City Urban Planning Research Articles

Urban Planning and Accessibility: A Priority Right to Ensure The Well-Being of People in Urbanized Spaces

Objective: The objective of this study is to reflect on the implications of accessibility in the urban planning of cities, since this is a legal issue ensured by the various legislation in force considering that accessibility is relevant not only for people with reduced mobility or wheelchair users, but also for those with temporary disabilities, the elderly, pregnant women, obese people among others. Method: The research is based on a qualitative approach using bibliographic review and documentary research procedures. Data interpretation is anchored in categorical content analysis. Results and Discussion: The results obtained provide an understanding of how legislation seeks to promote a better quality of life for everyone within a city, through the implementation of various laws and decrees, including those related to urban planning and city development. Therefore, urban planning presents itself as an indispensable element for the organization of a city in all its aspects, contributing to its development and orderly growth. This is because, without this planning, it becomes difficult to guarantee quality education, access to healthcare, adequate housing, leisure opportunities and employment for all citizens. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by considering the importance of urban planning in achieving accessibility in cities, in this context, the importance of legislation in ensuring the well-being of all inhabitants of a city is perceived, by guaranteeing accessibility, along with other mechanisms, such as urban planning and related decrees. A change in lifestyles has been observed in relation to the rural exodus, with a greater number of people living precariously in cities, which has resulted in significant changes in their urban spaces

Single-industry cities: social aspects of urban planning policy (as exemplified by the gold-mining city Bodaibo, Irkutsk region)

The article raises the issue of Russian single-industry cities, the social situation and social policy in the city as part of urban planning policy. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the situation at the single-industry cities: social aspects of urban planning policy (as illustrated by the gold-mining city of Bodaibo, Irkutsk region). More than 60 % of the city population is directly or indirectly connected with the gold mining industry. Consequently, Bodaibo can be considered as a single-industry gold-mining city that requires attention from the authorities and a special approach to the urban policy development. The relevance of the study is explained by the fact that there are no systematic comprehensive (including sociological) studies on gold mining cities and settlements in Russia. Purpose of the study: studying the needs of residents of the city of Bodaibo to improve the quality of life in terms of solving social problems and developing proposals to determine the directions of urban planning policy. Research results: in October 2022, the authors of the article conducted a sociological survey of the city Bodaibo residents to identify the satisfaction of citizens with living and working conditions, and to assess the comfort of the environment. It was found that the social conditions in the city are deteriorating: 30 % of citizens noted the quality of life as the worst, more than 60 % of respondents rated the state of social infrastructure as unsatisfactory. Conclusions: weaknesses in the city urban planning policy - lack of comfortable housing, high prices for rental housing for newcomers, poor condition of transport infrastructure, low quality of medical and cultural services. Due to the unresolved social problems, part of the population is leaving the city, the demographic situation is deteriorating. The authors analyzed studies on single-industry towns in other regions of the Russian Federation, got acquainted with the proposed models for solving urgent problems, also relying upon foreign experience. Based on the sociological survey results and acquaintance with the developed concepts for the reorganization of single-industry towns, the authors proposed some steps to improve the urban planning policy in the city of Bodaibo

Augmentation approaches for geodetic permanent monitoring systems in dynamic urban environments

The consolidation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) on construction sites and the preparation of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) in urban city planning are on-going processes. Therefore, the operation of modern total stations in dynamic urban scenarios becomes inevitable and often reveals the limitations of state-of-the-art approaches. This paper discusses augmentation strategies for the automatic operation of total stations. Additional internal sensor information and external facility information can be used to increase the resilience of the systems and enable them to adapt to changing circumstances. This is demonstrated by the examples of a changing prism orientation due to vandalism, local refraction effects due to air-conditioning and dynamic obstructions due to traffic.

Impacts of high-albedo urban surfaces on outdoor thermal environment across morphological contexts: A case of Tianjin, China

The urban heat island (UHI) effect can exacerbate various environmental challenges related to high temperatures in urban areas. Increasing urban surface albedo is an effective strategy to mitigate UHI. However, the efficacy of high-albedo urban surfaces across varying urban contexts remains poorly understood. In this study, we leverage Urban Weather Generator to systematically simulate the effects of high-albedo roads, walls, and roofs on urban microclimate across Tianjin. Our simulation covers a typical meteorological year, representing typical weather conditions from January to December. Our results reveal that increasing road albedo is more effective in mitigating UHI in fringe areas, whereas increasing wall and roof albedo is more effective in mitigating UHI in central areas. Local climate zones with an urban aspect ratio of about 0.5 can obtain a maximum reduction of road surface temperature (-6 °C) and wall surface temperature (-3 °C). The temperature changes induced by albedo changes show evident seasonal characteristics: the road temperature decreases significantly in summer, while the wall temperature decreases significantly in spring and autumn. Our results could help guide UHI mitigation policies and urban planning in cities hoping to enhance urban surface albedo to balance urban growth and climate resilience.

