Urban Service Industry Research Articles

Correlations between an Urban Three-Dimensional Pedestrian Network and Service Industry Layouts Based on Graph Convolutional Neural Networks: A Case Study of Xinjiekou, Nanjing

Urban high-density development has led to the emergence of complex three-dimensional pedestrian networks. As a crucial component of city centers, these networks significantly influence the spatial distribution of service industries. Understanding the correlation between pedestrian networks and service industry layouts is vital for effective planning and development. This study proposes a technical framework for analyzing the relationship between three-dimensional pedestrian networks and service industry layouts. Using the Xinjiekou central area in Nanjing as a case study, we constructed a three-dimensional pedestrian network model using the sDNA method. Focusing on catering formats, we introduced a method to study the spatial distribution characteristics of service industries in three-dimensional spaces and employed a graph convolutional network model to systematically analyze the correlation between pedestrian network closeness and betweenness with catering formats. The results indicate that pedestrian network closeness is significantly positively correlated with the number and average spending of catering formats, while betweenness shows almost no correlation. High-closeness areas, due to their traffic convenience and walkability, are more conducive to the concentration of catering formats and higher spending levels. Our findings provide valuable insights for catering format location decisions and the optimization of three-dimensional pedestrian networks, contributing to sustainable urban development.

Measurement and spatial-temporal convergence analysis of high-quality development of service industry: new city-level evidence in China

This research constructs an index system to measure the level of high-quality development of service industry in Chinese cities at the prefecture-level, and uses the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method to measure it. The spatial convergence model is also used to analyze the spatial and temporal convergence of service industries in urban agglomerations, and to analyze their regional differences and spatial and temporal convergence characteristics. It is found that there are regional differences in the level of service industry development in Chinese cities, showing conditional beta convergence characteristics. Further, the convergence of high-quality development of service industry is decomposed in the dimension of five intrinsic factors of high-quality industrial development. It is concluded that the spatial-temporal convergence presented by the high-quality development of service industry mainly comes from industrial restructuring, industrial synergy development and industrial environment optimization. The results show that the institutional factors of “active government” and “efficient market” significantly contribute to the improvement of the quality development of urban services, after add the institutional factors of fiscal decentralization and marketization. And the research based on spatial spillover effects find that the convergence of service development among cities is mainly based on the “Yardstick Competition” of convergence. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the level of quality development of China’s urban service industry, also provide a reference for policy formulation for coordinated regional development and the construction of a unified national market.

Matching Relationship between Urban Service Industry Land Expansion and Economy Growth in China

In the era of the urban economy and service economy, the decoupling of service industry land expansion from economic growth has always been a key measure to evaluate sustainable and healthy development. Based on the decoupling model and GIS spatial analysis method, this paper conducted an empirical study of Chinese cities from 2012 to 2019. Results: (1) Increasing spatial heterogeneity, correlation and agglomeration of land expansion were found in China’s urban service industry and its economic growth; (2) Most cities were in weak decoupling, with evolved, degraded and unchanged cities accounting for one-third each, and the number of cities in negative decoupling was increasing, leading to increasingly diverse and complex decoupling relationships; (3) From the perspective of changes in the urban service industry land and its decoupling from economic growth, HH cities were clustered in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomerations in a continuous belt pattern, while LL and HL cities were mostly in the north, especially in the northeast, creating many cluster-like agglomerations that have become problematic spaces; (4) A significant synergistic effect was identified between the factors of urban permanent population, value added of the secondary industry, per capita GDP, government financial expenditure, international trade, foreign direct investment, total retail of commodities, and authorized patents, with factor pairs formed showing nonlinear enhancement. The factor value added of the secondary industry had the largest direct impact, while urban permanent population and foreign direct investment led in terms of net synergies; (5) It is recommended to introduce classified and differentiated urban service industry land use policies, plan and build a number of national, provincial and municipal modern service industry clusters, demonstrate changes in land supply and use, build a scientific and efficient land resource allocation and management system, guard against and prevent recoupling and effectively improve the ability of cities to achieve high-quality economic development.

