Urban Regeneration Policies Research Articles

La complejidad de las políticas públicas urbanas en América Latina. El caso de Medellín

The article explores the reasons why urban public policies in Latin America have a very high degree of complexity. It also addresses the challenges that this generates for local governments. It examines in an illustrative way the case of Medellin (Colombia) by taking as a point of reference urban regeneration policies applied during 2004-2015. The complexity of urban policies can be exposed in aspects such as follows: In urban policies it is necessary to give room for diverse and sometimes conflicting interests; Latin American cities are faced with the challenge of ensuring, simultaneously with its policies, not only the human development but also the competitiveness required by the globalized world of today. Finally, it is increasingly clear that policy makers must take into account the consequences of the urban transformation processes that result from public policies. This work continues by evidencing the main tensions that complexity imposes on public policies concerning urban transformation in Latin America.

Health and wellbeing impact of urban regeneration policy in deprived areas of Northern Ireland

Health and wellbeing impact of urban regeneration policy in deprived areas of Northern Ireland

Taking women’s bodily functions into account in urban planning and policy: public toilets and menstruation

In this paper, it is argued that public toilets policy is a town planning issue, crucial to creating sustainable, efficient, accessible and equitable cities. Ways of integrating toilet provision into city-wide strategic planning policy and local urban design are discussed. The paper first reviews global sanitation issues, with particular reference to the needs of girls and women in respect of toilet provision. Over two billion people lack adequate toilet provision, and women are particularly badly affected. Fifty per cent of the world’s population is urbanised, and, of those, over 50 per cent of urban dwellers live in shanty towns and unplanned settlements, most of which are without adequate sanitation at home, at work and in schools. Fifty per cent of school girls in Africa leave school when menstruation starts, because of lack of school toilets, thus undermining education and development goals. Then comparisons are made with the public toilet situation in the West, with particular reference to inadequate provision in the United Kingdom. Historically, women have been given fewer facilities than men, but arguably their need is greater. A lack of toilets has implications for health and well-being and restricts mobility of an increasingly ageing population, those with disabilities and children, as well as undermining sustainability, transportation, inclusive urban design and regeneration policies.

Impact of area regeneration policies: performing integral interventions, changing opportunity structures and reducing health inequalities

BackgroundUrban regeneration policies are area-based interventions addressing multidimensional problems. In this study, we analyse the impact of urban regeneration processes on the evolution of inequalities in mortality from certain causes....

From urban renewal to urban regeneration: Classification criteria for urban interventions. Turin 1995–2015: evolution of planning tools and approaches

European cities have been affected by urban regeneration interventions in the last few decades, spanning a variety of different types and with different outcomes. This paper describes and analyses possible classification criteria for urban regeneration interventions in order to reach a better understanding of urban regeneration policies and their consequences. A review of the literature on urban regeneration classification criteria reveals that urban regeneration interventions have gradually shifted from being place oriented to being people oriented. In view of this, this paper presents a paradigmatic case study of urban regeneration. The urban transformation of the city of Turin, in northern Italy, from 1995 to 2015 clearly shows the existence of three generations of neighbourhood transformations. The first generation involved mainly physical improvement operations in the area of Spina 2. The second was characterised by social and economic support, as in the regeneration of the historic neighbourhood of San Salvario. Finally, the third generation presented an integrated approach, as in the management of the Urban II programme for the area of Mirafiori Nord, leading to a more contemporary, holistic approach.

Public entrepreneurship and the politics of regeneration in multi-level governance

The paper uses a case study of urban regeneration policy in Sheffield, UK, to explore local public entrepreneurship in a system of multi-level governance. Recent analyses of public entrepreneurs have directed attention to the macro-political structural and institutional conditions that enable and constrain these actors, and to their individual characteristics and attributes. The stress has been on the national level and on individual action at the expense of the agency of local networks of entrepreneurs. In order to address this lacuna, we consider how local policy entrepreneurs work across governance levels and develop ideas, institutional structures and support in pursuit of their goals, using Kingdon's notion of policy streams as a vehicle for our analysis. We highlight the contingent and path-dependent nature of such entrepreneurship. In particular, we identify the temporal sequencing of agenda shifts and entrepreneurial actions as a crucial aspect of the policy process.

Gentrification effects of China’s urban village renewals

China is known in the post-cold war era for its rapid urban regeneration. Urban villages that emit negative social externalities are a unique and salient disamenity, and are central to the urban regeneration policy and planning. This paper uses micro-geographical data to explore how the extent and configuration of recently renewed urban villages in Beijing have influenced nearby housing values. Compared with locations having similar demographic characteristics, locations near urban village renewal sites experienced increases in housing values. Additional results quantify evidence in support of the heterogeneous effects from urban village renewals in affected areas versus unaffected areas.