Can new-type urbanization realize low-carbon development? A spatiotemporal heterogeneous analysis in 288 cities and 18 urban agglomerations in China

Cities and urban agglomerations are carriers of greenhouse gas emissions and show significant heterogeneity. China has entered a transitional period of new-type urbanization, which emphasizes high-quality and coordinated regional development. However, evidence of the spatiotemporal heterogenous effects of new-type urbanization on carbon emissions in cities, and especially in urban agglomerations are still lacking. This study estimated the new-type urbanization level and investigated its spatiotemporal heterogenous impacts on carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂) in 288 Chinese cities and 18 urban agglomerations. The results show that for each 1% increase in new-type urbanization level, the median estimation of CO₂ emissions per capita can decrease by 171.0% (46.8%,338.4%) at city-level. The inverted “U-shaped” relationships between new-type urbanization and CO₂ emissions per capita were observed in more than 60% of the cities. The average impacts of new-type urbanization and its square term of the cities which are located in urban agglomerations are estimated to be approximately 0.8 and 1.7 times of cities that are not, which indicates that cities in urban agglomerations are peaking their CO₂ emissions per capita with a higher enhancement of new-type urbanization. The results add new insights for formulating dynamic phase-to-phase carbon reduction policies and urban planning in cities and urban agglomerations.

Biodiversity in cities: the impact of biodiversity data across spatial scales on diversity estimates

Abstract The assessment and monitoring of biodiversity in urban areas has been shown to have enormous potential to inform integrative urban planning in cities. In this context, digital biodiversity repositories such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) has been promoted for its central role in gathering and harmonizing biodiversity data worldwide, thereby facilitating these assessments and monitoring efforts. While GBIF data has been investigated for its potential at a large scale and in natural ecosystems, the question remains as to what extent, and in which context, is GBIF data applicable to urban biodiversity assessment and monitoring? In this study, we assessed the spatial patterns of biodiversity, by exploring species richness patterns in relation to land use types for three taxonomic groups (birds, mammals and arthropods) in three cities in The Netherlands (Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Groningen) at multiple spatial scales. We found significant variation in the effect of land uses on the species richness patterns, in terms of taxonomic group, spatial configuration and land cover type, and across spatial scales. Our study demonstrates the potential of GBIF data while highlighting the importance of the careful selection of one or multiple spatial scales, especially in relation to the taxonomic group characteristics and ecology and the spatial configuration of the cities studied.

Smart city urban planning using an evolutionary deep learning model

Smart city urban planning using an evolutionary deep learning model

Natural materials (biomaterials) and biomimicry principles, as tools for envisioning the sustainable cities of the future

It is widely acknowledged that the impact of human activities on the Earth’s atmosphere following the first industrial revolution was so significant that it was designated as a new geological epoch with the term “Anthropocene.” The search for a new design strategy that integrates the nature of urban landscapes with their architecture is critical in the Anthropocene age. Modern instances of green cities and smart cities are the direct result of the emergence of a value system with a highly aesthetic view of global ecosystems, prompting us to seek a non-anthropocentric method of reasoning and, as a result, planning. In this study, we present innovative city design that controls environmental factors and is based on urban planning of cities approached by the principles of biomimicry. The research question is whether natural materials with modern construction methods and biomimicry principles can lead to the design of cities that face the numerous challenges of climate change. Three examples of cities that have adopted the model of biomimicry design principles will be presented, in parallel with a literature review of natural materials. Conclusions will be drawn which will be followed by the formulation of proposals for the optimal planning of cities in terms of sustainability. The goal is to develop a design process targeted at the efficient design of cities in response to climate change.

