Urban Mobility Policies Research Articles

Modeling travel mode choice under social influence for the brazilian context

Busca-se neste trabalho a definição de um modelo comportamental para verificar a existência da influência social na escolha do modo de viagem no contexto brasileiro. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa no campus Darcy Ribeiro da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) com coleta e modelagem logit multinomial de dados sociais e de viagem. Verificou-se, como resultado, a existência da influência social por conformidade na escolha do modo de viagem para a universidade quando se consideram os modos sustentáveis (bicicleta e caminhada) e a carona: a probabilidade de um indivíduo utilizar modos sustentáveis em detrimento do automóvel é 76% maior quando a quantidade de contatos sociais usuários destes modos aumenta em 10%. Para a carona este aumento é de 27%. A consideração da influência social permite a percepção mais abrangente dos fatores relevantes no processo decisório individual, sendo referência para a formulação de políticas públicas de mobilidade, com destaque para aquelas que buscam promover alternativas sustentáveis e compartilhadas.

AS DIRETRIZES DO PLANO DE MOBILIDADE URBANA DO MUNICÍPIO DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO - SP: UMA ANÁLISE DA IMPORTÂNCIA DA PROMOÇÃO DO TRANSPORTE COLETIVO E DOS MODOS NÃO MOTORIZADOS

A mobilidade urbana é prejudicada pela falta de planejamento no desenvolvimento das cidades. Como resultado, o aumento do número de veículos, principalmente dos automóveis e das motocicletas, demostra as preferências de deslocamento por um modal individual e motorizado. No município de Ribeirão Preto - SP não é diferente, o número total da frota de veículos cresceu mais do que o número de habitantes nos últimos anos. Destarte, a Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana (Lei Federal nº 12.587/12) estabelece o Plano de Mobilidade Urbana como ferramenta, visando o desenvolvimento sustentável das cidades, a equidade do acesso do cidadão ao transporte e ao uso do espaço público. Ribeirão Preto, em 2012, elaborou o seu Plano de Mobilidade Urbana, no entanto, poucos projetos foram executados, apenas alguns corredores preferenciais, 600 metros de corredores exclusivos e algumas ciclovias. Assim, apesar do Plano atestar prioridade ao transporte coletivo e não motorizado, o município ainda não conseguiu implementar os projetos para atender suas diretrizes.

Sustainable urban mobility in Istanbul: Challenges and prospects

Rapid urban growth and rising mobility demand in megacities having a population of more than 10 million people in emerging economies call for a consistent and comprehensive urban mobility policy framework. Implementing sustainable urban mobility policies in these cities is complicated by fragmented governance structures, conflicting policy priorities and lack of effective financing mechanisms. The city of Istanbul, with a population of nearly 15 million people, has been grappling with rapidly increasing urban mobility problems such as chronic traffic congestion, increasing motorization, overcrowded public transport services, air and noise pollution. Although major infrastructure investments such as new metro and tram lines, a bus rapid transit (BRT) line and capacity increases in public bus network have been undertaken in recent years, the objective of achieving a modal shift from car use to more sustainable transport modes such as public transport, cycling and walking is far from being realized. The focus on megaprojects such as Marmaray, Eurasia Tunnel and Third Bridge further complicate the urban mobility landscape by bringing about conflicting policy priorities. In this paper, a comprehensive review and analysis of Istanbul’s urban transport policies and strategies are scrutinized under the framework of sustainable urban mobility paradigm to better understand the mobility predicament which have long stifled the quality of life of Istanbulites. The challenges are identified, recommendations are proposed, and prospects are put forward as to how to achieve sustainable urban mobility in Istanbul.

Integrated urban mobility policies in metropolitan areas: A system dynamics approach for the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region in Germany