The influence of Korea’s green parking project on the thermal environment of a residential street

The green parking project in Korea is an urban regeneration policy created to solve a shortage of parking space in residential streets by removing the fences of detached houses and creating parking spaces inside residential properties. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the green parking project on the thermal environment of a residential street. Two focused study areas were chosen in Ulsan, Korea and the physical features of each street were classified into five elements: walls, fenestra, ground pavement, vegetation, and other objects on streets. The radiant temperature of each element was collected three times a day with a thermal infrared camera at 3 spots in each street, and pedestrian's exposure to each element was measured using ArcGIS 10.2. The analytical results indicated that green parking may reduce pedestrian's exposure to high radiant temperatures on the street through the replacement of pavement materials on ground, increased exposure to vegetation, decreased exposure to the parked car, and increased shading on pedestrian walkways. This study suggests that the green parking project has the potential to improve the thermal environment of outdoor spaces for pedestrians.

Urban Flood Resilience in New York City, London, Randstad, Tokyo, Shanghai, and Taipei

<p>Making cities resilient to natural disasters has become a priority for many policy makers. However, few studies of global cities analyze environmental vulnerability, disaster resilience, or urban flood resilience. This article analyzes global cities’ disaster resilience to flooding: New York City, London, Randstad, Tokyo, Shanghai, and Taipei. Case studies of those global cities will assist cities world-wide to prepare for the future. Results indicate that a hurricane could leave approximately 25% of New York City with severe economic losses by 2050. In London, 15% of the land is located in flood-prone areas. The Thames Barrier began to operate to protect London from flooding in 1982. However, this also encouraged housing development closer to the river, and resulted in higher exposure and vulnerability of flooding. Randstad has approximately 40% of its land areas in flood-prone areas, but Randstad is well prepared for flood risk reduction by land-use and environmental planning. In Tokyo, extensive urbanization suffers from severe damages once flooding occurs. In Shanghai, approximately 50% of its land is in flood-prone areas. Shanghai is the most vulnerable to floods of the coastal cities. Shanghai is still not well prepared in land-use and environment planning for urban flood resilience. In Taipei, flood-prone areas account for approximately 41% of its total land area in an extreme weather scenario. Among these six global cities, Asian cities should focus more on urban flood resilience since most of flooding hotspots by 2025 will be located in Asian nations with having weak policies and actions, inadequate risk information, insufficient budgets and poor implementation capacities (UNISDR 2013). This research suggests that global cities, particularly Asian cities, should promote policies of urban flood resilience, focusing on land-use and environmental planning for resilience as well as strengthening their organizations and funding to reduce disaster risk, maintain up-to-date risk and vulnerability assessment. Urban policies should include environmentally responsible development in the face of continued population and economic growth, and being resilient regarding natural disasters. Cities can also adopt a growth management policy to direct development away from flooding hotspots. Urban regeneration policy should require developers to improve storm sewers, water retention ponds, and permeable surfaces. Planning more space for rivers, more constructed wetlands, and more ecological ponds to accommodate water is important. Cities can promote an actuarially fair flood insurance program which can reflect actual flood risks. A bottom-up community resilience plan would assist achieving urban resilience.</p>

Residents’ preferred policy actions for shrinking cities

ABSTRACTCities facing a continued and prolonged process of population decline require innovative urban regeneration policies complementary to growth-oriented policies. Losing inhabitants involves a decrease in economic activity and social capital. Therefore citizens’ participation in defining policies to cope with population decline is being increasingly advocated. This research focused on four shrinking cities of Portugal to capture residents’ knowledge about the strengths and weaknesses of their city of residence as well as the policies and actions they prioritized for dealing with the population decline. The responses from 701 questionnaires show that economic revival policies as well as safety and accessibility policies were preferred. To put these policies into action, the recovery of industrial activity, the creation of business incubators, an improvement in law enforcement, and public lighting were ranked as top priorities. Rank-ordered logistic regression models were used to understand which variables influenced the residents’ rankings. We found that the evaluation of the city's characteristics impact the ranking of the policies and actions. Hence, residents show a high level of coherence when engaging in a discussion at the level of policy-making. Therefore, the findings support residents’ involvement in decision-making processes regarding urban regeneration in shrinking cities.

도시재생사업 계획지표에 관한 지역주민의 가치평가 연구 - 목포시 지역 주민을 대상으로 -

In terms of urban regeneration of the present that focuses on a city's original history, culture and environment, it is now being understood as a concept of how a city by itself gets vitalized through local participation and communities. That is what indicates how a main agent of urban regeneration is changing to relevant local residents from public organizations and due to that reason, establishment of a differentiated urban regeneration policy that would reflect opinions of the locals is demanded. In the light of that, this study aimed to offer an urban regeneration project planning indicators targeting an old downtown area of Mokpo city which has been selected as an urban regeneration district. An AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) survey on the locals had revealed priorities of the indicators which helped the study to present indicators to be practically used for the urban regeneration project on the old downtown area in Mokpo.