Transit-oriented development strategy in Taiwan: An application of land value capture

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely used in many countries to create more sustainable cities. In 1983, the “Taipei City Self-Ordinance for Land Use Zoning Regulation” was introduced to implement a TOD-equivalent design concept even though the term “TOD” was not yet used worldwide. The regulation specifically allowed any new development within a 500 m radius catchment area of a main public transport station which followed Taipei City's urban planning strategies to have a floor area ratio (FAR) reward up to 30% more than the original FAR (Rule No. 80-4). To strategically plan for TOD, Taipei City has developed a comprehensive TOD strategy with four development aspects, ten development strategies and 32 planning principles. The motivation for private developers to follow Taipei City's TOD strategy is the TOD FAR reward. Value capture, an important funding mechanism for public transport infrastructure, has been implemented in Taipei City's TOD strategy to provide a sustainable public transport system. In order to investigate the impacts of TOD strategy in the form of property value uplift at micro and macro levels, trend analysis and difference in differences modelling are constructed. Model results confirm a significant property value uplift at the micro-level. This review has two strong policy uses. First, it can be a starting point to help cities without a TOD strategy to develop a plan. Second, it can help cities, particularly high population density cities, with an existing TOD plan to review their own TOD plan.

THE ROLE OF URBAN SCULPTURE IN FORMING THE MEANING OF IDENTITY IN MODERN URBAN PLANNING

In order to investigate the role of urban sculpture in the formation of a sense of identity in modern urbanism, it seems necessary to study its history and prerequisites and the reasons for their appearance in the city. The emergence of an identity crisis can be a contributing factor to authentication attempts. Location is an aspect of space that is occupied by something or someone and has meaning and significance. In other words, location is where function and meaning of space interact. Thus, the form, function, location and connotation of urban sculpture can play a central role in shaping and coordinating the existing semantic identity of a city's urban planning. One of the most important functions of urban sculpture is to create a certain sense of place, evoke a certain spirit in space or enhance the sense of space. A place is a part of space that is occupied by someone or something and has a valuable meaning. Provided that there is harmony between the statue and the environment and the enhancement of the visual integrity of the environment, citizens will experience satisfaction and greater comfort and the sense of place will be enhanced. Identity is another important factor in contemporary urban studies. Identity includes a certain range. The range that an individual, using it, can recognize or distinguish a place from other places in order to find a unique personality or at least a specific personality for himself. Therefore, it can be said that the statues that use creative and artistic design can create an identity, but to achieve the principles of identity, the issues of identity and meaning should be explored more. The result of identity confirmation and authentication is the spiritual identity of the measured space from the point of view of the person and the community, and its necessity is a situation that can ensure the spiritual identity of the space. With the recognition of this condition, it is possible to direct the space affected by the identity crisis towards the desired authentication and, during the change, to preserve the identity-filled space from the identity crisis. On the other hand, it should be taken into account that identity receives its validity through the recognition of being. Therefore, the most important condition of spiritual identity is recognizable being. Keywords: urban sculpture, identity, meaning, urbanism.

An Assessment of Land Use/Cover Suitable for Peri-urban Green Space Development: an Example of an Integration of GIS with the Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) Approach

Land allocation priorities to urban green cover are usually neglected particularly in the countries of developing economies such as Turkey. Lack of urban green space can cause many social and physical problems among the residents. Therefore, urban planning and policy should incorporate suitable green land in the urban planning of cities to optimise the benefits obtained from urban green spaces. Land suitability analysis is a commonly used methodology which provides a framework for developing strategies in the planning of green land development. Two different approaches will be utilised for the assessment of suitability of land uses for urban agriculture, forest and natural vegetation in the Pendik district of Istanbul. Standardisation of values in criteria maps was done using the deterministic approach in the first case whereas fuzzy membership was utilised as an alternative in the second case. Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used for the weighting of sub-criteria and map layers were overlaid using the weighted linear combination using the GIS software. Geophysical factors, transport and services accessibility, land cover/use, blue and green amenities, soil properties, geology and erosion susceptibility are the main criteria selected for the assessment of urban green land suitability. The provision of suitable land for urban agriculture, forest and natural vegetation uses will provide a framework to the land use planning and decision support aimed at contributing to urban sustainable development.

