Urban Mortality Research Articles

Mortality trend analysis of ischemic heart disease in China between 2010 and 2019: a joinpoint analysis

BackgroundThis study presented the mortality trend of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Chinese residents from 2010 to 2019 and provided a basis for further establishment of relevant interventions.MethodsData, such as sex, age, urban and rural areas, and death status, were extracted from the China Death Surveillance Dataset from 2010 to 2019, with mortality and age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) as the main indicators. The joinpoint regression model was used to analyze mortality and AADRs trends in IHD. A semi-structured expert interview was conducted to propose targeted intervention measures and countermeasures.ResultsWe observed an overall upward trend in IHD mortality rates and AADRs in China from 2010 to 2019 (average annual percentage change [AAPC] = 5.14%, AAPCAADRs = 1.60%, P < 0.001). Mortality rates and AADRs increased for both males (AAPC = 4.91%, AAPCAADRs = 1.09%, P < 0.05) and females (AAPC = 5.57%, AAPCAADRs = 1.84%, P < 0.001), with higher mortality rate for males than females but higher variation for females than males. Urban (AAPC = 4.80%, AAPCAADRs = 1.76%, P < 0.05) and rural (AAPC = 5.31%, P < 0.001; AAPCAADRs = 0.99%, P > 0.05) mortality rates increased, with the mortality rate higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In the age analysis, mortality rate was higher in middle-aged and older adults than in other age groups. The age-sex cross-analysis found the highest trend in mortality rates among females aged ≥ 75 years (annual percentage change [APC] = 2.43%, P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe upward trend in IHD mortality in China from 2010 to 2019, especially among female residents aged ≥ 75 years, poses continuing challenges to public health policies and actions.

Unmasking hidden disparities: a comparative observational study examining the impact of different rurality classifications for health research in Aotearoa New Zealand

ObjectivesExamine the impact of two generic—urban–rural experimental profile (UREP) and urban accessibility (UA)—and one purposely built—geographic classification for health (GCH)—rurality classification systems on the identification of rural–urban health disparities in...

MP75-09 RURAL AND URBAN GENITOURINARY CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN THE PENNSYLVANIA CANCER REGISTRY FROM 1990-2019

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP75-09 RURAL AND URBAN GENITOURINARY CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN THE PENNSYLVANIA CANCER REGISTRY FROM 1990-2019 Jonathan Pham, Ahmad Alzubaidi, Tullika Garg, and Jay Raman Jonathan PhamJonathan Pham More articles by this author , Ahmad AlzubaidiAhmad Alzubaidi More articles by this author , Tullika GargTullika Garg More articles by this author , and Jay RamanJay Raman More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003349.09AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Cancer mortality is steadily rising in rural communities in the United States compared to urban counterparts. The underlying causes of these disparities are complex and multifactorial. Our objective was to describe trends in rural and urban incidence and mortality of genitourinary (GU) cancers in the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of GU (prostate (PC), bladder (BC), and kidney (KC)) cancers by county from 1990-2019. Counties were designated as urban or rural using the Center for Rural Pennsylvania’s population-density based definition defined as 284 people per square mile using 2019 county census data. In Pennsylvania, 48 rural counties and 19 urban counties were identified. Joinpoint regression was used to model average annual percent changes (AAPC) in age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates in urban and rural counties. RESULTS: From 1990-2019, overall age-adjusted GU cancer incidence significantly decreased in rural (AAPC -7.5%, p=0.04) and in urban counties (-6.6%, p=0.02). For PC, age-adjusted incidence decreased in rural counties by -10.5% (p=0.02) and in urban counties by -9.1% (p=0.01). Age-adjusted incidence of BC was unchanged for both urban and rural counties. KC incidence increased in both rural counties (AAPC=+11.2, p=0.002) and in urban counties (AAPC=+9.3%, p=0.01).Overall GU cancer age-adjusted mortality decreased in rural counties (AAPC=-11.6, p=0.047) and in urban counties (AAPC -12.2, p=0.01). PC mortality for rural and urban counties decreased at similar rates (AAPC -15.5, p=0.03 and -15.4, p=0.02, respectively). Age-adjusted mortality for BC was unchanged for rural and urban counties over the study period. KC mortality in urban counties decreased (AAPC -6.9% p=0.03), while mortality in rural counties remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: From 1990-2019, overall GU cancer incidence and mortality have decreased in both rural and urban Pennsylvania counties. Across all counties, PC incidence and mortality have decreased, and BC incidence and mortality have remained stable. KC incidence increased across all counties; however, mortality remained stable in rural counties. These data may inform targeted interventions to improve outcomes for specific GU cancers in rural areas. Source of Funding: N/A © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e1082 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Jonathan Pham More articles by this author Ahmad Alzubaidi More articles by this author Tullika Garg More articles by this author Jay Raman More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