The Impact and Spillover Effects of Chinese Ports on Urban Service Industry under De‐maritimization: A Perspective for Port Economic Geography Analysis

AbstractWill ports become less important in a post‐industrial period dominated by service industries? This paper examines the impact and the spillover effects of ports on city economies. The results show that ports contribute to city economies primarily through producer and consumer services. To be specific, ports can drive the development of port‐related producer services, and port spillover effects from other cities have a broader impact on producer services; the port contributes to the development of wholesale and retail trades in the local city but the boost to consumer services comes mainly from spillover effects from other ports. This paper concludes that ports are still shaping economic geography by influencing the service sector, and inter‐city coordination mechanisms are suggested because of the spillover effects.

The Impact of Urban Rail Transit on Industrial Agglomeration Based on the Intermediary Effects of Factor Agglomeration

Urban rail transit is an important form of infrastructure for a city or even a country. This paper uses location entropy to measure the industrial agglomeration level of cities at the prefecture level or above in China from 2006 to 2018 and empirically tests the mechanisms of urban rail transit construction, factor agglomeration, and industrial agglomeration. The empirical results show the following: (1) the construction of urban rail transit infrastructure has a significant positive effect on the agglomeration of the labor force, capital, and technological innovation; (2) urban rail transit construction effectively induces agglomeration in the urban manufacturing industry and consumer service industry; and (3) the impact of urban rail transit construction on agglomeration in the urban manufacturing industry and consumer services industry is primarily due to the intermediary effects of factor agglomeration. The results show that gradually improving the urban rail transit network, strengthening the construction of comprehensive rail transit hubs, and optimizing capital allocation within urban rail transit allow for the full utilization of urban rail transit construction in promoting industrial agglomeration.

Spatial Association characteristics of facilities around scenic spots considering distance and orientation: A case study of 3A and above scenic spots in Beijing

In the urban tourism and service industry, the POI data with coordinate and attribute information of the major map platforms constitute one of the important data sources of the urban tourism and service industry. In this paper, the spatial data transaction database under four distances was established based on the gate buffer of 3A and above scenic spots in Beijing. The Apriori algorithm was used to calculate the lifting degree to obtain the distance for mining the best association features of 3A, 4A and 5A scenic spots, and then the association features of the three scenic spots in different directions were analysed.

A Summary of analysis and application research on the spatial distribution of POI data based on urban service industry

Data mining and data analysis based on POI data of urban service industry has gradually become the research trend of urban spatial layout. In the present study, many scholars use different research methods to analyze the agglomeration characteristics and development trend of urban service industry from multiple perspectives. This article combines POI data analysis methods and application fields to summarize the relevant research of urban service industry POI data analysis and application and summarizes the representative research methods of POI data analysis, and compares the characteristics of each method, and then the development trend of POI data mining, analysis and application in urban service industry is prospected.

Concept Lattice Method for Spatial Association Discovery in the Urban Service Industry

A relative lag in research methods, technical means and research paradigms has restricted the rapid development of geography and urban computing. Hence, there is a certain gap between urban data and industry applications. In this paper, a spatial association discovery framework for the urban service industry based on a concept lattice is proposed. First, location data are used to form the formal context expressed by 0 and 1. Frequent closed itemsets and a concept lattice are computed on the basis of the formal context of the urban service industry. Frequent closed itemsets can filter out redundant information in frequent itemsets, uniquely determine the complete set of all frequent itemsets, and be orders of magnitude smaller than the latter. Second, spatial frequent closed itemsets and association rules discovery algorithms are designed and built based on the formal context. The inputs of the frequent closed itemsets discovery algorithms include the given formal context and frequent threshold value, while the outputs are all frequent closed itemsets and the partial order relationship between them. Newly added attributes create new concepts to guarantee the uniqueness of the new spatial association concept. The inputs of spatial association rules discovery algorithms include frequent closed itemsets and confidence threshold values, and a rule is confident when and only if its confidence degree is not less than the confidence threshold value. Third, the spatial association of the urban service industry in Nanning, China is taken as a case to verify the method. The results are basically consistent with the spatial distribution of the urban service industry in Nanning City. This study enriches the theories and methods of geography as well as urban computing, and these findings can provide guidance for location-based service planning and management of urban services.

