Urban Planning Concepts Research Articles

From Urban Façade to Green Foundation: Re-Imagining the Garden City to Manage Climate Risks

<div><p>Climate risk management evolves rapidly from one additional challenge for urban planning into a radical driver of urban development. In addition to fundamental changes in urban planning to increase long-term resilience, the creation of new opportunities for sustainable transformation is imperative. While urban planners increasingly add climate risks to their menu, implementation of effective action is lagging. To reduce urban infrastructure’s vulnerability to heat and flooding, cities often rely on short-term incremental adjustments rather than considering longer-term transformative solutions. The transdisciplinary co-development of inspiring urban visions with local stakeholders over timescales of decades or more, can provide an appealing prospect of the city we desire—a city that is attractive to live and work in, and simultaneously resilient to climate hazards. Taking an historic perspective, we argue that re-imagining historical urban planning concepts, such as the late 19<sup>th</sup>-century garden city until early 21st century urban greening through nature-based solutions, is a pertinent example of how climate risk management can be combined with a wide-range of socio-economic and environmental goals. Climate knowledge has expanded rapidly over the last decades. However, climate experts mainly focus on the refinement of and access to observations and model results, rather than on translating their knowledge effectively to meet today’s urban planning needs. In this commentary we discuss how the two associated areas (urban planning and climate expertise) should be more fully integrated to address today’s long-term challenges effectively.</p></div>

Construction of the spatial development model of a city based on vertical planning concepts

Formation of an urbanistic approach to the study of the urban environment is based on the understanding of how the systems of support and spatial planning can be implemented. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that urban planning in a traditional way when using horizontal space, may not always affect areas that will ensure expansion and improve the quality of life in cities. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that vertical planning does not always allow using the general forms and structures of urban planning concepts. The authors have determined that particular importance in planning should be given to the design of the visual environment for the urban area. The paper presents a model for designing a vertical environment and defines the principles of modelling high-rise design concept. It is shown that modelling should be carried out online using real-time technologies. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that the construction of the developed model is possible only with the use of spatial modelling technologies on high-resource systems. Obtaining three-dimensional models is assumed in the structure of stereo modelling not only of buildings, but also of accompanying objects that can act as infrastructural assets.

Construction of the spatial development model of a city based on vertical planning concepts

Formation of an urbanistic approach to the study of the urban environment is based on the understanding of how the systems of support and spatial planning can be implemented. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that urban planning in a traditional way when using horizontal space, may not always affect areas that will ensure expansion and improve the quality of life in cities. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that vertical planning does not always allow using the general forms and structures of urban planning concepts. The authors have determined that particular importance in planning should be given to the design of the visual environment for the urban area. The paper presents a model for designing a vertical environment and defines the principles of modelling high-rise design concept. It is shown that modelling should be carried out online using real-time technologies. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that the construction of the developed model is possible only with the use of spatial modelling technologies on high-resource systems. Obtaining three-dimensional models is assumed in the structure of stereo modelling not only of buildings, but also of accompanying objects that can act as infrastructural assets.

Urban planning concept of recreational area formation (the Voronezh case studies)

This article is devoted to the application of modern methods of urban planning for landscape improvement of recreational areas of a modern city. The formation of the three-dimensional structure of parks is considered with respect to the spatial organization of landscapes. The article presents the basic design principles of recreational areas based on the architectural landscaping in the largest city. The proposed project can serve as a basis for the formation of urban planning documentation and can be applied in practice. This will contribute to successful socio-economic development and an increase in the living comfort of the population.

