Urban Planning Paradigm Research Articles

Compact development and preferences for social mixing in location choices: Results from revealed preferences in Santiago, Chile

AbstractEven though densification and social mixing are declared objectives of many nowadays urban planning paradigms, their simultaneous implementation is usually questioned by different actors and is not frequent in practice. In a market economy, understanding potential demand for this class of development, from different types of households, is essential to define public policies oriented to achieve both compact development (CD) and social mixture. To understand the preferences of households and potential demand, we implement a location choice model based on a bid–rent framework and spatial latent classes (LC), using census data and location attributes. By using spatial LC, we do not impose exogenous definitions of which zones are perceived as CD or suburban, rendering a robust method to identify variation in preferences. We apply the model to Santiago de Chile, where social mixing in dense and well‐located areas is being intensely discussed. We find strong differences in households' valuation of attributes between spatial classes. Results show that social mixing is more difficult in dense, well‐connected areas than in suburban areas because higher‐income households are more sensitive to the socioeconomic context of the location in compact areas. Besides showing evidence on household preferences and their implications for social‐mixing policies, this paper also provides a proof of concept for the use of spatial LC (proposed in previous work by the authors), showing this is a robust methodology allowing to generate behavior‐based classifications for urban areas. The paper also contributes methodologically, by deriving the elasticity formulation for bid‐auction location choice models, which allows quantifying the importance of location attributes in location probability.

The general plan of Yerevan 1937 as the implementation of the architectural and urban paradigm on the two foundations - the idea of "Sotsgorod" and the idea of "Capitality"

The general plan of Yerevan, developed in 1937 by «LenGiprogor», was created based on the general plan of 1924 (architects A. Tamanyan, N. Buniatyan). Tamanyan's idea was significantly revised, since in the mid-30s the architectural and urban planning paradigm changed. If the general plan of 1924 was based on the idea of a «garden city», then in 1937 the idea of a «social city» became dominant. The idea of how the capital of Armenia should look like has also changed significantly. If the ideas of Tamanyan and Buniatyan were based on the images of European capital cities reconstructions in the second half of the 19th century, then for the architects of «Giprogor» Moscow as the capital of the socialist world became a reference point. The orientation of the main urban planning axes towards Ararat, as a symbol of national unity, changed to the opposite direction - towards the monuments to Lenin and Stalin, which became the new high-rise dominants of Yerevan in the 1930s and 1950s. The paradigm changes also initiated the emergence of micro and macro architectural and urban planning conflicts in the urban environment, most of which have not been overcome to this day.

Green Infrastructure and Biophilic Urbanism as Tools for Integrating Resource Efficient and Ecological Cities

In recent decades, the concept of resource efficient cities has emerged as an urban planning paradigm that seeks to achieve sustainable urban environments. This focus is upon compact urban environments that optimise energy, water and waste systems to create cities that help solve climate change and other resource-based sustainability issues. In parallel, there has been a long-standing tradition of ecological approaches to the design of cities that can be traced from Howard, Geddes, McHarg and Lyle. Rather than resource efficiency, the ecological approach has focused upon the retention and repair of natural landscape features and the creation of green infrastructure (GI) to manage urban water, soil and plants in a more ecologically sensitive way. There is some conflict with the resource efficient cities and ecological cities paradigms, as one is pro-density, while the other is anti-density. This article focusses upon how to integrate the two paradigms through new biophilic urbanism (BU) tools that allow the integration of nature into dense urban areas, to supplement more traditional GI tools in less dense areas. We suggest that the theory of urban fabrics can aid with regard to which tools to use where, for the integration of GI and BU into different parts of the city to achieve <em>both</em> resource efficient and ecological outcomes, that optimise energy water and waste systems, <em>and</em> increase urban nature.

COVID-19 –global transition to a new architecture and urban development paradigm of the environment?