Traffic Conflict Analysis of Motor Vehicles and Nonmotor Vehicles Based on Improved Cellular Automata

In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s logistics industry and urban service industry, electric bicycles have gradually become an important means of transportation in cities due to their flexibility, green technology, and low operating costs. Because electric bicycles travel though motor vehicle lanes and nonmotor vehicle lanes, the conflict between motor and nonmotor vehicles has become increasingly prominent, and the safety situation is not optimistic. However, most theories and models of mixed traffic flow are based on motor vehicles and bicycles and few involve electric bicycles. To explore the traffic safety situation in an urban mixed traffic environment, this paper first uses cellular automata (CA) to establish a three-strand mixed traffic flow model of motor vehicles, electric bicycles, and bicycles and verifies the reliability of the model by using a MATLAB simulation based on the actual survey data. Then, using the technology of traffic conflicts and the conflict rate as the index to evaluate the traffic safety situation, the change in the conflict rate with different road occupancies and different proportional coefficients of motor vehicles is studied. In the end, the conflict rate is compared between the mixed traffic flow and the setting of a physical isolation divider, which provides some suggestions on when to set a physical isolation divider to separate motor vehicles from nonmotor vehicles. The results show that in a mixed traffic environment, the conflict rate first increases and then decreases with increasing road occupancy and reaches a peak when the road occupancy is 0.6. In addition, in mixed traffic environments, the conflict rate increases with an increasing proportional coefficient of the motor vehicle. When the road occupancy rate is within the range of [0.6, 0.9] or when the proportional coefficient of motor vehicle is between [0.8, 0.9], a physical isolation divider can be set to separate motor vehicles and nonmotor vehicles from the space to improve traffic safety.

In-Plant Logistics Simulation Model for the Catering Service Industry Towards Sustainable Development: A Case Study

An increasing number of people are conscious of the environmental awareness in various industries, particularly in city areas. It is now a popular trend for the urban catering service industry to outsource its labor-intensive activities, such as dishwashing, to a central dishwashing facility, in which labor force management and optimization are essential. Moreover, the increasing labor cost and fluctuating labor supply drive the increasing need for labor force optimization. This research develops an in-plant logistics simulation model for a central dishwashing facility with the purpose of improving its labor force utilization rate. A discrete event simulation model is established to simulate the tableware washing process, and this model is employed in a one-stop environmentally hygienic dishwashing service provider for trial implementation. The simulation result has been compared with actual situations, identifies the main bottlenecks of the tableware washing process, optimizes the utilization rate of the labor force, and further helps to improve the productivity.

City Service Industry Development, Enterprise Export and Transformation of Processing Trade

Although the service industry in China booms up relatively late, it shows a strong momentum of growth recently; China’s service industry accounted for more than 40% of GDP in 2000. As most developed countries including America and Japan have experienced, China’s industrial structure is now showing a tendency of the transformation from industrial-based economy” to service-oriented economy”, facing the challenge of industrial hollowing-out. Will the development of the service industry damage our country’s exports? Data shows a high degree of consistency between the expansion of China’s exports and the development of service industry from the trend perspective, even after the service industry accounted for more than 40% of GDP. Therefore, the relationship between the development of service industry, its concomitant issue of industrial hollowing-out and export may be complicated and deserves further discussion. Especially under the background of increasing threat of industrial transfer represented by processing trade, this research has strong practical significance. This paper also has obvious policy implications for China’s trade development strategy and the direction of national economic transformation & adjustment. Based on achievements of existing researches, this paper attempts to make the marginal contribution in the following two aspects: first of all, on the basis of data concerning the development of service industry at city-level, we examine its impact on the export of manufacturing enterprises and depict and verify its influence mechanism at the micro level, which is a useful supplement to the existing theory; besides, based on the overall development of local service industry and taking the impact of the processing trade into account, this paper can intuitively reflect the impact of service industry development on processing trade enterprises and identify the possible trend of industrial transfer, providing empirical evidence for the impact of tertiarization and being of practical significance to China’s industrial policy formulation and foreign trade transformation strategy. Our research shows that: on the whole, the development of urban service industry not only enhances the export probability of enterprises, but also promotes the expansion of enterprises’ export volume. The development of urban service industry promotes the export of enterprises mainly through division-of-labor effect” and restrains the export of enterprises mainly through wage-premium effect”. We also obtain the following conclusions by expanding the research: firstly, the development of urban service industry benefits the export of persistent exporters, longer-existing firms and large-scale enterprises, but does damage the export of foreign-funded firms, capital-intensive firms and firms with high level of productivity; secondly, the export of processing trade enterprises is restrained by the development level of urban service industry; thirdly, after excluding the processing trade enterprises, the export of capital-intensive enterprises and high productivity enterprises can also benefit from the development of urban service industry. Based on our conclusion, the following three policy implications can be obtained. Firstly, we should take a correct view of the development of service industry and the threat of industrial hollowing-out. The tertiarization helps to improve the overall level of the national economy and bring about higher efficiency. Secondly, as the transition period of service-oriented economy” approaches, the governments should pay more attention to new industries and promote the timely replacement of the old industries by the new industries, instead of blindly supporting the old industries. Thirdly, in order to promote the transformation and upgrading of local processing trade enterprises, we should seek a linkage mechanism between the development of service industry and the transformation and upgrading of processing trade enterprises. On the one hand, our governments can try to promote the servitization process of manufacturing industry; on the other hand, we should promote the service industry to actively embed the production chain and reduce transaction costs of processing trade enterprises.