Konsep Municipal Cultural Planning dalam Ruang Budaya di Kecamatan Klojen, Kota Malang

There is a cultural potential that can be used as a cultural resource in Klojen District, which is the center of Malang City, so that it is necessary to organize a cultural space based on the concept of Urban Cultural Planning from the variables and theories studied so that it is integrated into each cultural object. The concept of Urban Cultural Planning referred to in this study is a process that is identified and integrates the use of cultural resources for human and community development at the research location. The purpose of this research is to compile the concept of Urban Cultural Planning in the cultural space in Klojen District, Malang City. This research was conducted with the first stage, namely the cluster delineation of the cultural space area of the Urban Cultural Planning concept from the analysis of the identification of cultural resources, analysis of material materials (analysis of cultural mapping), and analysis of the function center. Developing a strategy that is the basis of the City Cultural Planning concept with SWOT analysis and drafting the concept with expert decisions using descriptive analysis of expert judgment. The results of this research are the compilation of the concept of Urban Cultural Planning in the cultural space in Klojen District, Malang City as the utilization of cultural resources for human and community development at the research location. The concept of urban cultural planning compiled in this study is entitled Colonial Historical Tourism, where in the past during the Dutch colonial era, the distribution of residential areas was divided into areas of Europeans, natives, Chinese, and Arabs. The distribution of residential areas is what underlies the cluster elaboration of the drafting of the Urban Cultural Planning concept with each cluster of areas having their respective functions and nuances as well as a concept center located in Malang City Square as a place for cultural performances and a place to gather together with family time

Forgotten academic modernism in the reconstruction of downtown Le Havre by Auguste Perret

This paper attempts to present historical architectural and urban structures realized in the style of academic modernism on the example of the reconstruction of Le Havre. The reconstruction of Le Havre is a full-scale depiction of an urban structure in a unified modernist style, combining academic classicism and modernity. After years of experience in urban planning, the image of the reconstruction of Le Havre after the destruction of war is, in the context of contemporary urban planning concepts, an example of holistic urban thinking about urban space.

Modelling urban mixed land-use prediction using influence parameters

Abstract Mixed land-use is a popular concept in urban planning due to its expected role in improving environmental sustainability as well as citizen’s quality of life. Land use planning and regulations are not stringent in many cities like those in India, and policies are liberal towards mixed land uses. In these cities, mixed land-uses are a natural phenomenon manifesting under various influencing parameters. However, for studies on mixed land-uses, these cities pose data insufficiency challenges, as vital comprehensive spatial information related to land-uses is not available. Moreover, there is no standardised methodology established to assess the spatial distribution of mixed land-uses at the city level. This research has developed a GIS-based model using Weighted Overlay Analysis to predict and visualise the probability of mixed land-use at the macro or city level for the case of Pune, India. The model uses the easily available spatial data of influencing parameters of mixed land-use as input for prediction instead of comprehensive real land-use data. The model is validated by comparing the predicted mixed land-use intensities with established indicators of mixed land-use for four neighbourhoods. It is found that parameters that influence mixed land-use such as connectivity, grain pattern, population density and access to amenities can be used to predict the probability of mixed land-use. Around 35 per cent of the city area of Pune has more than 0.67 probability of mixed land-use. The model can produce the probable mixed land-use distribution across the city and can be used to compute mixed land-use intensities for neighbourhoods. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • Mixed land-use probability distribution for Pune City, India is generated using Weighted Overlay Analysis in GIS. • As vital spatial data of land-use was unavailable, the prediction model uses data of influencing parameters of mixed land-uses such as population density, connectivity, grain pattern and access to amenities. • The mixed land-use probabilities predicted can be used to compute mixed land-use intensities of neighbourhoods. It is validated by comparing with traditional mixed land-use indicators.

Research on Urban Ecological Levees under the Background of the Great Protection of the Yangtze River

The proposal of the Yangtze River protection concept puts forward higher requirements for the ecological protection of cities along the Yangtze River. In recent years, the function of urban levees has gradually expanded from a single flood control function to ecological and social service function, playing an increasingly important role in improving the urban ecological environment and enhancing the image of city. This study proposes some new concepts of urban ecological levee planning and design, by combining the new development theory of the Yangtze River with the successful practical experience of urban ecological levee construction. Then, typical crosssections of urban ecological levee have been introduced as well as a case study of the construction of urban ecological levee. At last, some challenges of the urban ecological levee construction have been analysed. The research can provide guidelines for the planning and design of urban ecological levees.

