Urban Residents In China Research Articles

From traditional and socialist work-unit communities to commercial housing: the association between neighborhood types and adult health in urban China

The urban structure in China has been transformed profoundly through rounds of economic reforms. Over the past 60 years, various types of neighborhoods have emerged at different stages of economic and social transition. Formed and organized in different ways, these neighborhoods provide distinct economic, social, and physical environments to residents. However, little is known about the link between neighborhood types and the health of residents in urban China. Using longitudinal data from the China Labor-Force Dynamics Survey (2012–2014), we estimate multilevel regression models to predict self-rated health (SRH) while controlling for a lagged measure of SRH. Results show that living in traditional communities in old districts and work-unit compounds for state-owned enterprises is associated with better SRH among older adults (≥50 years old) compared with living in other types of neighborhoods, such as commercial-housing communities and migrant enclaves. Neighborhood types do not matter for the health of younger adults (<50 years old). Neighborhood water quality and distance to facilities are associated with SRH for older adults but do not account for the relationships between neighborhood types and SRH.

Multiple performances and paradoxical effects of China's vehicle emission reduction policy.

As the living standards of urban residents in China continue to improve, the number of motor vehicle trips is increasing, thus aggravating air pollution. Such pollution causes great harm to human health and the global environment. Using a system dynamics approach, this study analyzed the effect of implementation mode on China's air pollution charging fee (APCF) policy and identified potentially negative medium- and long-term effects. The results indicated that the APCF policy has a dual effect under the single-charge mode (i.e., fees are charged on a daily basis). On the one hand, it has multiple effects of reducing emissions, relieving traffic congestion, and improving the happiness index. On the other hand, the higher the charge, the stronger the trip demand (possibly due to the sunk-cost fallacy and loss-aversion effect), which encourages motorists to weaken the cost of losses (i.e., from air pollution fees) by increasing the number of trips per day to seek short-term psychological balance, regardless of the extra costs and the amount of pollution generated. It was also found that APCF implementation mode significantly affected passenger car trips but not truck trips (perhaps because truck trips are mainly based on the demand of supply, and the daily number of trips is relatively stable). Overall, as APCF increases, it can have some paradoxical long-term effects on emissions, congestion, the happiness index, and road bearing capacity. This study's findings can help the Chinese government improve and optimize its long-term air pollution control strategies.

Investigation and evaluation of water literacy of urban residents in China based on data correction method

Abstract This study proposes an evaluation index system of water literacy levels. Thirty-one provincial capitals in mainland China were selected for the survey. The preliminary evaluation results were revised to obtain the comprehensive evaluation value of water literacy. The results of the questionnaire show that the water literacy score is relatively high, but the water behavior score is relatively low; the modified evaluation results are closer to the actual water literacy level of urban residents; and the comprehensive evaluation value of water literacy has a certain correlation with the distribution of water resources in China. The research results can provide theoretical support for China's future work to improve citizens’ water literacy, and the water sector can formulate policies that are more in line with China's water resource status based on the level of water literacy, differences in water behavior, and water resource distribution.

A ELES Model-based quantitative analysis of the consumption structure of the Chinese urban residents

This paper studied the consumption structure of urban residents in China based on the Extended linear expenditure system model (ELES) and the data of Chinese household tracking survey in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018. The results were as follows: firstly, the proportion of the survival consumption to the total consumption decreased from 2010 to 2018, indicating that the consumption structure of the urban residents in China has been upgraded in this period. Secondly, the income elasticity of demand for the survival consumption is 0.256, while for the enjoyment consumption and development consumption is 0.468 and 0.317 respectively. Thirdly, the MPC of the survival consumption is 0.112, while that of the enjoyment consumption and development consumption is 0.174, indicating that the increase of income is conducive to the optimization of the consumption structure of the urban residents. In order to promote the optimization of the consumption structure of urban residents, the government should take measures to perfect the income distribution system and improve the income level of urban residents.

因子分析在我国城镇居民消费中的应用

因子分析在我国城镇居民消费中的应用

One Country, Two Systems: Evidence on Retirement Patterns in China

This paper documents the patterns and correlates of retirement in China using a nationally representative survey, the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). After documenting stark differences in retirement ages between urban and rural residents, the paper shows that China's urban residents retire earlier than workers in many OECD countries and that rural residents continue to work until advanced ages. Differences in access to generous pensions and economic resources explain much of the urban-rural difference in retirement rates. The paper suggests that reducing disincentives created by China's Urban Employee Pension system, improving health status, providing childcare and elder care support may all facilitate longer working lives. Given spouse preferences for joint retirement, creating incentives for women to retire later may facilitate longer working lives for both men and women.