In today’s world, urban systems play an important role in sustainable economic development. In particular, urbanisation trends and the increasing demands of urban mobility place additional pressure on existing transportation infrastructure, and this creates new challenges for urban planners in terms of developing integrated and sustainable urban mobility policies. Here, we take a novel and holistic approach to analysing transformative pathways towards sustainable urban mobility, considering the complex dynamics in metropolitan regions. To achieve this, we develop a toolset to assess the impact of potential measures to be taken by decision makers. Our innovative approach is based on the introduction of a new system framework to link the interrelated sector parameters of mobility systems by considering the effects of innovative mixed methods (both qualitative and quantitative) on scenario development and evaluation on the basis of global trends at the macro scale and their specific influences on the mobility sector at the local scale. To this end, we used a participatory modelling approach to develop scenarios and evaluate them as integrated simulation runs via a comprehensive and holistic system dynamics (SD) model. Thus, we estimated dynamic interdependencies between all of the factors relating to the mobility sector and then assigned business decision-making criteria to the urban systems. Furthermore, we introduced a sustainable net present value framework to estimate the sustainability outcomes of government investment in urban mobility infrastructure. A case study relating to the Rhine-Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region in Germany was applied in order to simulate four scenarios co-created with stakeholders involved in our study, namely, Smart City, Sustainable/Healthy City, Deurbanisation and Business-as-Usual (BaU), which served as a solid basis from which to quantify path dependencies in terms of policy implementation. At the same time, recommendations were derived for sustainable mobility transformation within metropolitan regions.

Evaluating the impacts of shared automated mobility on-demand services: an activity-based accessibility approach

Autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies are under constant improvement with pilot programs now underway in several urban areas worldwide. Modeling and field-testing efforts are demonstrating that shared mobility coupled with AV technology for automated mobility on-demand (AMoD) service may significantly impact levels of service and environmental outcomes in future cities. Given these rapidly emerging developments, there is an urgent need for methods to adequately quantify the economic impacts of new vehicle technologies and future urban mobility policy. In this paper, we show how broader user-centric impacts can be captured by the activity-based accessibility (ABA) measure, which takes advantage of the rich data and outcomes of utility-maximization activity-based models and its interaction with mesoscale agent-based traffic simulation frameworks. Using the SimMobility simulator, we evaluate shared AMoD strategies applied to a Singapore micromodel city testbed. A near-future strategy of exclusive availability of AMoD service in the central business district (CBD), and a further-horizon strategy of the full operation of AMoD city-wide in the absence of other on-demand services, were tested and evaluated. Our results provide insights into the income and accessibility effects on the population under the implementation of shared and automated mobility policies. The outcomes indicate that the city-wide deployment of AMoD results in greater accessibility and network performance. Moreover, the accessibility of low-income individuals is improved relative to that of mid- and high-income individuals. The restriction of AMoD to the CBD along with the operation of other on-demand services, however, provides a certain level of disbenefit to segments of the population in two exceptional cases. The first is to high-income individuals who live in a suburban zone and rely heavily on on-demand services; the second is to mid-income residents that have excellent public transportation coverage with close proximity to the CBD. We further establish the efficacy of the ABA measure, as these findings motivate the need for measuring socioeconomic impacts at the individual level. The work presented here serves as a foundation for policy evaluation in real-world urban models for future mobility paradigms.

Analysis of urban mobility indicators in the integrated institutional development program - PDI:

Given the constant changes in the way people move in urban spaces, and based on the National Urban Mobility Policy (PNMU) established by Law 12.586 / 2012, the article will present Urban Mobility indicators used in the municipalities of the state of Mato Grosso, inserted in the Integrated Institutional Development Program - PDI and supported by TCE/MT. Through research methodologies, address the historical and recent aspects of Urban Mobility in the country. From this, present the changes in the indices identified in the period from 2015 to 2017, and verify if the planned goals were met, and if the indicators are supported by PNMU. The study proposes to measure the effectiveness of indicators associated with the theme of Urban Mobility in the municipalities. Moreover, the work proposes to encourage citizens, and especially public managers, to participate effectively in the delivery of efficient solutions for Sustainable Urban Mobility to society.

Quiet acceptance vs. the ‘polder model’: stakeholder involvement in strategic urban mobility plans

ABSTRACT Cities in EU-member states increasingly involve governmental and non-governmental stakeholders in developing strategic urban mobility plans to increase the legitimacy of policies. The question is, to what extent urban transport experts and other stakeholders acknowledge the added value of the involvement of stakeholders in a sectoral policy field as urban mobility planning? This article analyses governmental and non-governmental involvement practices of the cities of Malmö (Sweden) and Utrecht (the Netherlands) using the New Institutional Approach. Both countries strive to a large extent for more stakeholder involvement. However, urban transport professionals in both countries also explicitly emphasize the disadvantages of stakeholder involvement in urban mobility planning. According to them, non-governmental stakeholders are not able to think on the needed strategic level, groups are biased, and many other stakeholders do not feel the need to get involved in the policy process. As a consequence, policy processes often result in delays. This study shows that participation of stakeholders in the strategic urban mobility policy process is, according to professionals working in the field, not always the panacea that many scholars expect.