The effect of distance covered to the nearby medical facility on the death of infants in rural and urban areas of Kakamega Central Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya

Purpose of the study: At the backdrop of the third sustainable development goal, Kenya’s infant mortality rate is 36 while that of Kakamega is 37. This study assessed the effect of distance covered to the nearby medical facility on the death of infants in rural and urban areas of Kakamega Central Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya. Data and Methods: A cross-sectional research design was employed to collect data from a sample of women population within childbearing ages of 15 to 49 years in Kakamega Central Sub-County. Analyses were done on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer program at descriptive and inferential levels. Results: Straight-line distance covered to the nearby medical facility was significantly related to urban neonatal mortality. A straight-line distance of 1.1 to 3.9 kilometres from one’s residence to the nearby medical facility had a 1.127 higher likelihood of neonatal mortality in comparison to an at most 1 kilometre straight-line distance. Further, an increase in travel-time was associated with an increase in the likelihood of infant mortality. The adjusted odds ratios of infant mortality increased by 167.2 percent and 643.6 percent for a 30 minutes’ and 60 minutes’ increase in travel time in urban and rural areas, respectively. Conclusion: Straight-line distance influenced infant mortality in urban areas but not rural areas. Travel-time influenced both rural and urban infant mortalities. There is need observe equitable geospatial distribution of medical facilities and proper equipment of the same in Kakamega Central Sub-County in order to observe the acceptable density of medical facilities in correspondence with the population.

How the Other Half Died: Immigration and Mortality in U.S. Cities

Abstract Fears of immigrants as a threat to public health have a long and sordid history. At the turn of the 20th century, when immigrants made up one-third of the population in crowded American cities, contemporaries blamed high urban mortality rates on the newest arrivals. We evaluate how the implementation of country-specific immigration quotas in the 1920s affected urban health. Cities with larger quota-induced reductions in immigration experienced a persistent decline in mortality rates, driven by a reduction in deaths from infectious diseases. The unfavourable living conditions immigrants endured explains the majority of the effect as quotas reduced residential crowding and mortality declines were largest in cities where immigrants resided in more crowded conditions and where public health resources were stretched thinnest.

Epidemiology and Outcomes of Symptomatic Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis in the USA: Trends and Urban–Rural Variations