Comparison of health service use and costs in stroke with and without comorbidities: a cross-sectional analysis using China urban medical claims data

ObjectivesStroke is the leading cause of death and disability in China, but there is scare of evidence on whether and to what extent comorbidity affects the stroke-related costs in health...

Urban and Rural Disparities of Personal Health Behaviors and the Influencing Factors During the COVID-19 Outbreak in China: Based on an Extended IMB Model.

Health behavior was conducive to control the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic. This study aimed to determine the differences in health behaviors and related factors among rural and urban residents in China. From February 14 to 22, 2020, during the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, a total of 2449 participants (1783 (72.81%) urban residents and 666 (27.19%) rural residents) were recruited by snowball sampling on WeChat and QQ social platforms, both owned by Tencent. Data were collected through the Web-questionnaire guided by an information-motivation-behavioral skills model. The multiple-group structural equation model was applied to analyze the factors. Rural residents had lower health behavior scores than urban residents, even after adjusting demographic characteristics (33.86 vs 34.29, P = 0.042; total score was 40). Motivational, behavioral skills, and stress had direct positive and negative influences on health behaviors of urban and rural residents. Information and positive perception of interventions had direct effects on health behaviors in rural residents, but not in urban residents. All the factors were mediated by behavioral skills in rural and urban residents. This study suggests that the government should pay attention to substantial rural and urban disparities and implement different COVID-19 prevention and intervention policies for health behaviors targeting rural and urban residents.

The Development of Leisure Sports Consumption of Urban Residents under the View of Marine Ecological Environment

Lan, Y., 2020. The development of leisure sports consumption of urban residents under the view of marine ecological environment. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 863–866. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With the enhancement of urban residents' health consciousness, the consumption of leisure sports is increasing year by year, and has become an important consumption of life, but we should always firmly interact with the development of ecological environment and leisure experience, and strive to promote each other. Based on the relationship between the construction of urban ecological civilization and the development of leisure sports, this paper explores the current situation and existing problems of leisure sports consumption of urban residents in China, and puts forward corresponding improvement measures in the light of the perspective of marine ecological environment, hoping to enrich the research in related fields.

Out-Patient Service and in-Patient Service: The Impact of Health Insurance on the Healthcare Utilization of Mid-Aged and Older Residents in Urban China.

PurposeMedical insurance is a disease risk-sharing mechanism that can improve residents’ financial access to medical treatment and thus increase their utilization of health services. This paper aims to identify the impact of different kinds of medical insurances on the use of healthcare for Chinese mid-aged and older urban residents from four aspects: outpatient behaviour, outpatient costs, inpatient behaviour and inpatient costs.Materials and MethodsThe data used in this study were from 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted by Peking University. Binary logit model and multiple linear regression model were used to analyse the impact of health insurance on the use of healthcare, and the PSM method was used to test the robustness of the results.ResultsParticipating in either BMIUSE or BMISURR can significantly improve all kinds of healthcare utilization for mid-aged and older urban groups. However, there are huge differences on the healthcare utilization between BMISUE and BMISURR. Specifically, the probability of using inpatient care and inpatient costs of urban residents enrolled in the BMISUE are 4.2% and 45% higher, respectively, than those covered by the BMISURR, but there are no differences in outpatient care utilization and outpatient costs between these two health insurance programs.ConclusionThis paper suggests that the large gaps between BMISUE and BMISURR only reflect on inpatient care and inpatient costs, there is no difference in outpatient services between these two health insurance programs. “Excessive demand”, “induced demand” and other moral hazard phenomena in BMISUE should be avoided when receiving hospitalization services.

Primary care and all-cause mortality in urban China: a mixed-level analysis.

There is still a lack of evidence focusing on primary care supply in developing countries where the educational achievement of primary care practitioners is relatively low. By using a nationally representative longitudinal and prospective cohort study, this study examined whether primary care supply, measured by the availability and the number of community health centres (CHCs), was associated with 4-year mortality risk among community-dwelling participants aged 45 and above in urban China. Using the 2011 and 2015 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), we conducted a longitudinal mixed-level logistic analysis to study the impact of the availability and the number of CHC on 4-year follow-up mortality risk, after adjusting community- and individual-level covariates. Individuals living in communities with CHC were 31% less likely to die during the 4-year follow-up (P < 0.05) conditional on community-level characteristics, including the basic facilities availability, population size and physical area, and individuals' socio-demographic and health characteristics and health behaviours. Also, an increased number of community-level CHC was shown to decrease residents' 4-year mortality risk significantly (odds ratio = 0.82, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the association was more pronounced among adults aged 65 and above. This study provides additional evidence of the health-promoting effect of primary care supply among urban residents in China. Improving primary care coverage in China should be necessary to improve health care access, thus promoting population health.