New trends in the social life at crucial points mean applying to the past experience and looking for new development models. COVID-19 has marked a global transition to a new architecture and urban planning paradigm of the environment in accordance with the sanitary, hygienic requirements and rational forms. In accordance with the current challenges it becomes necessary to reevaluate the concepts of urbanism and disurbanism redefining urban planning, existing typology, structural and functional organization as well as to search for new ways of architecture and urban development. Urban structures and sociology are expected to be reconsidered leading to reduced capacity of all public buildings, disappearance of some of them and replacement by recreation zones. Inexhaustible ideas and resources of past design approaches may be featured in the buildings styles. We could predict appearance of significant signs of new ethics in the new aesthetics which will mark the arrival of the third global «superstyle» which features have been already seen in the rigid construction approaches, in the social movements activities. Methods of architecture education are expected to be modified: in particular, the importance of advanced techniques in the educational process will increase and teamwork in the architecture projects will became vital.

Recovering the Urban Past for Equitable Present and Future Social Recovery

A multitude of determinants influence the urban planning process. Yet, in the contemporary context of an ongoing pandemic causing infirmity and death in more than 1,500 cities, how can examples of urban planning from history, namely ones that sought to boost public health, (re)shape the current urban planning paradigm? Is there a need in the light of the global impact of Covid-19 to re-evaluate the value of past planning models and so, in accordance, rethink present-day urban density management and public space creation? In consequence, this paper puts forward an overview of how city planning and public health have historically interlinked, albeit with reference to 19th century Britain and the establishment of public parks. Used communally by assorted social groups such green spaces were considered to be crucial for physical and mental health. Crucially too, these open areas are still a fundamental element of the 21st century British cityscape and, arguably, as part of the present and future social recovery from Covid-19, will play a vital role in public life and well-being.

Deconstructing laws of accessibility and facility distribution in cities.

The era of the automobile has seriously degraded the quality of urban life through costly travel and visible environmental effects. A new urban planning paradigm must be at the heart of our road map for the years to come, the one where, within minutes, inhabitants can access their basic living needs by bike or by foot. In this work, we present novel insights of the interplay between the distributions of facilities and population that maximize accessibility over the existing road networks. Results in six cities reveal that travel costs could be reduced in half through redistributing facilities. In the optimal scenario, the average travel distance can be modeled as a functional form of the number of facilities and the population density. As an application of this finding, it is possible to estimate the number of facilities needed for reaching a desired average travel distance given the population distribution in a city.

“Kentsel Dayanıklılığı” Anlamak ve “Kentsel Dayanıklılık Planlamasını” İrdelemek

21st century is an era which environmental and urban systems triggered complexity and eventually urban planning processes started to be chaotic. Hence, 2000s can be described as a period in which complexity science developed and the capacity for planning and management needed to be improved to solve the rapidly changing urban problems. The main concern is finding out a principal contribution to urban planning processes to address this complexity dilemma and urban vulnerabilities. Since planning the future of an entire community may seem like a devastating challenge based on these challenges, urban planning should comprise conscious choices about the future and it has to be a rational way for getting prepared for the future. In this regard, “continual development and adjustment to the changing circumstances” is surely vital for all urban systems. This is parallel with resilience concept, which refers to understand addressing the uncertain changes and challenges. From this point of view, this paper aimed to clarify how resilience can be positioned in urban planning paradigms. In depth literature review and qualitative analysis were the base. Moreover, the development of urban planning paradigms from 1950s to today and the content of urban resilience were analyzed in details.

Capital social e redes de vizinhança nas cidades: o caso do bairro de Alvalade

This article analyzes the importance of social capital and neighborhood networks, through research undertaken in the Alvalade neigborhood (bairro), Lisbon. The authors analyze the different theoretical perspectives on this topic and describe the Alvalade master plan — considered an urban planning paradigm in Portugal. The article applies the mixed methods developed with the integration of qualitative data from urban ethnography and interviews, and of quantitative data, derived from the survey. The results respond to five research questions that highlight differences in structure, trust and reciprocity, the resources, and involvement, and we identify the characteristics of the residents that explain the dynamics of the social capital and of the neighborhood in cities.