도시재생 전략요인에 관한 인식과 영향 연구 -부산시 마을활동가 교육생을 대상으로-

본 연구는 도시재생에 실질적인 역할을 수행하는 마을활동가가 되기 위한 교육생들을 대상으로 도시재생 전략요인들을 구체적으로 파악하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 그들이 인식하는 도시재생의 인식수준, 필요정도, 영향관계를 파악하기 위하여 직접설문을 실시하였다. 그 결과 도시재생 전략요인으로는 사회재생, 경제재생, 문화재생, 환경재생 4가지 요인으로 나누어졌으며, 이 요인들은 도시재생에 대한 인식수준, 필요정도, 자발적 참여 및 전반적 만족도와 참여의지에 대해 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 행정적지원이 포함된 환경재생 요인이 모든 변수에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타남에 따라 도시재생에 있어 행정을 포함한 환경적 지원의 중요성에 대하여 확인할 수 있었다. 이외에 지역공동체 중심의 사회재생 요인과 지역자원 활용 중심의 문화재생 요인들도 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인됨에 따라 향후 도시재생을 실천하기 위한 구체적 전략수립 검토 및 방향성 제시에 기초자료가 될 것으로 기대된다. Urban regeneration can be an effective tool to promote sustainability and enhance quality of village. Urban regeneration can be considered to be the process of reversing economic, social and physical decay having reached the point where market forces alone will not suffice. For this study, 154 village activist trainees are surveyed. Using the survey results, factor analysis, multi-regression analysis is conducted to identify the factor's significance and to find improvement properties by composing the significance and the satisfaction level. The purpose of this study is to suggest strategy of urban regeneration through the effect of urban regeneration factor on recognition and satisfaction. The findings show that environmental regeneration factor is more influential than economic, social and cultural factors on recognition and satisfaction. This study provide a convenient set of indicators for strategic focus to help urban regeneration policy.

Critical Review of Administrative Management Systems in Regional Revitalization, Japan

The purpose of this study is to suggest policy implications concerning administrative management systems in urban regeneration. Urban decline problems are much complicated and widespread, that need to build integration means through systematic policy processes. In Japan, the issue of regional revitalization had been discussed previously, as a result, they could implement policies under the integration management framework. Therefore, this study reviews the case of regional revitalization policies in Japan, and find the informative examples in the policy structure of urban regeneration. The case of Japanese policies shows as proceed management procedures effectively for integrated planning measures: 1) it based on the logic to formulate policy for implementation, 2) several types of tools for regional revitalization are closely bound up with policy agenda, 3) it is managed by both specificity of each policy tools and overall framework. This study implies that urban regeneration policies in Korea should be developed through evolution process. For that, more follow-up studies are necessary to analyze the structure of management tools and actual conditions by the new policy, Special Act on the Promotion and Support of Urban Regeneration.

Impact of Urban Sprawl with New-town Development on Decline of Inner City: Implications for Regional Urban Regeneration Policies

Korea has experienced rapid urbanization similar to urban sprawl that has caused urban problems such as traffic jam, degradation of green space, and the decline of inner cities. Also, new-town developments in suburban areas have promoted the decline of inner cities. Recently enacted urban regeneration policies targeting these problems do not consider regional-level causes of urban decline, such as urban sprawl. The purpose of this study is to measure the impacts of urban sprawl on the decline of inner city taking into account new-town developments in suburban areas. Two multiple regression models are employed with changes in population and establishments of inner cities as dependent variables. The urban sprawl index, new-town development, their interaction term, and other control variables are used as independent variables. The results show that urban sprawl accompanied by new-town development rather than typical urban sprawl negatively affects inner cities by decreasing their population and establishments.

Los sistemas locales de bienestar. Un análisis desde las políticas de regeneración urbana

In the framework of the European initiatives aimed at urban areas, local governments are facing new challenges related to the regeneration of their cities, both from the physical realm and from the economic and social. In this context it becomes relevant the implementation model of integrated urban development understanding therefore, the integral character in terms of public policy areas involved, promoting not only regeneration of the physical space or the economic development, but also the welfare and the social integration of citizens who inhabit the territories over which it acts. This model also incorporates a series of proposals related to innovative initiatives management. At the same time, transformations in the Welfare State are reflected specially at the local level, both on the contents of policies and how implement them. This is known as Local Welfare Systems. This paper analyzes the extent in which the Spanish municipalities involved in URBANA (2007-2013) put into practice the Integrated Urban Development Model to implement its policies of urban regeneration,