Estimating Rural Electric Power Consumption Using NPP-VIIRS Night-Time Light, Toponym and POI Data in Ethnic Minority Areas of China

Aiming at the problem that the estimation of electric power consumption (EPC) by using night-time light (NTL) data is mostly concentrated in large areas, a method for estimating EPC in rural areas is proposed. Rural electric power consumption (REPC) is a key indicator of the national socio-economic development. Despite an improved quality of life in rural areas, there is still a big gap between electricity consumption between rural residents and urban residents in China. The experiment takes REPC as the research target, selects Dehong (DH) Dai Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province as an example, and uses the NTL data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day–Night Band (DNB) carried by the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Satellite from 2012 to 2017, toponym and points-of-interest (POI) data as the main data source. By performing kernel density estimation to extract the urban center and rural area boundaries in the prefecture, and combining the county-level boundary data and electric power data, a linear regression model of the total rural NTL intensity and REPC is estimated. Finally, according to the model, the EPC in ethnic minority rural areas is estimated at a 1-km spatial resolution. The results show that the NPP-REPC model can simulate REPC within a small average error (17.8%). Additionally, there are distinct spatial differences of REPC in ethnic minority areas.

Air pollution and cause-specific mortality: A comparative study of urban and rural areas in China

Air pollution increases the risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and respiratory mortality across China. However, the urban-rural differences in the associations between air pollution and mortality have not been clearly identified. In this study, a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to examine whether the air pollutants-mortality associations vary between urban and rural areas. Then, we used logistic regression analyses to evaluate the air pollutants-mortality relations. Also, generalized additive models were simulated to evaluate the nonlinear curves. Our results showed that the relative risks of air pollution-related mortality were generally higher in rural areas, where PM2.5 pollution was the dominant factor (p-value < 0.05). Mortality risks for all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory will increase when average annual PM2.5 concentrations exceed approximately 38 μg/m3, 41 μg/m3 and 41 μg/m3, respectively, all of which exceed the annual Grade II standards. In urban areas, PM10-2.5 and NO2 were associated with mortality (p-value < 0.05). We proposed some area-specific strategies for controlling the NO2 pollution and PM10-2.5 pollution in urban areas and the PM2.5 pollution in rural areas to eliminate the gaps. Our findings identify that rural residents are more sensitive to air pollution than urban residents in China, and this result challenges previous assumptions about the more adverse effects of urbanization on residents’ health in developing countries.

Purchase and use of home healthcare devices for the elderly: a pilot study in Shanghai, China

BackgroundIn China, home-based healthcare/rehabilitation has always been advocated by the government and is the most prevalent healthcare pattern. However, there is currently no data on how many each product has been purchased, and it is not clear what factors are associated with their use. The research aims to clarify the current practices and attitudes of the elderly on such matters, and further analyze their influence factors.MethodsThis pilot study consisted of two-round regional survey, conducted from July 25 to August 3, 2015 and July 20 to August 10, 2018 respectively. Both surveys released on-site paper questionnaires and collected after filling out in different communities.ResultsTwo hundred forty-four valid questionnaires from 52 communities were collected. Compared with 2015 (30.8%), the number of people who did not purchase home healthcare devices in the same area decreased in 2018 (28.2%). Hemopiezometer (44.3%), glucometer (18.4%), massager (21.3%) and walking devices (19.3%) are the four main types of products that urbanites are most willing to buy. In addition, users’ age group, education level, and income level were significantly correlated with the purchase of certain products.ConclusionsThe types of home healthcare devices purchased by respondents are consistent with the distribution of chronic diseases of urban residents in China. The analysis of product brands also revealed the existing problems and huge growth space of the industry market, which also requires the government to introduce relevant policies and measures to regulate the market and accelerate the development of the industry.