A scholarly backcasting approach to a novel model for smart sustainable cities of the future: strategic problem orientation

Sustainable cities have, since the early 1990s, been the leading global paradigm of urban planning and development thanks to the different models of sustainable urban form proposed as new frameworks for redesigning and restructuring urban places to achieve sustainability. Indeed, huge advances in some areas of sustainability knowledge and a multitude of exemplary practical initiatives have been realized, thereby raising the profile of sustainable cities worldwide. The change is still inspiring and the challenge continues to induce scholars and practitioners to enhance existing, and propose new, models. Especially, sustainable urban forms have been problematic, whether in theory or practice, so is yet knowing to what extent progress has been made towards sustainable cities. They are associated with a number of problems, issues, and challenges and thus much more needs to be done considering the very fragmented, conflicting picture that arises of change on the ground in the face of the expanding urbanization. This involves the question of how they should be monitored, understood, analyzed, planned, and even integrated so as to improve, advance, and maintain their contribution to sustainability. This brings us to the issue of sustainable cities and smart cities being extremely fragmented as landscapes and weakly connected as approaches, despite the proven role and untapped potential of advanced ICT, especially big data technology, for advancing sustainability under what is labeled ‘smart sustainable cities.’ Essentially, there are multiple visions of, and pathways to achieving, such cities, which depends on how they can be conceptualized. This paper details the two parts of strategic problem orientation by answering the guiding questions for Steps 1 and 2 of the futures study being conducted. This study aims to analyze, investigate, and develop a novel model for smart sustainable cities of the future using backcasting as a scholarly approach. It involves a series of papers of which this paper is the first one. We argue that a deeper understanding of the multi-faceted processes of change or the interplay between social, technological, and scientific solutions is required to achieve more sustainable cities. Visionary images of a long-term future can stimulate an accelerated movement towards achieving the long-term goals of sustainability. The proposed model is believed to be the first of its kind and thus has not been, to the best of one’s knowledge, produced, nor is it being currently investigated, elsewhere.

A Crowdsensing Platform for Monitoring of Vehicular Emissions: A Smart City Perspective

Historically, cities follow reactive planning models where managers make decisions as problems occur. On the other hand, the exponential growth of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has allowed the connection of a diverse array of sensors, devices, systems, and objects. These objects can then generate data that can be transformed into information and used in a more efficient urban planning paradigm, one that allows decisions to be made before the occurrence of problems and emergencies. Therefore, this article aims to propose a platform capable of estimating the amount of carbon dioxide based on sensor readings in vehicles, indirectly contributing to a more proactive city planning based on the monitoring of vehicular pollution. Crowdsensing techniques and an On-Board Diagnostic (OBD-II) reader are used to extract data from vehicles in real time, which are then stored locally on the devices used to perform data collection. With the performed experiments, it was possible to extract information about the operation of the vehicles and their dynamics when moving in a city, providing valuable information that can support auxiliary tools for the management of urban centers.

Biodiversité et urbanisme

Biodiversity and urban planning. Biodiversity is defined by the richness in species, genes and ecosystems but also and especially by their interrelations, i. e. the system functioning. To develop biodiversity, this functioning requires considering both different types of species and different scales of processes, including the global scale of the territory (dispersion of individuals). In town, the ecological services provide by biodiversity are fundamental to urban sustainability. An urban planning paradigm shift must register geography and functional ecology in diagnostics, as well as mobility for example. Consequently, the non-built areas could have an important meaning as building and the ecology of areas could be considered at the same level as architecture.

