RUHREN, SCOTT AND STEVEN N. HANDEL (Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, and Center for Urban Restoration Ecology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 1 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1582). Herbivory constrains survival, reproduction and mutualisms when restoring nine deciduous forest herbs. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 130:34-42. 2003.-Restoration of perennial herbs may be influenced by plant-animal interactions. For example, projects may be aided by native pollinators or seed dispersers or impeded by herbivores. Our previous work at Jockey Hollow, a U.S. National Park, indicated that abundance of native woodland herbs was low and herbivory by Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman (white-tailed deer) was intense. The goal of our experiment was to test the feasibility of herbaceous plant restoration in spite of a large 0. virginianus herd. By examining small-scale reintroductions of nine species of native herbaceous perennials (Asarum canadense L., Geranium maculatum L., Mitella diphylla L., Polemonium reptans L., Sanguinaria canadensis L., Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf., Tiarella cordifolia L., Uvularia grandiflora J.E. Smith and Viola spp.) we determined which plants survived and reproduced. After 3 years, 46% of plants survived and 5% flowered inside exclosures, while 23% of plants planted outside survived; no plants surviving outside exclosures flowered. Within deer exclosures, native bees visited five species and ants dispersed Sanguinaria seeds in experimental depots. However pollination and seed dispersal occurs only with protection from 0. virginianus. Overabundant 0. virginianus and the relatively long generation time of perennial herbs may prevent restoration of similar plant communities at this time.