The Impact of High Speed Railway on Urban Service Industry Agglomeration

China is stepping into the high-speed railway (HSR) era. The time distance gradually replaces the traditional space distance, which has become the key factor affecting the layout of the service industry. The large-scale construction and network layout of the HSR in the Yangtze River Delta have weakened the space barrier to the flow of production factors, and have made the optimal allocation of resources in a wider range. Using statistical data and train operation data in the Yangtze River megapolis from 2006 to 2015, this paper quantifies the space-time convergence effect caused by HSR implementation by constructing the difference-in-difference model and introducing the gravity model in economic geography, and quantitatively analyzes the impact of HSR evolving from the line into the network on urban service industry agglomeration. It arrives at the results as follows:firstly, at the early operation of HSR (2007-2011), the impact of HSR on urban service industry agglomeration in the Yangtze River megapolis is not significant; and since 2012, with the rapid development of the HSR network in the Yangtze River megapolis, HSR has played a significant role in promoting service industry agglomeration, and the intensity of the impact has gradually increased; secondly, after the implementation of the HSR network, the location of the urban market along the HSR line has been improved, however, there are obvious differences for the improvement in the time and space. The unbalanced time-space convergence effect caused by the HSR network in the Yangtze River megapolis results in the reconstruction of urban market location level along the HSR line, and has exacerbated the imbalance of the location conditions of big cities and small cities; thirdly, the spatial effect caused by HSR increases by 1% each year leads to the rise in the employment density of urban service industry along the HSR line by about 0.3%~0.4%.

High speed rail and urban service industry agglomeration: Evidence from China's Yangtze River Delta region

High speed rail (HSR) services shorten space-time distances between cities and induce the reallocation of production resources between regions (cities). Based on the data of 25 cities in China's Yangtze River Delta region during 1995–2014, this paper uses the (continuous) difference-in-differences model to investigate the influence of HSR on urban service industry agglomeration. The results show that HSR has a positive effect on the urban service industry agglomeration of the cities located along the rail lines. Compared with cities not located along the rail lines, HSR does not weaken the service industry agglomeration of the medium and small-sized cities that are also situated along the rail lines and around the core city. The service intensity of HSR, which is measured by train service frequency, also exhibits a significant effect on the service industry agglomeration of those cities located along the rail lines. Higher levels of HSR service intensity have a greater effect on urban service industry agglomeration. In addition, we further subdivide the category of service industry into producer service, consumer service, and public service industries. We find that HSR has a significant impact on producer service industry agglomeration, but HSR's influences on consumer service industry and public service industry are insignificant.

Spatial Econometric Analysis of Urban Service Industry Development in China—From the Perspective of Urban Scale Heterogeneity

Different metropolitans have different structures of its service industry. They also have different population, traffic system, educational level, health facilities, etc. Considering heterogeneity of urban scale, we used spatial Econometric methods to carry out a comparative analysis on determinant factors for the development of service industry. Based on panel data for 208 urban of PR China for 2001-2012, the results show that service industry’s characteristics of spatial agglomeration are more significant in the big cities. Second industries boost up the service industry in big cities, while transport system tend to impact the service industry in small cities.