Development of Information Evaluation System for Smart City Planning Using Geoinformatics Techniques

Urbanization is a continuous process, which transforms the traditional setup into the modern era. Uneven population growth over the next 3 decades is expected in cities. In this context, the new technology-based solutions are desirable, which can provide more efficient and robust approaches for urban infrastructure planning. Keeping these visions, the smart city concept is evolving in the developing countries like India, which appears a new paradigm of systematic intelligent urban infrastructure planning in the city. This research work comprises of grids-based, eight different land use and infrastructure-related information evaluation systems namely urban settlements information evaluation system, water resource information evaluation system, urban green space information evaluation system, intelligent transportation information evaluation system, basic infrastructure information evaluation system, power distribution information evaluation system, telecommunication mast information evaluation system and city surveillance information evaluation system for the development of smart city priority zones in the Bhopal city, capital of Madhya Pradesh, India. The LISS IV and Cartosat 1 sensor digital Image data along with ancillary data were used. The GPS survey was carried out to confirm ground realities, and digital intelligent map was prepared for various utilities after integration of thematic layers. The geostatistical analysis and weights-based methods were used for the creation of information evaluation system for city planning. The investigation of results have shown that various parameters related to smart city planning can be analyzed in a more efficient manner by dividing the area into an appropriate size grid. The spatial integration of information evaluation systems were carried out and areas were divided into low-, medium- and high-priority zones. These prominent categories such as high-priority zones covered the 14% of the study area, similarly medium-priority zones covered the 34% of the study area and low-priority zones covered the 52% of the study area. This research work investigations are very useful for the formulation of new strategic plans, in order to achieve better land use and infrastructure features utilization for the smart city planning.

Towards Hybrid Urban Mobility: Kick Scooter as a Means of Individual Transport in the City

The characteristic feature of a contemporary city is its inconvenience and oppressiveness caused by the hitherto dominant paradigm of urban planning based on car mobility. As a result, the inhabitants have to cope with air pollution, noise, spatial barriers, sedentary lifestyle and other factors which worsen their health and quality of life. Ecological and physically activating urban mobility thus plays an increasingly important role in the process of creating a friendly and healthy city. For many years, a steadily increasing share of bicycles in urban traffic has been observed. There are also other trending forms of non-motorized transport, such as in-line skates, skateboards, kick scooters, etc. Riding each of them can be regarded as a form of recreation or sport, but also as an ecological, physically activating means of urban mobility. The paper discusses the different forms of recreational mobility in the context of the possibility of combining it with city public transport, with particular emphasis on kick scooters. Kick scooters are becoming more and more popular, not only among children and youth, but also among adults, who use it mainly as a means of the non-motorised urban transport. Numerous publications from different parts of the world show a dynamic growth of this phenomenon. The aim of the article is also to answer the question in what extent the design of public space takes into consideration the use of these new forms of transport and recreation and, consequently, what aspects and requirements should be taken into account in the planning and design process. The paper presents the conclusions of a field study carried out with a group of students in Szczecin and Berlin. The aim of the research was to evaluate the possibilities of using kick scooters in big cities as a means of hybrid mobility combined with public transport by exploring the spectrum of public spaces (streets, squares, traffic nodes and hubs, public buildings, etc.) and testing the existing urban infrastructure. The experiment and research results seem to confirm the vast possibilities granted by kick scooters in this regard.

Clumsy City by Design—A Theory for Jane Jacobs’ Imperfect Cities?

How do different concepts of justice correspond with the principles of diversity in cities introduced by Jane Jacobs? This contribution connects Jane Jacobs’ ideas on the diverse city with Mary Douglas’ Cultural Theory and its concept of clumsy solutions. According to Douglas’ Cultural Theory, every social situation can be described in terms of the four ideal-typical “rationalities”: individualism, egalitarianism, hierarchism, and fatalism. These four rationalities are again linked to different concepts of justice: libertarian, utilitarian, or social justice. Douglas’ Cultural Theory assumes that in every social situation all four of those rationalities emerge in some way and concludes that if a situation is not poly-rational, it is less robust. This opts for imperfect and “clumsy solutions”. It is argued that clumsy solutions, the four rationalities and related concepts fit Jane Jacobs’ claim for more diversity in urban design. This essentially calls for imperfect cities by design, ‘built’ by Jacobs’ generators for diversity. Although this outcome might not be revolutionary in the current debates about urban design, the concept of clumsy solutions provide a foundation for Jane Jacobs’ atheoretical claim for a diverse city. This contributes to new reflections on the urban planning paradigms of Jane Jacobs.