Assessing spatiotemporal variations in land surface temperature and SUHI intensity with a cloud based computational system over five major cities of India

• The study showed that all cities have undergone a change in LULC pattern. • Concurrent data from space-based sensors for effective disaster response. • The impact of LST and SUHI over the vegetation cover with a cloud-based computing. • Biophysical parameters like NDVI, NDBI, and MNDWI are used for analysis and results derivations. The surface urban heat island (SUHI) is one of the most evident climate phenomena in low- and mid-latitude cities. Extensive growth and intense urbanization has brought a phenomenal change to the urban landscape. The rapid expansion of cities have the potential to generate distinctive local urban climates by increasing land surface temperature (LST) and the intensities of surface urban heat islands (SUHI). The study uses Landsat data in a cloud based computational system to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of land use land cover (LULC) for five major cities (Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Ahmadabad) from 2007 to 2020. Selected biophysical parameters like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) are used. The interrelationship with the dynamics of LST to analyze the SUHI profiles reveals that the mean LST has a positive correlation for impermeable surfaces and a negative correlation for green surfaces, which are common for all Indian cities and results in degradation of environmental quality. The results obtained from this study showed that all cities have undergone a change in LULC pattern, which induced a rise in overall temperature and SUHI intensity. The expansion of the urban landscape along with the changing vegetation and cropping patterns due to the rise in anthropogenic activities has resulted in susceptible climatic conditions and necessitates further environmental investigations. The findings of the study can be recommended to monitor the impacts of SUHI intensity at different locations for future studies to adapt sustainable urban planning of cities.

A Conceptual Framework of Public Participation Utilization for Sustainable Urban Planning in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

There is a growing concern for people to contribute to future developments in shaping their surroundings (town, community, and region) and, thus, their quality of life. Therefore, the study aims to propose a framework of public-participation exploitation for sustainable urban planning in Saudi Arabia. The framework proposed was developed based on analyzing the literature review and experts’ opinions through the Delphi technique. The framework covers planning levels and stages, participation methods, sustainability pillars, and the use of information communication technology (ICT). A proposed PP framework is produced, which is comprehensive, yet tailored for the urban-planning context of Saudi Arabia. The framework assists the management of PP properly. It addresses several practical elements that involve the citizens’ awareness regarding PP in the planning process, along with the accessibility of the populace to urban-planning issues. The framework shows that there is no single participatory technique that can satisfy all planning processes. The framework recognizes the importance of integrating sustainability into urban plans. It is concluded that the current framework helps to manage public participation properly and introduces the participants in the planning process, which eventually affects the urban planning of cities in Saudi Arabia.

Fast wind prediction incorporated in urban city planning

Digital design and analysis tools are continually progressing, enabling more seamless integration of climatic impacts into the conceptual design stage, which naturally means enhanced environmental performance of the final designs. Planning sustainable urban configurations and, consequently, environment-derived architectural forms becomes more rapid and requires less effort enabling smooth incorporation into day-to-day practice. This research paper presents a wind prediction-based architectural design method for improving outdoor wind comfort through urbanism and architecture. The added value of the environment-driven design loop consisting of parametric design, wind flow analysis, and necessary design modifications lies in leveraging the newly developed wind prediction tool InFraRed. As is demonstrated in the application study in Kosice, Slovakia, iterating through various design options and evaluating their impact on the wind flow is swift and reliable. That enables the designer to explore the best-performing design alternatives for outdoor wind comfort, yet the extra time required for the analysis is negligible.

Evaluation of the Extent of Land Use-Land Cover Changes of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria from 1987-2019

Human growth and development occur at the expense of our natural resources. The ancient city of Benin, the capital of Edo State, Nigeria has been experiencing a surge in population hence this study was initiated to evaluate the extent of land use-land cover (LULC) changes over a 32-year period (1987-2019), using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. USGS Landsat data were acquired for 1987, 2002, and 2019, pre-processed and classified using ENVI 5.2 software and exported into ARC-GIS platform for further analysis. The results of the 1987-2019 LULC classifications were also used to forecast Benin City's LULC for 2050 using the Markov and CA-Markov models in TerrSet 17.0 software. The results showed that 284.56 km2 of forest lands were lost over a 32-year period (1987-2019), while built-up and barren lands increased rapidly by 153.96km2 and 81.58km2, respectively. By 2050, the built-up area is expected to increase by 236.92km2, while barren land is expected to maintain its percentage cover. Grassland increased by 52.16 km2, while water decreased by 3.60 km2, both of these classes are expected to decrease by 157.58km2 and 0.45km2 by 2050, respectively. The increase in population and built-up areas in Benin City contributes to deforestation and increased urban heat, as well as reduced ecosystem services and biodiversity loss. As a result, it is recommended that the Benin City Urban Planning Authority encourage the planting of ornamental trees, shrubs, and lawns in order to restore more carbon sequestration to the ecosystem and thus reduce global warming.