Wage growth and inequality in urban China: 1988–2013

We investigate the evolution of wage levels, wage inequality, and wage determinants among urban residents in China using China Household Income Project data from 1988, 1995, 2002, 2007, and 2013.Average wage grew impressively between each pair of years. Wage inequality had long been on the increase, but between 2007 and 2013 no clear changes occurred. In 1988, age and wages were positively related throughout working life, but more recently older workers' wages have been lower than those of middle-aged workers. The relationship between education and wages was weak in 1988 but strengthened rapidly thereafter—a process that came to a halt in 2007.During the period in which China was a planned economy the gender wage gap was small in urban China, but it widened rapidly between 1995 and 2007. We also report the existence of a premium for being employed in a foreign-owned firm or in the state sector.

Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) in China: Evidence from Citywide Representative Surveys from Five Chinese Cities in 2018.

China is the largest cigarette consuming country in the world. The emergence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in China may have important implications for the Chinese tobacco market. Unfortunately, research on ENDS in China, while growing, is still limited. This study was designed to examine the awareness and use of ENDS among adult urban residents in China. Data from five citywide representative surveys conducted in 2017–2018 were used. Percentages of residents who had ever heard of, ever used, or used ENDS in the past 30 days among all residents and smokers were estimated, in total and by demographic characteristics. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted associations between awareness and use of ENDS and individual-level demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status (SES). Overall, 51.3% had ever heard, 4.8% ever used, and 0.9% used ENDS in the past 30 days. Men, young adults, those with high levels of education, and current smokers were more likely to be aware of and use ENDS. Among smokers, 67.8% had ever heard, 17.1% ever used, and 3.9% used ENDS in the past 30 days, respectively. Young adult smokers and smokers with high levels of education were more likely to be aware of and use ENDS. Our study results on ENDS awareness and use patterns and associated factors in China provide important evidence to inform research and policies related to ENDS manufacture, marketing, and sales in China.

Comparing attitudes towards adoption of e-government between urban users and rural users: an empirical study in Chongqing municipality, China

ABSTRACT Urban–rural divide becomes an obstacle to the development of e-government in China. This research devotes to promoting the adoption of e-government in China. It investigates the attitudes of urban residents versus rural residents toward e-government use in Chongqing, one of most important municipalities of China which is fraught with a serious urban–rural divide. A research model is created to assess the differences between urban and rural residents according to previous literatures and theories. A Structural Equation Model approach is employed to examine the research model. The survey data were collected from 596 urban residents and 477 rural residents in Chongqing. The results reveal that there are differences between urban and rural groups. Many enabling factors and inhibiting factors in previous studies, such as perceived behavioural control and resistance to change, can positively influence rural residents’ intentions to use but fail to exert great effects on urban residents’ motivations. Thus, it is necessary for government agencies in China to take actions based on those significant enabling factors and inhibiting factors to promote e-government acceptance. In addition, it is also necessary to conduct deeper research on e-government acceptance of urban residents in China.

Salt intake knowledge and behavior among school teachers in four Chinese cities in 2014

To learn the knowledge level on &quot;salt and health&quot;, and analyze the influence on related behavior among school teachers in four Chinese cities. The data of 2014 salt KAP among urban residents in China was used, with stratified random cluster sampling, a total of 2518(male 708, female 1810) school teachers were selected from four cities of China, including Shenyang, Wuhan, Chengdu and Guangzhou city. Self-filled questionnaire was used to collect the information on the salt intake knowledge and behavior. The statistical software package SAS version 9. 4 was used for data analysis. Among the teachers in four Chinese cities, about 50. 9% of them knew the recommendation of salt intake, about 66. 6% of them knew sodium in the salt may influence health. Approximately 85. 3% of them knew eating long-term salty food may cause hypertension. The proportions of knowing salt intake among female, 40 years and older, below the undergraduate, higher family income teachers were higher than their counterparts(P&lt;0. 05). The proportions of knowing the health influence of sodium among female, higher family income teachers were higher than their counterparts(P&lt;0. 05). The proportions of knowing that eating long-term salty food may cause hypertension among female, undergraduate and above, higher family income teachers were higher than their counterparts(P&lt;0. 05). About 80. 1% of them knew the nutrition labeling on the package food, about 19. 7% of them knew the nutrition labeling contents. Teachers utilized nutrition labeling differently owing to their knowledge on the labeling contents(P&lt;0. 05). In the past three months, about 21. 4% of the teachers always use low-sodium salt when cooking, only 4. 2% of them always control their family's salt intake by using salt control spoon, about 25. 4% of them always choose low-sodium food when purchasing, only 15. 1% of the teachers requested the meals cooked lightly when eating out. The proportions of teachers who used low-sodium salt among female, higher family income, knowing salt intake recommended, knowing the health influence of sodium, knowing that long-term salty food may cause hypertension, active learning related knowledge, family members suffering from hypertension were higher than their counterparts(P&lt;0. 05). The proportions of using salt control spoon among teachers under Bachelor's degree, active learning related knowledge were higher than their counterparts(P&lt;0. 05). The proportions of teachers purchasing low-sodium food among 40 years and older, under Bachelor's degree, higher family income, knowing salt intake recommended, knowing the health influence of sodium, knowing that long-term salty food may cause hypertension, family members not suffering from hypertension, active learning related knowledge were higher than their counterparts(P&lt;0. 05). The proportions of teachers requesting the meals cooked slightly when eating-out among 40 years and older, under Bachelor's degree, not knowing salt intake recommended, not knowing that long-term salty food may cause hypertension, not knowing if their family members suffered from hypertension, active learning related knowledge were higher than their counterparts(P&lt;0. 05). The teachers consumed soy sauce, bean paste, fried bread stick differently owing to their knowledge about this(P&lt;0. 05). The teachers in the four cities have grasped some knowledge on salt and health, but their related behaviors should be improved to reduce the salt intake.