Housing Site Development and a Shift in Urban Architecture at Mok-dong in seoul

The background, processes and characteristics of changing urban planning paradigms in Seoul can be seen as an essential constituent of Seoul’s urban studies. This paper discusses the transformation of urban form and architecture in Seoul in the 1980s brought on by the emergence of Housing Site Development(HSD), the last major urban planning tool introduced in Korea. Using Mok-dong in Seoul as a model, since it is the first development project based solely on HSD principles, this paper first reviews the socio-political background and characteristics of the HSD project. Second, the macro-spatial structure and micro-urban fabric of Mok-dong are analyzed and compared with an adjacent area constructed under the previous major urban planning tool-Land Readjustment(LR). This analysis combines an understanding of the programmatic architectural requirements with an awareness of the external urban circumstances in Seoul in order to arrive at a clearer understanding of the character of Seoul’s urban architecture. While the Mok-dong plan was based on the winning scheme from a public design competition, the detailed land use plan and land subdivision plan saw significant divergence from the original scheme as a result of economic changes and market demand in the city. The geometric qualities of the land ‘grid’ found in LR development projects disappeared in the HSD layout of the apartment complex(danji), while the grid patterned blocks and plots in the business and commercial districts were significantly augmented. The increase in scale of the urban components yielded larger and higher building typologies. Consequently, the medium-rise buildings in the more compact LR areas of adjacent Sinjeong-4-dong stand in sharp contrast to-and perhaps even in the shadows of-the high-rise apartments and the business and commercial towers at Mok-dong. There, the relationship of the buildings to street orientation is linked to the divergence of ‘thin’ and ‘thick’ building plans, where narrowing and elongating was favored in the apartment buildings, while squaring or ‘thickening’ was preferred for the commercial buildings. These morphological findings may not point directly to an alternative conceptualization of urban architecture, but they could be the foundation on which to build a theory about Seoul’s architecture and urbanism as it relates to the lived identity of the city.

A case study on the participation of women in the voluntary community building - Focused on Sung-Dae-Gol-Maeul and Samgaksan-Jaeminan-Maeul community in Seoul

The community building is attracted public attention with new paradigm of urban planning. This is expected to solve many problem of the modern city. To complicate the limit of physical urban planning, the community building require the restoration of communal character. This paper studies what influence the restoration of communal character have on citizens especially, womens participation and role in terms of womens life. I select Sung-Dae-Gol-Maeul in Dongjak-gu and Samgaksan-Jaeminan-Maeul in Gangbuk-gu, seoul as the case analysis objects, and analyze based on literature investigation of community building, depth interviews and media data. To conclude, women who take part in the community building socialized care-labor in the community, reestablished the value system through reeducation themselves and devoted to community as a means of realization of their needs.

Citizen participation for sustainable transport: the case of “Living City” in Santiago, Chile (1997–2012)