BackgroundGallstone disease remains a major health issue. There have been significant changes in the management and demographics of patients with these conditions. We aimed to evaluate trends in hospitalization, management, and post-procedural adverse events for patients with gallstone disease. MethodsThe National Inpatient Sample was used to identify discharges for symptomatic cholelithiasis and cholecystitis between 2005 and 2014. Temporal trends were evaluated by calculating annual percent changes (APCs). Joinpoint regression was used to assess inflection points. Multivariable regression models were used to evaluate associations between urban and rural divisions and mortality, use of interventional procedures, and post-procedural adverse events. ResultsFrom 77,394,755 unweighted discharges, there was a decline in discharges for cholelithiasis (APC − 5.5%, 95% confidence intervals, CI, − 7.6 to − 3.4%) and cholecystitis from 2012 to 2014 (APC − 4.5%, 95% CI − 7.2 to − 1.7%). Interventions were more likely at urban hospitals for symptomatic cholelithiasis (odds ratio, OR, 1.49, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.66) and cholecystitis (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.86 to 2.05). In-hospital mortality significantly decreased annually for patients with cholecystitis (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.93). In-hospital mortality between rural and urban centers was comparable for symptomatic cholelithiasis (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.03) and cholecystitis (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.04). ConclusionsHospitalizations for gallstone disease have decreased since the 2010s. In-hospital mortality between urban and rural centers is similar, but urban hospitals utilize a higher rate of procedural interventions. Future studies should evaluate practice trends and costs across inpatient and ambulatory settings between rural and urban divisions.

Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health: A Longitudinal Analysis of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in US Counties From 2009 to 2018.

Background Disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes persist across the United States. Social determinants of health play an important role in driving these disparities. The current study aims to identify the most important social determinants associated with CVD mortality over time in US counties. Methods and Results The authors used the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's database on social determinants of health and linked it with CVD mortality data at the county level from 2009 to 2018. The age-standardized CVD mortality rate was measured as the number of deaths per 100 000 people. Penalized generalized estimating equations were used to select social determinants associated with county-level CVD mortality. The analytic sample included 3142 counties. The penalized generalized estimating equation identified 17 key social determinants of health including rural-urban status, county's racial composition, income, food, and housing status. Over the 10-year period, CVD mortality declined at an annual rate of 1.08 (95% CI, 0.74-1.42) deaths per 100 000 people. Rural counties and counties with a higher percentage of Black residents had a consistently higher CVD mortality rate than urban counties and counties with a lower percentage of Black residents. The rural-urban CVD mortality gap did not change significantly over the past decade, whereas the association between the percentage of Black residents and CVD mortality showed a significant diminishing trend over time. Conclusions County-level CVD mortality declined from 2009 through 2018. However, rural counties and counties with a higher percentage of Black residents continued to experience higher CVD mortality. Median income, food, and housing status consistently predicted higher CVD mortality.

Je obyvateľstvo v prvom roku pandémie v mestách Srbska viac náchylnejšie na úmrtnosť na Covid 19?

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is the cause of the pandemic called COVID-19, has led to many problems in the organization of the life of the world's population, especially in urban areas where the population density is high. In urban areas, there is a greater possibility of transmitting the infection due to the proximity of people and their constant circulation. Therefore, the urban areas are the ones most exposed to the pandemic. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the relationships between urban population density and COVID-19 mortality rates in Serbia. Following that, the pandemic's effect on the rise in fatalities in urban and rural areas was investigated. Comparison methods, cartographic method and descriptive statistics were used. It was determined that the areas with the highest population density have a slightly higher number of deaths. However, in addition to these areas, some other areas in Serbia also have higher mortality rate, which is influenced by the large average age of the population, but also some other factors that require additional and deeper interdisciplinary research.

Racial Inequality in the Prime of Life: Infectious Disease Mortality in U.S. Cities, 1906–1933

AbstractIn the first half of the twentieth century, deaths from infectious disease, especially among the very young, fell dramatically in American cities. However, as infant mortality fell and life expectancy rose, racial inequality in urban infectious disease mortality grew. In this paper, we show that the fall in mortality and the rise in racial inequality in mortality reflected two countervailing processes. The dramatic decline in infant mortality from waterborne diseases drastically reduced the total urban infectious disease mortality rate of both Black and white Americans while having a comparatively small effect on the total racial disparity in urban infectious disease mortality. In contrast, the unequal fall in tuberculosis mortality, particularly in the prime of life, widened racial inequality in infectious disease mortality in US cities.