Towards Smart Inclusive Cities

Cities are rethinking the urban future, following a smart city view towards urban development to drive inclusive urban growth and improve the quality of life, shaping the city as an inclusive community and engine of sustainable growth. A smart city helps shape the city of the future, using the potential of information technology to serve both economic and social life, and transform the urban community in a significant way. Inclusive cities protect the value of a city, thus enhancing community development. Smart inclusive cities help support sustainable urban development, strengthening collaborative and open frameworks within urban communities. Currently, several European cities are selecting a smart city vision to develop the city as an open, innovation-led, socially inclusive community. As smart communities, cities of tomorrow employ information and communication technology (ICT) to drive sustainable, open and inclusive urban growth and innovation, improving the quality of life, strengthening smartness as an ability to develop the city as smart inclusive community. Cities are shaping a smart pathway and building an open and inclusive environment for smart urban community development. The study aims to identify the pathway that cities are following to drive the city as smart, sustainable and inclusive urban community. In the study, exploratory case studies drawn from smart city urban planning are duly discussed concerning three cities that are designing a smart future and thus rethinking a smart inclusive urban development. The three European cities of Wien, Paris and Florence, which are planning a smart urban future, to shape inclusive and open innovative urban communities, are hereby discussed.

Assessing spatiotemporal dynamics of land surface temperature and satellite-derived indices for new town development and suburbanization planning

Pervasive development across the country has resulted in unprecedented urbanization with a phenomenal change to the urban landscape. This rapid expansion of cities has generated characteristic local urban climates with an increased land surface temperature (LST) and the intensities of urban heat islands (UHI). The study on LST and UHI can be performed to investigate the spatiotemporal variation in dynamics of land surface temperature and satellite-derived indices for enhanced urban planning and development. The study undertakes a comprehensive assessment for the city of Bangalore to understand its impact on environmental quality. The corresponding satellite-derived indices like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) are used to express the Built-up area (BUA) to analyse the dynamics of LST on UHI profiles. The results of the study reveal that the mean LST has a positive correlation for impervious surfaces and a negative correlation with the green surfaces, which is common for all Indian cities and it results in degradation of environmental eminence. The results shows that the area has undergone a drastic transformation and has resulted in a rise in overall temperature and UHI intensity due to an increase of urbanized areas by 3% between 2007 and 2020. The urban policy and planning for new town development is being seen from various aspects such as design and architecture, geography, and sociology, with much of the literature concentrating on the substantive challenges of the development process. However the account of its technical challenges arising from the influential actors and factors are lacking in the planning process of smart cities. This works address focuses on the critical assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of land surface temperature and satellite-derived indices as key factors and actors involved in development decisions of New town development and suburbanization planning. The discoveries of the study can be endorsed to monitor the impacts of UHI intensity for future studies and can be used for sustainable urban planning of cities.

Use of official municipal demographics for the estimation of mortality in cities suffering from heavy environmental pollution: Results of the first study on all the neighborhoods of Taranto from 2011 to 2020.

In cities suffering from heavy environmental pressure or pollution, it is extremely important to rapidly access municipal demographics that can be used as indicators of population health status. Among those, mortality rates represent the most reliable data as they are officially retained and available to municipality with high level of details, thus allowing epidemiological comparison between different neighborhoods of the city across several years. Our study was aimed at validating and propose as universally applicable approach the use of municipal demographics as first-line tool to rapidly assess population health and drive health policies or urban planning in cities characterized by heavy environmental pressure. The case study of Taranto has been chosen due to the presence of the biggest European steel plant since 1960s resulting in heavy burden on environment and population health. We have performed an ecological study on general mortality data due to all causes, specific by gender, age groups and disaggregated at sub-municipal level (highest data granularity) into neighborhoods from 2011 to 2020 by using official demographics related to all people living in Taranto available at General Registry Office of the municipality. A preliminary analysis comparing data available at Municipality and those provided by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) was performed and confirmed the high level of reliability of the municipal source of data. For comparative analyses, we used Regional demographics and mortality from ISTAT. Indirect age-standardized mortality ratios (SMR; CI 90% and 95%), specific for gender and neighborhoods, were calculated in reference to the city of Taranto and Apulia Region; direct age-standardized and neighborhoods mortality rates were computed on city population. The city of Taranto shows relevant inequalities in terms of mortality between the northern neighborhoods, closest to the industrial area (Paolo VI, Tamburi and Città Vecchia-Borgo), with excess mortality highlighted across 10 years described by SMRs always higher than those of the entire Apulia region, with peaks exceeding 50% between 2015 and 2017 both in women and men. The significant excesses of mortality have increased from 2011 to 2020 and progressively extended across several neighborhoods of Taranto city. Compared to the Apulia region, in the 3 Northern neighborhoods of the city (Paolo VI, Tamburi and Città Vecchia-Borgo) a total of 1020 excess deaths were recorded from 2011 to 2019 in both males and females (showing statistical significance), with a peak of 68% mortality excess in 2019 for men living in Paolo VI district. The use of official mortality data allows a timely, reliable and costless assessment of population health in cities heavily impacted by environmental pollution like Taranto.