The concept of ecological and archeological site "Donskaya Troya"

The aim of the work is to form conceptual solutions of the ecological and archaeological site "Donskaya Troya’. The unique archaeological site founded in the 17th century, BC by the tribes of the North Caucasian catacomb culture locates westward Rostov-on-Don, on the right bank of the Mertvy Donets River, between Karataevo and Liventsovka villages in the Soviet region. The stone fortresses discovered by archaeologists in the 1960s, are the oldest in Eastern Europe. The preservation of the Liventsovka archaeological ensemble is very relevant, since today it is in a deplorable state, namely excavations with bushes, dacha garbage dumps, dilapidated walls and ditches filled with stones. The media quite keenly discuss the sad fate of this territory. The paper proposes to create a museum to show the unique historical and cultural potential of the Karataevo and Liventsovka fortresses, which will be and open-air museum, a festival space with a research center and other educational and entertainment areas. Urban planning, scenario-functional and artistic-figurative concepts of the museum relate to the existing historical and cultural artifacts, the ideas of a "living ethnic landscape", the life of people from re-created times and modern trends in the design of museum complexes.

The Application of Low-carbon City Theory in Urban Planning

<p>With the development of modern society, environmental pollution has become the most important problem in today’s society, especially the large amount of greenhouse gas emissions. It not only makes a variety of natural disasters occur frequently, but also seriously affects the safety of people’s lives and property. So it is necessary to take low-carbon life as the main design concept in urban planning so as to maintain the healthy development of the whole city and society. The paper further explains the application and development prospect of low-carbon life theory in cities by studying the current situation and problems of low-carbon city and discussing the relationship between spatial layout, transportation system and industrial structure in urban planning and low-carbon city theory.</p>

Lessons learned from implementing the ecosystem services concept in urban planning

This paper presents a summary of lessons learned from implementing the ecosystem services (ES) approach into urban planning practice in different European urban settings. We summarise a survey co-created with, and presented to, researchers and end-users in city administrations from ten European case study cities. To complement the expert analysis, 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted among stakeholders to assess the use of ES in practice in urban settings. There was strong agreement between scientists and practitioners on both the opportunities and the barriers to uptake the ES concept in urban planning practice. Key agreements were that the ES concept supports decision-making as well as spatial planning, it is most useful as a communication tool, and monetarisation and public pressure can be considered as promoting factors. Barriers are lack of evidence including case studies, standardised methods and criteria to evaluate nature and its benefits, lack of legislations/reform, limited capacity and reluctance to apply ES in planning practice, and limited public involvement. On individual aspects, such as the monetarisation of ES, views differed both among the scientists and the practitioners. Derived from our investigations we summarize in which circumstances the ES concept is most relevant and useful for urban planners and decision-makers.

Nanogenerators for smart cities in the era of 5G and Internet of Things

<h2>Summary</h2> 5G has taken off at a brisk speed over the years, bringing significant benefits to the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and wireless sensor nodes. The launching of 5G technology provides an excellent opportunity for the faster development of smart cities. Nanogenerators (NGs) have been widely demonstrated as sustainable power sources and self-powered active sensors. The last 15 years of research on NGs have revealed that it can contribute to the digitalization of smart city services, such as localized renewable energy supplies, intelligent transportation, smart vehicles, and digital healthcare applications. The integration of novel NG technology in smart cities will solve problems pertinent to sustainable power sources for decentralized IoT devices and provide pathways for realizing self-powered active sensing systems. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive review of current research on NGs' applications in different sectors of a smart city. More importantly, we will show how NGs can be a game changer in the development of smart cities under 5G services and how the usage of NGs can boost the convenience of city dwellers. Our aim is to draw more attention to NG applications in the digitalization of smart cities and provide a guideline for applying smart concepts in future urban planning.