ПОТЕРИ РОССИЙСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ОТ ПРЕДОТВРАТИМЫХ ПРИЧИН СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТОЙ СМЕРТНОСТИ В ПЕРИОДЫ ДО И ВО ВРЕМЯ ПАНДЕМИИ

Significance. The healthcare system can manage preventable causes of death if timely and effective interventions are in place including interventions aimed at improving living conditions and lifestyle of the population. Which diseases of the circulatory system are preventable? These are chronic rheumatic heart diseases and arterial hypertension at least in ages 5-64, and cerebrovascular diseases. The updated list of treatable diseases includes ischemic heart disease originally considered as a non-manageable cause. In the pre-COVID period the mortality structure underwent quality changes in terms of diseases and age distribution since the impact of preventive measures can manifest itself both in the decreased share of preventable causes and increased life expectancy of patients with cardio-vascular diseases. Did the gain in the age structure of preventable mortality from cardio-vascular diseases (CVD) sustain during the pandemic? The purpose of the study is to analyze contribution of preventable causes to cardio-vascular diseases mortality in the pre-COVID period and during the pandemic in Russia. Material and methods. The study used ROSSTAT data (Russian Federal State Statistics Service) to analyze data on cardio-vascular diseases mortality in the Russian Federation in 1999-2021. Male and female mortality was calculated for ages 5-64 years – the age interval of preventability. Since access to health care and risk factors of cardio-vascular diseases differ among urban and rural settings, rural and urban mortality was analyzed separately. Potential years of life lost (PYLL) were calculated as the sum products of the absolute number of deaths and potential years lost in each age group divided by 10 000 population of the corresponding age. Results. In most cases, the contribution of preventable causes to cardio-vascular diseases mortality in ages 5-64 has been steadily decreasing since 2003. The share of chronic rheumatic heart diseases equaling to less than one percent in males in the beginning of the century has decreased more than 3-fold during the pandemic. Similar trends are registered in female mortality, yet at higher rates. It should be emphasized here that mortality from chronic rheumatic heart diseases has been reducing since the end of the last century including throughout the period of social and economic collapse. The contribution of arterial hypertension to cardio-vascular diseases mortality is also low. The highest contribution to cardio-vascular diseases mortality is made by ischemic heart disease. Unlike other diseases under study, its contribution is higher among male urban population. Heart failure is associated with the lowest contribution to cardio-vascular diseases mortality. During the pandemic, its share has decreased in male mortality while hardly changed in females. The contribution of cerebrovascular diseases to cardio-vascular diseases mortality has significantly decreased sustaining this decline throughout the pandemic. In general, the contribution of preventable causes to cardio-vascular diseases mortality in ages 5-64 has been steadily reducing in males from 79.9% in 2003 to 72.7% in 2019 and to 71.6% in 2021 and in females from 80.5%% to 69.5% and 69.8%, respectively. The contribution of preventable causes in male mortality is higher among urban population compared to rural one (73.1% versus 71.3% in 2019, 71.9% versus 70.7% in 2021), while mortality in urban and rural females is almost the same. Conclusion. Analysis of preventable causes of cardio-vascular diseases mortality concludes as follows: First, it is those causes that have contributed the most to the decrease in mortality; Second, at the preventability age interval, the impact of preventive measures manifests itself in changes in mortality from ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases. Third, to ensure reduction in male mortality from cerebrovascular diseases it is necessary to intensify measures aimed at preventing alcohol use. Forth, it makes sense to analyze effectiveness of measures aimed at preventing avoidable mortality from diseases of the circulatory system using PYLL-70.

