Urban-rural Fringe Areas Research Articles

PROPOSALS for programs or policies that would do something for agriculture faced with urban pressures are nearly as numerous as the proverbial fleas on a hound dog. Their origin, using the sometimes questionable benefit of an educated hindsight, might conceivably be traced to the early urban-rural fringe areas of antiquity-the Nile Valley, Mesopotamia, and the Indus River. Urban developments have occurredand taken land from farming-wherever agricultural production, itself dependent upon a moderate climate, has stimulated marketing and trade activities as well as population growth and concentration. Conversion of land from agricultural to nonagricultural use is a normal aspect of economic growth. The historic abundance of natural resources available for man's use has been largely responsible for an almost congenital lack of concern for these resources by their users. California, long considered a state with limitless land and water resources, has only very recently awakened to the fact that a population explosion and attendant urbanization may be posing a serious threat to the stability of its economically important agricultural sector. During the decade of the 1920's, concern developed over both actual and potential water shortages. Eventually-after at times violent debate and study-plans were developed and are being put into effect to develop California water resources with a maximum of social and economic product and a minimum of economic cost and social waste. Although not all water-oriented resource problems are solved as yet, at least effective progress is being made for the long-run conservation use of this limited resource in an urbanizing economy characterized by a strong irrigationbased agricultural sector. Concern over land resources has been slower to develop. Interest in greenbelts, open space, loss of agricultural land, and conservation of prime agricultural land is a recent development [11]. It is only in the postwar era that serious land-use competition problems have emerged requiring that major attention be directed to land resources. The particular combination of natural conditions that first stimulated a highly specialized agriculture has also attracted and stimulated a rapidly expanding urban population. This in turn has begun to compete with agriculture-and fre-

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