ASSESSING BIOPHILIC CRITERIA IN URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS OF SAUDI ARABIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE DIPLOMATIC QUARTER IN RIYADH CITY

One of the most important modern approaches used in urban development to achieve the principles and requirements of sustainability is the biophilic concept. There is a high recognition of the social and environmental benefits of connecting people with nature. Within the framework of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)’s endeavor to successfully achieve the 2030 Vision and the element of sustainability in urban life in residential neighborhoods, this study aimed to study and evaluate the elements of achieving the biophilic approach. Moreover, this study examines the biophilic design and planning criteria in the Diplomatic Quarter (DQ) in Riyadh City as a case study to determine to what extent the DQ achieves the selected biophilic approach criteria. The DQ analysis indicates that the biophilic criteria are highly achieved, which is reflected in the high percentage of green areas and parks and the great connectivity with local nature. Also, this study confirmed the importance of the biophilic concept in urban planning as a trending approach and paved the way to apply the biophilic approach in other urban communities and neighborhoods all over KSA. من أهم الأساليب الحديثة المستخدمة في التنمية الحضرية لتحقيق مبادئ ومتطلبات الاستدامة مفهوم البيوفيليک. هناک اعتراف کبير بالفوائد الاجتماعية والبيئية لربط الناس بالطبيعة. في إطار سعي المملکة العربية السعودية لتحقيق رؤية 2030 بنجاح وعنصر الاستدامة في الحياة الحضرية في الأحياء السکنية، هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى دراسة وتقييم عناصر تحقيق نهج البيوفيليا (التخطيط والتصميم المنسجم مع الطبيعة). إضافة على ذلک، تبحث هذه الدراسة في معايير التصميم والتخطيط البيوفيلي في الحي الدبلوماسي (DQ) في مدينة الرياض کدراسة حالة لتحديد إلى أي مدى يحقق DQ معايير هذا النهج المحددة. يشير تحليل هذا الحي إلى أن معايير البيوفيليک قد تحققت بشکل کبير، وهو ما ينعکس في النسبة المئوية المرتفعة للمساحات الخضراء والمتنزهات والاتصال الکبير مع الطبيعة المحلية. کما أکدت هذه الدراسة على أهمية مفهوم البيوفيليک في التخطيط الحضري کنهج شائع ومهدت الطريق لتطبيق هذا النهج في المجتمعات والأحياء الحضرية الأخرى في جميع الأحياء السکنية في المملکة العربية السعودية.

Development and research of rural renewable energy management and ecological management information system under the background of beautiful rural revitalization strategy

At present, rural areas in China have problems such as poor living environment, shortage of facilities, and industrial disappointment. They still use the concept and strategy of urban planning and design to manage the rural areas, which leads to the rural planning results become empty shells, which is time-consuming and laborious, but does not bring practical use to the improvement of rural life. The purpose of this paper is to better implement the rural revitalization strategy, more scientifically guide the beautiful rural construction, and more effectively restore the rural vitality. Based on the strategy of beautiful village planning under the background of rural revitalization strategy, this paper takes Shuanglongqiao Village, Fengming Town, Xichong County, Sichuan Province as the empirical research object, and comprehensively applies research methods such as literature inquiry, on-site investigation and comparative analysis. Firstly, the paper puts forward the background of rural revitalization strategy and the concept of beautiful rural planning. Based on the theory and practice of beautiful rural planning at home and abroad, it analyzes the guiding significance and enlightenment of these theories and practices on beautiful rural planning. And further reflect on the concept and strategy of planning and construction of beautiful villages; then, in combination with national policies, profoundly analyze the scientific connotation of rural revitalization strategy, on this basis, comprehensively analyze the requirements of rural revitalization strategy for beautiful rural construction, and then combine with rural planning The characteristics of the compilation system of urban planning, and the basic strategies of beautiful rural planning under the background of rural revitalization strategy. Finally, combined with the characteristics of the village and the construction needs, the paper summarizes the planning strategies suitable for the development needs and village characteristics of Shuanglongqiao Village under the background of rural revitalization strategy. On the basis of previous studies, this paper comprehensively interprets the scientific connotation of rural revitalization strategy, and conducts summative research on beautiful rural planning. It hopes to refine some beautiful rural planning concepts and strategies, and other similar Shuanglongqiao villages under the background of rural revitalization strategy. The beautiful village planning provides a new perspective and also provides some experience in building practices in other villages.