Spatial Econometric Analysis of Urban Service Industry Development in China—From the Perspective of Urban Scale Heterogeneity

Spatial Econometric Analysis of Urban Service Industry Development in China—From the Perspective of Urban Scale Heterogeneity

Will the Growth of Uber Increase Economic Welfare?

The urban car service firm Uber is currently the most highly valued private startup company in the world, with a venture capital valuation of over $68 billion based on direct investment of over $13 billion from numerous prominent Silicon Valley investors. Uber’s investors are not merely seeking a share of a still-competitive urban car service industry, but are openly pursuing global industry dominance and its huge valuation is based on expectations that it will be successful. The business media that ignored this industry for over a century now tracks Uber’s every move. The overwhelming majority of media and tech industry coverage presume that Uber’s powerful innovations make industry dominance inevitable and could produce financial returns similar to those achieved by Amazon, Facebook and other recent Silicon Valley backed startups. None of these media and industry expectations are based on objective analysis of Uber’s actual competitive economics, and they are inconsistent with Uber’s actual financial results. No one can explain how Uber could earn billions for its investors in an industry that historically has had razor-thin margins producing a commodity product. No one has been able to explain why an industry that has been competitively fragmented and structurally stable for a hundred years should suddenly consolidate into a global monopoly. No one can demonstrate a clear link between specific Uber product features and its meteoric growth, explain why no one else had ever recognized these opportunities, or document how they are powerful enough to allow Uber to rapidly drive all incumbent taxi and limo companies out of business. No one has attempted to explain how a company with such an allegedly powerful business model is still losing billions of dollars a year in its seventh year of operation, and why these losses are still increasing. No one has conducted an independent investigation of whether an unregulated dominant Uber would actually produce long-term improvements in the quality of urban transport. This paper lays out the economic evidence showing that Uber has no ability — now or in the foreseeable future — to earn sustainable profits in a competitive marketplace. Uber’s investors cannot earn returns on the $13 billion they have invested without achieving levels of market dominance that would allow them to exploit anti-competitive market power. The growth of Uber is entirely explained by massive predatory subsidies that have totally undermined the normal workings of both capital and labor markets. Capital has shifted from more productive to less productive uses, the price signals that allow drivers and customers to make welfare maximizing decisions have been deliberately distorted, and the laws and regulations that protect the public’s interest in competition and efficient urban transport have been seriously undermined. Absolutely nothing in the “narrative” Uber has used to explain its growth is supported by objective, verifiable evidence of its actual competitive economics.

Research of Contemporary Urban Complex from the Angle of Industry- City Integration

Under the background of new urbanization and industry-city integration (I-C Integ. for short), this paper con- cerns about the rising phenomenon of large residential area and innovation industry, and suggests that the key of I-C In- teg. is co-development of urban service industry with the two formers. Then, this paper reviews the concept of Urban Complex and its relationship with I-C Integ., and considers those two as one unified form by different scales of entire city and city-area. Furthermore, this paper put forward several types of Urban Complex basing on I-C Integ., and points out that area-industry will dominate the development of Urban Complex in the future.

A matheuristic for routing real-world home service transport systems facilitating walking

This paper provides a solution procedure for a state-dependent real-world routing and scheduling problem motivated by challenges faced in the urban home service industry. A transport service delivers staff members of different qualification levels to clients and picks them up after completion of their services. The possibility to walk to clients, interdependencies, time windows, assignment constraints as well as mandatory working time and break regulations are considered. The introduced matheuristic consists of two stages, identifying potential walking-routes and optimising the transport system. The presented numerical studies are performed with real-world based instances from the Austrian Red Cross, a major home health care provider in Austria. The results show that implementing walking and pooling of trips in solution procedures decreases the number of required vehicles substantially.

Study on Spatial Planning Pattern of Urban Producer Services

As producer services have the characteristics of cluster development in the urban space, rational guidance on spatial patterns of producer services by means of urban planning is able to promote the industrial structure readjustment and spatial structure optimization, and enhance the development of urban modern service industry. Based on characteristics, composition, added value and industrial chain links of producer services, this article has presented that spatial distribution of urban producer services has two patterns: cluster area and supporting center, which respectively belong to two study areas: urban master planning and detailed planning. On the basis of different cluster scales and correlations, this article also has proposed three spatial patterns: industrial parks, characteristic blocks and industrial neighborhood center.