Modernisation Factors of Infant Mortality Transition in Late Imperial Perm Province

This article studies urban infant mortality in the post-reform period of Perm Province. The work reconstructs the dynamics of infant mortality in cities and villages of the Middle Urals, highlighting the patterns of individual cities and identified factors of evolution. It is based on published state and zemstvo statistics, archival documents from medical institutions and public organisations, as well as Orthodox Church parish records from Ekaterinburg. Methodologically, the work relies on general demographic indices, descriptive statistics techniques, seasonality coefficients, and dynamic series analysis. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the mining Urals had extremely high birth and death rates and the highest infant mortality rate in European Russia. The Great Reforms launched the demographic transition in the region, resulting, among other things, in the Empire’s most significant infant mortality decline in the early twentieth century. The earliest and fastest infant mortality decline took place in cities. Small towns had slightly better rates than rural areas, while Perm and especially Ekaterinburg had significant reductions. The main reasons behind the changes in infant mortality were economic employment diversification, the weakening of ethno-religious traditions, and the creation of medical infrastructure. In daily life, these factors manifested in the smoothing of demographic seasonality, increased period between birth and baptism, the introduction of artificial nourishment with the help of glass feeding bottles and rubber comforters, and moving childbirths and infant care to hospitals. Ekaterinburg, the economic capital of the region, was the place where these factors had the best effect.

Urban Runoff Mortality Syndrome in Zooplankton Caused by Tire Wear Particles

Urban Runoff Mortality Syndrome in Zooplankton Caused by Tire Wear Particles

A study of the socio-economic context and impact of influenza pandemic of 1918–19 on Bihar

The influenza pandemic of 1918–19 wreaked havoc all over the world, and Bihar, where more than a million people died, was no exception. The pandemic became more lethal in Bihar relative to what we know of other states in eastern India. Why did rural mortality surpass urban mortality? How did the pandemic worsen the socio-economic crisis in the years that followed? This study examines the socio-economic context of the pandemic in Bihar at a micro-level and investigates how the pandemic became unbearable for the people due to a severe economic crisis that resulted from the war and failed monsoons, among other factors. It seeks to explain the manner in which factors such as agricultural failure, inflation, high population density and poor health infrastructure resulted in higher rural mortality. It also shows how the loss of the younger generation and forced migration during the pandemic resulted in a lower rate of birth in the years following the pandemic, resulting in a loss of the labour force and worsening of the agrarian crisis.

The impact of pruning and mortality on urban tree canopy volume

Urban trees provide a wide range of ecosystem services for city residents, with tall, mature trees with wide crowns generally regarded as preferable. The tree biomass which is responsible for shading, pollution removal, rain runoff retention etc. gets periodically reduced by the municipal tree management practice of pruning. This is a necessary activity, which reduces the risk of infrastructure damage and falling branches, but many estimates of ecosystem service provision in cities do not consider its impact explicitly. Tree mortality is also higher in cities, preventing trees from attaining and remaining at large sizes. This study used extensive field measurements of tree structure to estimate the impact of pruning on 8 tree species in two Italian cities: Taranto and Florence. Crown widths were reduced by 1.6 m on average, however there is large variation between species variation with branches more often being removed for thinning crowns resulting in larger gap fractions, which increased by 15% on average. No significant differences were observed for crown widths or gap fraction between trees pruned 3 and 4 years previously, suggesting that tree crowns structurally recover from pruning after 3 years. A deterministic model revealed that current urban forest pruning rates (every 6 years) and mortality (1%) may create a situation in which a city dominated by the species studied benefits from 93.5% of the maximum ecosystem services possible. This work will allow more nuanced estimates of urban forest services to be calculated.

Beslaag, fleuris en roeeëdfônk. Een analyse van het doodsoorzakenpatroon in Maaseik, 1881-1885

In late 19th century Maaseik, a small rural town in Belgian Limburg, individual cause of death registers have been preserved until today. This is very unusual, since the registers were often destroyed because of privacy reasons. In this research I examine the cause of death pattern in adults and elderly people in Maaseik during the years 1881-1885, using descriptive statistics. During this period 475 deaths were reported and for 76 percent of them, the cause of death and other information about the persons in question are available. I look at the mortality of Maaseik with reference to three prominent theories in historical mortality research: the urban mortality penalty, the epidemiological transition theory and social inequality in mortality. Statistical analyses shows that the urban mortality penalty was also present in a small town as Maaseik, even though the environment was overall healthier than in highly industrialized or urbanized areas. With regard to the epidemiological transition, I note that degenerative diseases were already prevalent in the late 19th century. Regarding the social inequality in death, I find that people of middle and higher social classes were often affected by other health risks than lower classes.