Transição sociotecnológica para a mobilidade urbana sustentável no Brasil

This article identifies micro, meso, and macro dynamics that influence the socio-technical transitions of cities to sustainable urban mobility in Brazil. The study analyzed the content of documents such as the National Urban Mobility Policy (PNMU), and the master plans and urban mobility plans of the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal, Fortaleza, and Salvador. The research revealed that the master plans and other plans related to urban mobility of the main Brazilian capitals are developed in isolation, with no coordination among cities. At the micro level, the plans do not contemplate the adoption of alternative fuels and the effective integration among modes of public transport. At the meso level, three mobility regimes were introduced: the traditional public transport and non-motorized public transport regimes, which had a dynamic contrary to the regime of cars. At the macro level, the variables associated with the economic and social context, with the consumer market, and the industry shaped the trends of urban mobility systems. The research presents a dynamic of resistance to sustainable urban mobility and reinforces the need for greater coordination between private and public actors.

PLANEJAMENTO E FINANCIAMENTO DA MOBILIDADE URBANA NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DO RIO DE JANEIRO

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as políticas de mobilidade urbana desenvolvidas para a Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro (RMRJ), com foco na última década. Pretende-se apresentar aspectos que foram identificados como mais sensíveis e prioritários, como foram enfrentados pelos poderes públicos e onde se localizaram as principais intervenções e investimentos. Para o desenvolvimento desta análise, optou-se por recorrer a dois subsídios importantes: os planos metropolitanos aprovados para ou na última década e alguns dos principais investimentos de alto impacto que foram contratados e/ou desembolsados.

Transferring sustainable urban mobility policies: An institutional perspective

This study develops an institutional framework for the transfer of the sustainable urban mobility policies from developed to developing institutional settings. Drawing on new institutional economics approach, the study investigates the institutional structure of the urban mobility field with a view to propose a policy transfer framework. The framework is then used in transferring sustainable urban mobility policies from London to Istanbul. On its way to establish a more sustainable urban mobility system, the city of Istanbul, which is the economic capital of Turkey, grapples with many urban mobility problems such as rapid motorization, chronic traffic congestion, air and noise pollution and a fragmented governance structure. London's recent Mayor's Transport Strategy published in March, 2018 which sets out a comprehensive set of policies aiming towards a more sustainable urban mobility is used as a benchmark document for transferring policies to Istanbul. The policy transfer study, commissioned by the local transport authority of Istanbul, is undertaken by a team of experts, consultants and academics which include the author of this study as well. The transfer process is carried out by translating policies into the institutional structure of the policy borrowing city, namely Istanbul. The fragmentation in the policy and governance levels in Istanbul, acting as a major barrier for direct transfer, is addressed by the proposed institutional policy transfer framework. Overall, the study aims to open up new avenues for an institutionally-informed transport policy research. More specifically, the study provides novel conceptual tools for the analysis of the policy transfer studies involving disparate institutional settings.

Elaboração do Plano de Mobilidade Urbana de uma cidade de pequeno porte: o caso de Cachoeira do Sul, Brasil

Following the approval of Law 12.587.12 and an institution of the National Urban Mobility Policy, Brazilian municipalities started adapting new principles of sustainable mobility, thus preparing their Mobility Plans. The city of Cachoeira do Sul, with support from the Santa Maria Federal University (Cachoeira do Sul Campus), has recently developed its plan that focus on current city needs and prioritizing non-motorized modes of transport and public transport services. This paper aims at presenting the process of developing the Plan and extension actions to promote it. During its development, meetings and workshops related to the theme were held, as well as public audiences and technologies were again involved in the analysis of the city's needs regarding mobility. The information collected based diagnostics and analysis to solve current problems. Finally, this paper also presents activities related to the implementation of the Urban Mobility Plan, which shall succeed through actions implemented, their effective monitoring and the support of the population for the principles of sustainable mobility.