Reconsidering neoliberal urban planning in times of crisis: urban regeneration policy in a “dense” space in Lisbon

In this article, I contribute to recent debates about the concept of neoliberalism and its use as an explanatory concept, through the analysis of urban planning and regeneration policy in Lisbon amidst crisis and austerity. Suggesting a look at neoliberalization from a threefold perspective—the project, governmentalities, and policymaking—I analyze how current austerity-policy responses to the European economic crisis can be understood as a renewed and coherent deployment of neoliberal stances. The article presents implications for urban planning in Lisbon and thus suggests an exploration of the negotiations and clashes of hegemonic neoliberal governmentalities and policies with the local social and spatial fabric. For this exploration, I select a “deviant” case—the Mouraria neighborhood, a “dense” space in which the consequences of policies diverge sharply from expectations. In conclusion, I suggest that neoliberalization (in times of crisis) should be understood as a coherent project compromised by a set of highly ambiguous governmentalities, which bring about contradictory policymaking at the local level.

Regenerasi perkotaan, alienasi, dan abolisi kelas pekerja dalam budaya politik Inggris pasca industri

This paper looks at the phenomena of urban regeneration that has been happening after de-industrialization within the British political-historical context. Since the 1970s economic turbulence, under the Thatcher Conservative Regime, Britain experiences political-economic transformation that hegemonically restores its society through the implementation of market economic principles and the public policy control to reduce state roles in the welfare distribution process. One of the strategies is by re-ordering industrial cities through the urban regeneratiopool, Britain, this paper aims to trace socio-political aspects driving the urban regeneration andn project considered as the deprived ones whilst still have economic potentials for the future capital accumulation. Drawing on an ethnographic research carried out in the summer 2014 in Liver its cultural implication to whom particularly categorised as the urban working class. Anthropological analysis is carried out by conforming dialectically information on the field and theories regarding on the informant and researcher cultural background to avoid bias result. The result shows that urban regeneration is the continuity of class struggle which embedded in the British cultural and political history. Furthermore, cultural-political factors which are inherited by the Thatcher Conservative regime in urban regeneration policies are very dominant affecting on the weakening of the urban working class existence in the British post industrial era.

Regenerasi perkotaan, alienasi, dan abolisi kelas pekerja dalam budaya politik Inggris pasca industri

This paper looks at the phenomena of urban regeneration that has been happening after de-industrialization within the British political-historical context. Since the 1970s economic turbulence, under the Thatcher Conservative Regime, Britain experiences political-economic transformation that hegemonically restores its society through the implementation of market economic principles and the public policy control to reduce state roles in the welfare distribution process. One of the strategies is by re-ordering industrial cities through the urban regeneratiopool, Britain, this paper aims to trace socio-political aspects driving the urban regeneration andn project considered as the deprived ones whilst still have economic potentials for the future capital accumulation. Drawing on an ethnographic research carried out in the summer 2014 in Liver its cultural implication to whom particularly categorised as the urban working class. Anthropological analysis is carried out by conforming dialectically information on the field and theories regarding on the informant and researcher cultural background to avoid bias result. The result shows that urban regeneration is the continuity of class struggle which embedded in the British cultural and political history. Furthermore, cultural-political factors which are inherited by the Thatcher Conservative regime in urban regeneration policies are very dominant affecting on the weakening of the urban working class existence in the British post industrial era.

The Analysis on Feasibility of Urban Regeneration through the Evaluation of Urban Growth Stage

The purpose of this study is to verify the feasibility of Urban Regeneration as a policy objective through the evaluation of Urban Growth Stage in the circumstances where all South Korean cities focus on Urban Regeneration. In addition, this study aims to draw policy implications for urban regeneration and urban development considering urban growth stage. At first, the existing techniques for evaluating urban growth stages are examined, and Differential Urbanization Model(D.U.M) and Cyclic Urbanization Model(C.U.M.) which utilize population indicators are selected as it is possible to consider inter-urban linkages and to evaluated urban growth stage on macro and micro level. Next, those selected models are used for evaluating the urban growth stages of the five metropolitan cities(of the nation)-Seoul, Busan, Gwangju, Daegu, Daejeon. The evaluation of urban growth stage was carried out on the macro level first which consider the inter-urban linkages and then micro level which consider intra-urban linkages. Finally, this study summarizes the research findings and draws policy implications for urban regeneration and urban development considering urban growth stage. The findings are as follows: First the metropolitan cities differ in urban growth stages. Second, it is difficult to say that the urban regeneration policies are appropriate for all the metropolitan cities. This study is significant in that it verified which and when a city needs urban regeneration in more objective way.

English

English