Twentieth century citizen “revolts” against urban highway projects have influenced thinking about public transport (Toronto, Vancouver, New York), governance (Portland), and cycling (The Netherlands) to this day. Less is known, however, about how these emerge in developing countries, and what they can tell us about citizens’ role in innovation to achieve more sustainable transport systems. This case study examines a social movement that emerged in opposition to the country’s first major highway concession, in Santiago, Chile (1997), challenging and changing urban planning paradigms. In 2000, the anti-highway campaign founded a citizen institution, Living City (Ciudad Viva). Twelve years later, it has become a prize-winning, citizen-led planning institution.Although the role of citizen participation in improving transport systems has become increasingly recognized in recent years, it still tends to be rather ritualistic. This experience offers insight into how strategic approaches to participation can reinforce the role of self-organizing civil society organizations in introducing innovation into existing systems. Findings suggest that traditional large movements, which are mainly useful for one-way communication of information, require support from small groups able to deliberate in a transformative sense, with more attention paid to how new consensuses can be transmitted through the relational networks of those involved. Moreover, this experience suggests that thinking about citizens as planners in their own right, rather than as mere participants at specific points in a planning process, opens the way to more effective strategies for innovating in transport, to address the social, environmental, and other challenges humanity faces today.

Escaping from ancient Rome! Applications and challenges for designing smart cities

ABSTRACTFrom ancient Europe, the renaissance and industrialisation eras, to the modern times, urban planning paradigms have evolved in many ways, advancing the environments where people live in. Nevertheless, the recent development of wireless and wired communication network technologies and low‐power miniature sensors for various application domains provide us with another chance of revolutionising cities by making them smarter. Smart cities, propelled by a city‐scale infrastructure, where information provided from different application systems integrate together, will initiate the development of new applications that can benefit our everyday lives. This article presents an overview of representative applications that consist a smart city with their respective challenges and application requirements. Furthermore, we share our experiences obtained from designing and deploying examples of such smart systems in multiple application domains and summarise the remaining challenges for making the vision of designing smart cities a reality. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Drawing Kampung through Cognitive Maps Case Study: Jakarta

Participatory planning is an urban planning paradigm that emphasizes the entire community involvement in the strategic processes of urban or kampung (urban village) planning; or, community-level planning processes. Cognitive map is proposed as an alternative method of planning with local communities participatory to determine which the most important infrastructure, facilities, and utilities expressed by people in the slums. The mapping done by the people concerned, reporting images held by the individuals themselves, and reflecting affective and symbolic meaning, preferences and other factors. This paper reports the methodology underpinning the use of cognitive maps, and then describes how they were used in this study and what they established. In this work the method involves the collection of cognitive maps made by kampung dwellers in Jakarta to represent aspects of their specific problems. All the ideas, concepts or models of cognitive mapping are leading to conclusion that a cognitive map is an appropriate method for reading the ‘real’ image of the environment or the world around us. Through analysis of cognitive maps, we gain a better understanding about the most interesting or prominent physical condition of slum. In this case focused on the aspect of infrastructure, facilities, and utilities are most needed by respondents in the area. Based on analysis of respondent's cognitive map, we have recommended a priority treatment of slum environment and facilitate the wishes and needs of local communities at research location. Through infrastructure, facilities, and utilities improvement, hopefully the slum settlements turned into a decent housing and habitable.

Changes in Urban Planning Policies and Urban Morphologies in Seoul, 1960s to 2000s

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the main policies of the last half century that have shaped the urban architectural fabric of Seoul today, and explore whether a modified approach might better address the current socioeconomic conditions in Korea. The paper defines and examines urban planning in Korea through an overview of the four main urban project policies implemented in Seoul from the 1960s to the present: Land Readjustment (LR), Housing Site Development (HSD), Urban Redevelopment (UR), and Housing Reconstruction (HR). While the fundamental ideology behind these policies served well during a prolonged period of high economic growth, evidence is growing that these policies are losing steam under today's conditions. A growing legacy of stalled and incomplete urban projects from the mid-2000s-the New Town Project is an example-begs the fundamental question as to whether an alternative urban planning paradigm is needed for Korea in an age of low economic growth, low birth rates and a fossil fuel energy crisis. Through the urban morphologies of the three residential areas in Seoul developed by LR projects, this paper looks at the possibility of urban regeneration through the sustainment of urban architecture in those residential areas that have not been affected by HSD, UR, and HR.