Analysis on the demand, access and related factors of cancer prevention and treatment knowledge among urban residents in China from 2015 to 2017

Objective: To investigate the demand and access to the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge and related factors among urban residents in China from 2015 to 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the information of general demographic characteristics, the demand and access to cancer prevention and treatment knowledge, and the influencing factors of the attitude. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of the demand of the cancer prevention knowledge among different groups and the corresponding factors of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge were analyzed by using the logistic regression model. Results: The proportion of residents who need the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge was 79.5%. The demand rate of the inducement, symptom and diagnosis methods of cancer in the occupational population was highest, about 66.8%, 71.0% and 20.8%, respectively. The demand rate of treatment methods and cost in current cancer patients was the highest, about the 45.9% and 21.9%, respectively. The top three sources to acquire the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge were "broadcast or television" (69.5%), "books, newspapers, posters or brochures" (44.7%) and "family and friends" (33.8%). The multivariate analysis showed that compared with public institution personnel/civil servants, unmarried/cohabiting/divorced/widowed and others, annual household income less than 20 000 CNY, from the eastern region, people without cancer diagnosis and people with self-assessment of cancer risk, the demand rate of cancer prevention and treatment knowledge was higher in enterprise personnel/workers, married, annual household income between 60 000 CNY and 150 000 CNY, from the central region, people with cancer and people with unclear cancer risk (all P values <0.05). Conclusion: There was a high demand for the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge among urban residents in China from 2015 to 2017. The main access to the knowledge is from the radio or television. The occupation, marital status, annual household income, residential region, health status and risk of disease were the main factors of the demand of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge.

Analysis on the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment and its related factors among urban residents in China from 2015 to 2017

Objective: To understand the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment among urban residents of China, and explore the related factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The health literacy of the cancer prevention, early discovery, early diagnosis, early treatment and the demands of cancer prevention and treatment knowledge was analyzed. The level of health literacy among different groups were calculated and compared. The binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment. Results: The level of health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment was 56.97% among all study population; in each group it was 55.01% for community residents, 59.08% for cancer risk assessment/screening population, 61.99% for cancer patients and 57.31% for occupational population, respectively (P<0.001). The level of health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment of residents aged 50 to 69 years old, other occupational groups, unmarried, the central and western region residents and the group with unclear self-assessment of cancer risk was significantly lower than that of residents younger than 40 years old, personnel of public institutions/civil servants, married, the eastern region residents and the group whose self-assessment without cancer risk (P<0.05) . The level of health literacy of cancer prevention and treatment of females, people who went to high school or over, cancer risk assessment/screening population, cancer patients and occupational population was significantly higher than that of males, people who had an education level of primary school or below and community residents (P<0.05) . Conclusion: The health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment of urban residents in China was relatively high, but there was still room for improvement. Gender, age, educational level, occupation, region, marital status, self-assessment of cancer risk, and type of respondents were the key influencing factors of the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment. Male, 50-69 years old, lower educational level, central and western regions, unclear cancer risk self-assessment, and without specific environmental exposure to cancer prevention and treatment knowledge or related risk factors were the characteristics of the key intervention group of the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment.