. Rurality was defined per the USDA Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes framework to determine rurality based on population density and commuting patterns. Data were abstracted from several large VA and non-VA datasets, including the Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) Outpatient files, non-VA Care Medical and Pharmacy System files, Program Integrity Tool, and VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure for Oncology. Rurality data was specified using CDW designations combined with ZIP-code-level USDA RUCA information. All categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests. Means were tested using t-tests. Results: 14,225 Veteran women with a new BC diagnosis were identified. The mean age was 63.4 (SD 11.7). The most common documented race was White (30.6%), followed by Black (15.7%). 59.6% lived in an urban setting as opposed to rural setting (40.4%). In the entire population, only 14% had a mental health screening within 3 months of a cancer diagnosis. Veteran women living in an urban setting were more likely to be screened compared to those living in a rural setting (17.4% vs 9.2%, p &lt; 0.001). For women screened within 3 months, most screened negative, regardless of rurality (76.1% rural, 75.7% urban). Of women who had a positive mental health screen within 3 months, only approximately one-third (31.8% rural, 34.2% urban) had additional screening regardless of rurality. However, for those with a negative initial screen, urban Veterans were more likely to have any additional screening (17% vs 10.2%, p = 0.001). PHQ-2 was the most common mental health screening tool used (73.8%) followed by a combination of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 (9.6%). Conclusions: Mental health screening within 3 months of breast cancer diagnosis is low for Veteran women. There is a significant difference in screening between rural and urban populations. It is critical to both improve mental health screening overall in this population and bridge the disparity gap between screening in rural and urban Veteran women. This may impact not only mental health but also breast cancer outcomes during the period encompassing treatment and survivorship.

Income inequalities in maternal health-care service utilization in India: Applying the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method

Maternal health-care service (MHCS) utilization is a crucial indicator of a country&amp;rsquo;s progress in protecting the health and well-being of its women and children. This paper examines trends, patterns, determinants, and disparities in MHCS utilization between the poorest and richest women in India&amp;rsquo;s Empowered Action Group. The study used data from the second (1998 &amp;ndash; 1999), third (2005 &amp;ndash; 2006), fourth (2015 &amp;ndash; 2016), and fifth (2019 &amp;ndash; 2021) rounds of the National Family Health Survey. A logistic regression model was applied to assess MHCS utilization, and the Blinder&amp;ndash;Oaxaca decomposition method (BODM) was used to explain inequalities in utilization between the poorest and richest women. The findings indicate that MHCS utilization has increased over the years among both groups. However, the utilization rate is higher among the poorest women. Furthermore, rural women are less likely to utilize MHCS compared to urban women. Key determinants include women&amp;rsquo;s education, their partners&amp;rsquo; education, mass media exposure (MME), and women&amp;rsquo;s empowerment. The BODM results show that although MHCS utilization has increased among both groups, inequalities persist, largely explained by coefficient effects. A trend analysis reveals a reduction in discrimination between the poorest and richest women over time. Women&amp;rsquo;s education, MME, and autonomy are the key factors driving the reduction of inequalities. There is a need for comprehensive strategies to enhance education among disadvantaged women, increase MME, and promote health awareness. The government should empower women through incentives, such as cash benefits, to ensure higher MHCS utilization among poorer women.

A Study of Awareness of Appropriate Bone Mass Density and Its Impact on Bone Health Among Adult Rural and Urban Women

A Study of Awareness of Appropriate Bone Mass Density and Its Impact on Bone Health Among Adult Rural and Urban Women

Construction of New Female Image in Early Modern China - Review of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Performing China: Female Stars, Performance Culture, Visual Politics, 1910-1945 &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;by Huiling Zhou

The author of the book &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Performing China: Female Stars, Performance Culture, Visual Politics, 1910-1945&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;, Huiling Zhou, through the method of careful cross-text reading of cultural and video data and the theory of performance cultural studies, studies the tortuous course of constructing new female images of Chinses women represented by female film stars in the early 1920s and 1930s. They are not only “theater actresses” on the screen, but also “social actresses” in social practice. In face of various social opinions, gossip and party comments at that time, early Chinese female stars found ways to release themselves in their screen roles and real lives in the real society. Their performances in the process of China’s modernization revealed the society’s conception of the country, urban scene and female image at that time. Hollywood’s influence on Chinese films in the 1930s was profound and extensive, from the portrayal of urban women in China to the demonstration of film marketing strategies. From the perspective of film performance, the author analyzes the process of cross-cultural communication and interaction between China and the United States in the 1930s, involving various aspects of film, literature, politics, painting and industry. The difficulty of reading this book lies in its strong theoretical nature. Then, the film documents and image data selected by the author in the early 1920s and 1930s are relatively unknown to many people today. The author’s cultural research method with visual as core of cross-cultural interaction research can make us have some new thinking about many popular cultural forms at present, and broaden our vision and thinking.

Effectiveness of Reproductive Biology Educational Interventions in Reducing the Prevalence of Elective Caesarean Sections

Indonesia has the highest caesarean section rate globally, with a prevalence of 17.6% in 2018, rising to 22.50% among urban women by 2021, far exceeding the WHO recommendation of 10-15%. Although caesarean sections can be life-saving, they carry higher risks of complications for both mother and baby compared to normal delivery. This study aims to evaluate the impact of reproductive biology educational interventions on reducing elective caesarean sections at Aulia Pandeglang Regional Hospital in Banten in 2024. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design with a One Group Pre and Post Test approach, the research shows that such educational interventions significantly lower elective caesarean rates. Pre-test data revealed that 70% of cases were in the medium category, while post-test data showed a reduction to 43% in the low category. All respondents participated in both pre-test and post-test evaluations. The findings strongly support the effectiveness of reproductive biology education in decreasing elective caesarean sections, prompting Aulia Pandeglang Regional Hospital to continue its educational program for pregnant women to promote normal delivery.