An update on explaining the rural-urban gap in under-five mortality in India

BackgroundRural Indians have higher mortality rates than urban Indians. However, the rural-urban gap in under-five mortality has changed is less researched. This paper aims to assess 1) whether the rural-urban gap in under-five mortality has reduced over time 2) Whether rural children are still experiencing a higher likelihood of death after eliminating the role of other socioeconomic factors 3) What factors are responsible for India’s rural-urban gap in under-five mortality.MethodsWe used all rounds for National Family Health Survey data for understanding the trend of rural-urban gap in under-five mortality. Using NFHS-2019-21 data, we carried out a binary logistic regression analysis to examine the factors associated with under-five mortality. Fairlie’s decomposition technique was applied to understand the relative contribution of different covariates to the rural–urban gap in under-five mortality.ResultsIndia has witnessed a more than 50% reduction in under-five mortality rate between 1992 and 93 and 2019–21. From 1992 to 93 to 2019–21, the annual decrease in rural and urban under-five mortality is 1.6% and 2.7%, respectively. Yet, rural population still contributes a higher proportion of the under-five deaths. The rural-urban gap in under-five mortality has reduced from 44 per thousand live births in 1992–1993 to 30 per thousand in 2004–2005 which further decreased to 14 per thousand in 2019–2021. There is no disadvantage for the rural children due to their place of residence if they belong to economically well-off household or their mothers are educated. It is wealth index rather than place of residence which determines the under-five mortality. Economic (50.82% contribution) and educational differential (28.57% contribution) are the main reasons for rural-urban under-five mortality gaps.ConclusionThe existing rural-urban gap in under-five mortality suggests that the social and health policies need to be need to reach rural children from poor families and uneducated mothers. This call for attention to ensure that the future programme must emphasize mothers from economically and educationally disadvantaged sections. While there should be more emphasis on equal access to health care facilities by the rural population, there should also be an effort to strengthen the rural economy and quality of education.

Urban heat island effect-related mortality under extreme heat and non-extreme heat scenarios: A 2010–2019 case study in Hong Kong

The urban heat island (UHI) effect exacerbates the adverse impact of heat on human health. However, while the UHI effect is further intensified during extreme heat events, prior studies have rarely mapped the UHI effect during extreme heat events to assess its direct temperature impact on mortality. This study examined the UHI effect during extreme heat and non-extreme heat scenarios and compared their temperature-mortality associations in Hong Kong from 2010 to 2019. Four urban heat island degree hour (UHIdh) scenarios were mapped onto Hong Kong's tertiary planning units and classified into three levels (Low, Moderate, and High). We assessed the association between temperature and non-external mortality of populations living in each UHIdh level for the extreme heat/non-extreme heat scenarios during the 2010–2019 hot seasons. Our results showed substantial differences between the temperature-mortality associations in the three levels under the UHIdh extreme heat scenario (UHIdh_EH). While there was no evidence of increased mortality in Low UHIdh_EH areas, the mortality risk in Moderate and High UHIdh_EH areas were significantly increased during periods of hot temperature, with the High UHIdh_EH areas displaying almost double the risk (RR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.14 vs. RR: 1.05, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.09). However, other non-extreme heat UHI scenarios did not demonstrate as prominent of a difference. When stratified by age, the heat effects were found in Moderate and High UHIdh_EH among the elderly aged 75 and above. Our study found a difference in the temperature-mortality associations based on UHI intensity and potential heat vulnerability of populations during extreme heat events. Preventive measures should be taken to mitigate heat especially in urban areas with high UHI intensity during extreme heat events, with particular attention and support for those prone to heat vulnerability, such as the elderly and poorer populations.