Global policies for moving cities: the role of think tanks in the proliferation of Bus Rapid Transit systems in Latin America and worldwide

ABSTRACT Implementation in the late nineties of Transmilenio, a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) based transportation policy in Bogotá (Colombia), marked an inflection milestone for the replication processes of such urban transportation policies. Multiple actors and actions brought the Transmilenio model to numerous cities worldwide, first replicated in other Colombian and Latin American cities later it reached Turkey, China and India and then spread all over the world. This article explores the role of think tanks steering and promoting BRT policies during complexes processes and interactions of power among multiple scales. In doing so, the article situates itself within the research arenas studying linkages between local interests, demands and needs and the global neoliberal allocation of capital and expertise via consulting, advising commerce and construction activities. I argue that BRT promotion think tanks have emerged as powerful mechanisms mobilizing specific transportation policies acting as facilitators of movements via ‘policy translators’, promoters and network developers among the plethora of actors and interests. Methodology utilized is based on data from policy reports, archives and in-depth interviews exploring networked interactions while tracing linkages between think tanks and policy actors and observing knowledge dissemination arenas. This research contributes to the exploration of urban transportation epistemic communities and its role in urban change under a neoliberal global context and underlines the role of emerging policies from the south that permeate global policy arenas, traditionally dominated by actors from developed economies and discusses the mediation of global north institutions in the global south urban policy mobilities landscape.

Smart Urban Mobility Innovations: A Comprehensive Review and Evaluation

Recent smart urban mobility innovations such as intelligent transportation systems, electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, demand-responsive transportation, shared transportation, and mobility-as-a-service are consistently identified as the panacea to many of the economic, social and environmental effects associated with private vehicles-including road congestion, urban sprawl, social exclusion, increased costs, crashes, emissions, and environmental degradation. One of the strategies of many smart urban mobility policies is to view the transportation system from a holistic perspective to seek reduction of negative effects and an improve performance. Nonetheless, given the rapid technological advances in the transportation sector, there is a need to identify and evaluate primary smart mobility innovations from a sustainability perspective. This article presents a thorough technology review and evaluation of the main smart mobility innovations identified in the literature. The study has identified and categorized six main smart mobility innovations most commonly discussed within the literature including: (a) intelligent transport systems; (b) alternative fuel systems; (c) driving automation systems; (d) shared mobility services; (e) demand responsive transport; and (f) integrated mobility systems. Furthermore, this article includes a brief description of their characteristics, applications, and also evaluates their sustainability according to their proposed impacts on transport safety, road congestion, energy consumption, the environment, and accessibility.

Methodological Framework for Defining the Sustainability Management Process for Urban Mobility Systems Based on System Engineering

Current urban mobility trends go beyond infrastructure investments and integrating new technologies, reflecting new user requirements and regulations, and the increasingly rigorous and sustainable governance. Designing an urban mobility system and assessing its sustainability require a flexible holistic approach considering the complete life cycle of the system and interdependencies between its components. This paper proposes a novel methodological framework based on system engineering tools, aimed at helping public authorities designing and deploying new urban projects, accounting for the entire life cycle of the mobility system, evolving requirements of users, and sustainability. The main goal is to validate the proposed framework by simulations. A realistic case study employing the new framework showed its advantages, consisting of solving problems in a manner comparable to other methodologies, but adding flexibility in managing different data inaccessible to urban managers before allowing for defining effective urban mobility policies.

Measuring social effective speed to improve sustainable mobility policies in developing countries

Over the last few decades, many developing countries have experienced car fleet growth, which has contributed to congestion, increased travel times, and deteriorated public transport reliability and punctuality. However, alternatives to urban mobility can be found by creating policies to stimulate sustainable transportation modes with equal opportunities for all citizens. In this paper, measures of social effective speeds are presented to improve sustainable urban mobility policies in developing countries. Data from the 2018 Origin-Destination Survey of the Metropolitan Region of Recife (Brazil) were used to estimate social effective speeds. The results showed that motorized modes had lower effective speed than non-motorized modes. In addition, total external costs were $2 billion USD per year. The social effective speed will be valuable if inserted in sustainable urban mobility policies in developing countries.

A framework for evaluating the dynamic impacts of the Brazilian Urban Mobility Policy for transportation socioeconomic systems: A case study in Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT Transportation planning is necessary to meet the demand of a given region considering the dimensions of urban space and the complexity of the activities developed on it. In addition to planning, the government intervention through policies to provide an adequate flow of people and goods to meet population demand is also important. In Brazil, the Brazilian Urban Mobility Policy (BUMP) aims to integrate different modes of transportation and improve accessibility and urban mobility. Thus, this study presents a decision support model, using System Dynamics as a modeling and simulation tool, to evaluate the impacts of BUMP implementation, focusing on environmental, economic and traffic variables. In order to verify the applicability of the proposed model, a case study was carried out in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The results indicate the importance of BUMP implementation to reduce negative externalities and, consequently, to increase the efficiency of the urban transport system.