Trip chaining of bicycle and car commuters: an empirical analysis of detours to secondary activities

A largely overlooked mode choice factor of cycling is the mode-dependent capability of visiting several activity locations within a trip chain. Due to the bicycle’s limited reach in comparison to the car, this capability can be increased by urban environments that facilitate trip chaining by bicycle. In the present paper, we empirically study travel distances between activity locations that facilitate trip chaining by the example of Dutch commute tours. More precisely, we address the question of how much cyclists extend commute tour distances compared to car travellers to include a secondary activity. For this purpose, a Bayesian regression model is proposed to analyse the effects of travel mode, secondary activity type and a series of control variables such as age and time of the day on commute tour extensions. The model results propose that people make on average detours of 7.4 km by car and 1.3 km by bicycle. These values strongly differ depending on the type of secondary activity, gender, the distance of the home-work tour and the duration of the secondary activity. In addition, the comparison between car and bicycle travel revealed some behavioural peculiarities of the active modes, which have implications for bicycle-friendly urban planning and several transport-related concepts.

Measuring the Smart Growth Spatial Performance in Developing City of Northwest China Plains Area

“Smart growth” is an urban planning concept. In this paper, the overall urban-rural smart growth efficiency is explored, which serves as an indicator to effectively measure the allocation of urban-rural spatial resources and structural rationality of the urban-rural space. Taking a developing county city in northwest China plains area as an example, the urban-rural spatial efficiency system was established and the evaluation model constructed by using the data envelopment analysis (DEA)-slack-based measure (SBM) model. The model was used to empirically analyze the characteristics in 2000, 2010, and 2018. The results show that the urban-rural spatial efficiency of the urban-rural space degree of a county in northwest China plains area exhibits growth trend on the whole, and scale efficiency increases the most. The increase of technical efficiency promotes the growth of spatial performance, which is mainly manifested in the construction of industrial parks. Although urban and rural spatial performance has made great achievements, there are still problems. Results of the test for each city indicate that the method proposed in this study is, in fact, quite effective in evaluating the smart growth pattern for developing cities. Finally, the corresponding improvement social and economic policies’ strategy is proposed.

A smart model of the rural village planning

The smart model of rural village planning is to build a digital platform to connect agriculture and industry through big data. The process starts with the construction of a big data agricultural platform, then planning and designing the physical environment of the smart village, and the third stage is the creation of a multi-industry alliance and co-operation model. For combining agricultural demand and physical access information data, the cloud database can obtain the required information and achieve the exact goal of increasing agricultural income. In addition, agricultural tourism uses the urban planning concept to carry out village layout, and develops qualitative and quantitative regulations, ecology, landscape and tourism data in scientific calculations to control the intensity of land use that can be supported by rural areas and provide the best tourism condition and ecological environment. The project also builds a shared economic model in which enterprises contribute to assisting farmers in housing repairs and invite them to participate in operations. Thus, farmers are transformed into inheritors and educators, and they are able to participate in the operation of the village as a teacher, so that the culture of sustainable agriculture can continue.

The concept of collaborative design by Henry Sanoff

*The article deals with the concept of participatory design proposed by the american urban planning specialist Henry Sanoff. The author provides with historical and sociological context of the formation of the concept of participatory design. The key episode in the development of the concept of participatory design is defined by the dispute in the theory of architecture between functional modernism in the person of L. Corbusier and individual-oriented concepts of urban planning, which were formed in the works of P. Geddes, E. Howard, J. Jacobs, L. Mumford and J. Gehl. The author considers the concept of participatory design as a conceptual deepening of individual-oriented theories, resulting in the justification of not only taking into account the needs of city residents in urban planning, but also the need for their participation in urban design. As the author notes, the key premises of forming the concept of participatory design are the culture of participation and the policy of participation. The culture of participation defends the position of the individual as an active subject and as a producer of social and cultural meanings. The policy of participation is based on participatory democracy and the idea of active involvement of civil society in management processes. The article discusses the basic principles of the concept of participatory design by G. Sanoff and the mechanics of their implementation.