Programul unei vieți: rolul lui Lajos Pákei în înființarea Muzeului Industrial și a Școlii Industriale din Cluj

"One Life’s Mission: Lajos Pákei’s Role in Establishing the Industrial Museum and the Industrial School in Cluj. The development of museums and schools of industry took place in some important industrial cities of the Dual-Monarchy, a part of the capitals in Salzburg, Graz, Prague, Brno, Czernowitz starting from the 1870-1880s. In the last quarter of the 19th century several school and some museum buildings of industry were erected in Hungary. Some of these new edifices were capable of performing dual, educational and museum tasks due to their special spaces: their list includes Ödön Lechner’s Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest, Alajos Hauszmann’s Technologic Museum of Industry in Budapest and Lajos Pákei’s Museum of Industry in Kolozsvár (Cluj Napoca). It is exactly in this period that Lajos Pákei graduated from Theophil Hansen’s studio in Vienna, and soon after, in 1880 he became chief architect of the city of Kolozsvár. In his new position the young architect played a prominent role in the infrastructural and institutional modernization of the city. One of the biggest investments of the city focused on the reshaping of the industrial institutional structure – this process was articulated around the foundation of the Museum and School of Industry of the city. Acting also as the director and professor of architectural disciplines in the school of industry of the city he had a significant impact on the development of a master builder, stone and wood carving classes and moreover in the curriculum of the educational profile of the institution. Lajos Pákei followed the architectural principles of Camillo Sitte in terms of urban city planning in Kolozsvár under the influence of the Austrian architects work published in 1889 entitled Der Städtebau nach seinen künstlerischen Grundsätzen. Kolozsvár, the par excellence renaissance town of historic Hungary. The town was the birthplace of the last great medieval king of Hungary, the earliest renaissance ruler over the Alps, King Mathias (1443-1490) whose political and cultural legacy as national king and the town’s long goldsmith and woodcarving activity have become a points of reference the late 19th century discourse on the modernization of Kolozsvár. Lajos Pákei was one of the members of the first generation of architects having accomplished their studies in the new political circumstances related to the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Lajos Pákei in Kolozsvár has completed diverse missions simultaneously such as did Camillo Sitte in Vienna or Joseph Leitzner in Czernowitz: he actively reshaped the urban spaces of his city, made architectural plans for the industrial museum and school, as director he influenced the educational profile of the school of industry and the acquisition policy of the museum of industry. Lajos Pákei prepared several plans for this building of dual function through almost first fifteen years. After a number of design changes the museum-school building was finally built between 1896 and 1898. Due to the rapidly growing collection, the shift in the acquisition policy from technological profile to applied arts objects, the growing number of students soon it became too small, and the construction of a purely museum building has become necessary. The building of the museum of industry has been erected in 1903–1904 opposite the previous one, according to the plans of Lajos Pákei. The first, museum-school building followed the construction principles of Hungarian secondary school architecture of its time, including a centrally positioned external wing for the technological collection. The second one – planned purely for museum purposes – followed the latest example of applied art museum buildings, the one of Joseph Schulz in Prague built in 1897–1901. The history of two buildings of Lajos Pákei in Kolozsvár reflect the specialization of educational and museum spaces, the characteristics of the changing models in industrial education and presentation of the changing profile of the collection as “ideal of a modern museum” as an attempt to develop. The study interprets the foundation and the management of the museum and school of industry as the lifetime project of Lajos Pákei in the context of architectural modernization (both in education and practice) in the Dual Monarchy and in the theoretical framework of urban planning. Keywords: urban planning, museum of industry, vocational education, decorative arts, museum of decorative arts "

Reducing Urban Thermal Discomfort by Integrating Sustainability in Urban City Planning

Reducing Urban Thermal Discomfort by Integrating Sustainability in Urban City Planning