A proposal for a novel urban mobility policy: Personal carbon trade experiment in Lahti city

Climate policies targeting change in everyday practices have been weak. Personal carbon trade has been suggested as a market-based means to cap the overall climate emissions and to internalise the polluter-pays-principle, thus engaging individuals in climate action and creating an impetus for social change. Despite some academic interest, few practical applications and experiments have been performed. With digitalisation offering new possibilities, the aim of the paper is to propose personal carbon trade as a way to introduce a carbon budget for citizen-led urban transformation and discuss a practical case application from the city of Lahti.

Inconsistências entre as Estimativas de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa dos Transportes e o Plano Municipal de Mobilidade Urbana de Manaus

O Plano de Mobilidade Urbana (PlanMob) como instrumento de efetivação da Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana foi promulgado na Lei Federal n° 12.587 de 2012. Esse marco regulatório instituí aos municípios com mais de 20 mil habitantes a obrigação da elaboração e apresentação do PlanMob até abril/2018, como condição para aptidão de investimentos de recursos federais ao município. De acordo com a lei, o PlanMob deverá estar integrado ao Plano Diretor Municipal e conter objetivos para alavancar a mobilidade não-motorizada e os modos coletivos de transporte. Em Manaus, o PlanMob foi publicado por meio da Lei municipal 2074 de 2015, o qual assinala dois cenários de intervenção, porém apresenta inconsistências nas proposições, no que tange à redução das emissões, em função de tratar em conjunto gases de efeito estufa e local, cujas tendências comportamentais são antagônicas. Tais proposições, além de não separar gases e poluentes, demonstra o melhor cenário de redução das emissões para o transporte individual, entretanto, não elenca estratégias para a redução de congestionamentos nas vias. Além disso, no último ano horizonte (2035) a redução das emissões apontada é da ordem de 3%, mantendo acirrada a competição com o modal coletivo. Para elaborar comparativo foram estimadas as emissões do sistema de transportes de Manaus tomando como referência a abordagem bottom-up (IPCC, 2006) para os anos de 2010 a 2016. Os resultados apontam que as estimativas apresentam viés no comportamento das séries em comparação às previsões contidas no PlanMob para os mesmos anos e para as projeções do ano-horizonte de 2035. Enquanto as estimativas apresentam crescimento continuado nas emissões de CO2, o PlanMob projeta sua redução, inclusive no cenário de referência, quando nenhuma intervenção deve ocorrer nos eixos viários e no sistema de transportes públicos.

Methods for evaluation of mobility in modern cities

The paper presents approach to the study methods and key performance indicators for evaluation mobility in smart cities. This approach based on strategy of sustainable urban transport system. A methodological framework for assessing urban mobility has been proposed. As a case study, there is data about the feature of transport systems development in cities with a high quality of mobility. Analyzed examples confirmed the validity of idea sustainable mobility. Achieving the strategic goals of sustainable mobility is impossible without the use of modern technologies of intelligent transport systems. This paper shows importance of intelligent transport system in the urban mobility policy. In this paper also formulate the requirements to performance indicators for evaluate the mobility in urban transport system.

IS CONGESTION PRICING AN URBAN MOBILITY SOLUTION TO BRAZILIAN CITIES?

The congestion pricing is a measure of travel demand management to discourage car use with low public and political acceptability. In the Brazilian context, the Urban Mobility Policy considers this measure to mitigate the congestion. In this paper, we present an exploratory analysis to identify the characteristics considered important by Brazilian transport experts to the implementation of the congestion pricing. The residents assessed these characteristics to identify the preference and acceptability of this scheme in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). We obtained the data from a Web-based survey from experts and residents. With the results, we simulated scenarios reducing the number of private cars in order to evaluate the real benefits of congestion price in a real network. According to Brazilian transport experts, the congestion pricing can be an efficient and well-accepted demand management measure, if the profit subsidises the public transportation systems (bus and rail) and the infrastructure to non-motorized transportation, with active public participation in the decision-making. Considering the residents’ results, we identified favourable public acceptability considering the benefits of public transport investment from the revenue obtained out of the congestion charges. However, availability for payment has a high rejection rate, although implementation strategies are perceived as advantages. The simulation indicates the reduction of travel time (seconds/km), delay time (seconds/km), queue length (vehicle) and density time (vehicle/km) indicating congestion reduction and, consequently, improving the urban mobility. The contribution of this paper is one methodology considering the Brazilian context to evaluate the congestion-pricing scheme from experts and residents point of view. Also, the results could support the discussion about the implementation of the congestion charging in Brazilian cities.