Urban ecological novelty assessment: Implications for urban green infrastructure planning and management

Urban areas are continuously subjected to anthropogenic transformations that result in the emergence of novel urban ecosystems. To prepare for and respond to contemporary negative environmental impacts (e.g., climate change, land-use change, biological invasions), it is increasingly urgent to plan and adapt cities' green infrastructure. Accordingly, the inclusion of the novel ecosystems concept in urban planning and management is pertinent and necessary. Nevertheless, identification or measurement of ecological novelty has been challenging and can be problematic without the appropriate methods. The objectives of this study are to 1) develop and test a methodology to assess novelty in urban ecosystems grounded on the combination of both human and biotic dimensions of the novel ecosystems concept, and 2) discuss the implications that urban ecological novelty assessment can have for future urban green infrastructure planning and management. In contrast to other proposed methods, this assessment considers the human dimension of the concept as equally important as the biotic dimension, once the human presence is pervasive and a fundamental component of urban landscapes. The proposed working methodology was tested in Porto, Portugal, in study sites with contrasting human-induced transformation pathways and plant species assemblages, thus theoretically representing different degrees of urban ecological novelty. The methodology developed in this work is straightforward and can be adjusted and replicated to other cities according to available data and tools. Above all, the assessment of urban ecological novelty can inform future urban planning and management and assist in investigating novel urban ecosystems.

1922-1956 годы. Нереализованные проекты развития центрального композиционного ядра Москвы на примере Аллеи Ильича. Часть 2

Вторая часть статьи[1] посвящена изучению теоретических и практических аспектов влияния нереализованной концеп­ции Аллеи Ильича на архитектурно-планировочное развитие Москвы в 1930-1950-х годов.&#x0D; Теоретические и практические аспекты влияния нереализо­ванных градостроительных решений, концепций и подходов на архитектурно-планировочное развитие городов являются вос­требованными для научного поиска. В работе рассматривается Аллея Ильича - часть Кремлёвского полукольца, начинающаяся от площади Дзержинского и заканчивающаяся районом строи­тельства Дворца Советов. Оценивается градостроительная роль концепции Аллеи Ильича - нереализованной, но оказывавшей реальное влияние на территориальное планирование Москвы. Возникшая по программе увековечения памяти В.И. Ленина, Аллея Ильича фигурировала во многих московских градострои­тельных концепциях и проектах 1920-1950-х годов: в конкурсах на Дворец Советов, Парк культуры и отдыха, дипломных работах студентов архитектурного факультета ВХУТЕМАСа и Московского архитектурного института, проектах реконструкции ансамблей центральных площадей столицы, Генеральном плане реконструк­ции Москвы 1935 года. Концепция Аллеи Ильича эволюциони­ровала вместе с изменением градостроительной политики - от «романтизированной схемы» до проектов радикальной пере­стройки центра Москвы, «ансамбля ансамблей». Практически ни одна из концепций Аллеи Ильича не была реализована в завершённом виде. При исследовании в качестве временной шкалы применена периодизация московского градостроитель­ства, основанная на ретроспективной оценке формирования планировочной структуры города в увязке с социально-эко­номическими и политическими факторами влияния. Изучение влияния нереализованных проектов на эволюцию городов и городских сообществ при формировании пакета сценариев социально-экономического и территориального городского развития даёт возможность использования возрождённых и актуализированных творческих концепций в реальном проек­тировании. Исследование сопровождается ранее не публико­вавшимися материалами проекта реконструкции центра Москвы, выполненными в мастерской-школе И.В. Жолтовского.&#x0D; [1] Первая часть статьи «1922-1956 годы. Нереализованные проекты развития центрального композиционного ядра Москвы на примере Аллеи Ильича» опубликована в № 3 журнала «Academia. Архитектура и строи­тельство» за 2020 год.