The Impact of Urban Warming on the Mortality of Vulnerable Populations in Seoul

Climate change influences urban mortality. The magnitude of such influences differs from locality to locality and is fundamentally driven by a facet of factors that include changes in local climatic conditions, demographics, and social-economic factors. Here, we employ regression and clustering methods to study linkages between mortality and local climatic changes in Seoul. Personal factors of the deceased (e.g., age and gender), social-economic factors (i.e., education level), and outdoor climatic factors, including heatwaves (HWs) and the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon are considered in the analysis. We find that, among many elements of outdoor weather factors considered, the apparent temperature mostly correlated to daily mortalities; the mortality risk to apparent temperature exposure is more heightened for males (RR = 0.40, 95% CI; 0.23–0.54) than females (RR = 0.05, 95% CI; −0.10–0.20) at higher apparent temperatures (i.e., 60 °C). Furthermore, the influence of HWs on mortality is more apparent in the “Male” gender group and the “Above 65” age group. The results are useful in identifying vulnerable demographics amid the changing climate, especially in urban areas, and are fundamental in developing policies that promote climate resilience and adaptation.

Urban mortality in Greece: Hermoupolis (1859–1940)

AbstractThe paper examines mortality patterns in the city of Hermoupolis, on the Greek island of Syros, from 1859 to 1940. It produces important new insights into Mediterranean urban historical demography and is the first comprehensive study of urban mortality in Greece, utilising the largest and one of the longest time series at the individual level yet calculated from civil registration and census data. Abridged life tables were constructed for the first time for a Greek urban settlement, enabling the calculation of age‐specific mortality rates and life expectancies. Hermoupolis experienced much higher mortality levels than the national average. The findings suggest that early childhood mortality started to decline rapidly from the late nineteenth century onwards, with declines in early adulthood and infancy following. The paper reinforces and confirms our limited knowledge about the timing of the mortality transition in Greece. It proposes that an urban penalty was clearly operating in the country even during the early twentieth century. Finally, this paper suggests that a combination of factors was responsible for the mortality decline in Hermoupolis, including wider access to water, which even when it was not clean enough to drink, nevertheless enabled improvements in personal hygiene among the residents of the city.

Региональные особенности рождаемости и смертности населения Северокавказского регио-на в период голода 1932–1933 годов

The article reviews the vital statistics analysis during the 1932–1933 famine in the North Cauca-sus region. It has been established that vital statistics registration high level and full population cover occurred in Don, Kuban’ and Stavropol’ regions high underestimating of rural population occurred in highlands national autonomies. The non-local and unknown identity residents’ birth rate and mortality are registered in Dagestan, but for other regions, the registration of non-local and unknown identity residents and presence of these data in vital statistics has not ascertained. The estimation of birth rate and mortality has done for North Caucasus by regions with underes-timating correction. It has been shown that characteristic famine peak occurred in 1933 year spring in Don, Kuban’ and Stavropol’ regions at the same time and almost equally. The most high mortality of rural population was in Stavropol’ region, regions of Kuban’ and southern Don were losses rather fewer and fewer losses regions of north Don. It has been detected the regions of cata-strophic mortality and catastrophic of natural loss of population. The natural increase of rural population was in highlands national autonomies and Black Sea seaside regions of Kuban. It has been ascertained, that urban population mortality of North Caucasus was not low mortality than country. It has been shown the demographic catastrophe in North Caucasus cities and towns, which disprove sociocide of country people (Cossacks) hypothesis in examined region during the 1932–1933 famine. It has been demonstrated absence of ethnocide (genocide) in North Caucasus regions and famine artificiality by common plan and central authority organization. The mortality in North Caucasus had zonal allocation and was determined by local government response, natu-ral, climate and epidemics conditions and administrative borders most likely. The total demo-graphic losses due to decreased birth rate in North Caucasus regions in 1932–1934 came to 190000 persons and entire number of excess deaths – 280000 persons.