Urban Men Research Articles

Towards a geography of queer temporalities: Time, space and rural–urban migrant gay men's exploration of sexuality in China

AbstractBuilding on the geography of sexualities and queer temporality studies, this research investigates the entanglement of sexuality, time and space with a case study of rural–urban migrant gay men in China. Based on participant observations and in‐depth interviews with 46 Chinese rural–urban migrant gay men, we identify three forms of queer temporality – queer biographical time, queer life stage, and queer clock time – emerging from Chinese gay men's life stories. We also demonstrate how these different forms of queer temporality are conditioned by and influence certain spatial practices among our informants. In doing so, this analysis contributes to the geographical research on sexuality by challenging the rural/urban dichotomy in the existing literature on the one hand, and exploring the possibilities for a geography of queer temporality on the other.

Impact of fertility on the longevity of older rural Chinese women: an analysis of a longitudinal survey

BackgroundThis study evaluates the impact of fertility during the childbearing period on the longevity of older rural Chinese women and verifies whether any trade-off exists between women’s longevity and their number of children to provide empirical evidence for improving health intervention policies and formulating active fertility policies in low-fertility countries.MethodsBased on the data of the deaths of 1623 older adults aged 65 and above during 2014–2018 in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, this study explores the relationship between the number of children born and older rural women’s longevity using the ordinary least squares method. Furthermore, the impact of fertility on the longevity of men and women in rural and urban areas, along with other reproductive behaviours on older rural women’s longevity, were analysed.ResultsThere was a significant negative correlation between the number of children born and women’s longevity (β = − 0.555, p < 0.05). Additionally, their longevity exhibited a decreasing trend with having birthed more sons and an increasing trend with more daughters. Age at first and last births had a significant positive relationship with rural women’s longevity; however, the effect of fertility on the longevity of older rural and urban men and older urban women was not significant.ConclusionsIt is confirmed that there is a trade-off between fertility and longevity for rural women in China. Future research should focus on compensating for the decline in female longevity caused by the number of children born and promote the concept of a healthy pregnancy, scientific nurture, and gender equality in fertility.

Prevalence and potential determinants of chronic disease among elderly in India: Rural-urban perspectives.

Chronic diseases are the leading causes of disability and premature death among the elderly population in India. The study, using data from the 75th round of the NSSO survey (N = 44,631), examined the prevalence and determinants of chronic diseases among the population aged 60+ in India by applying bivariate and logistic regression analyses and used a non-linear decomposition technique to understand the urban-rural differences in the prevalence of chronic diseases. About 21% of the elderly in India reportedly have at least one chronic disease. Seventeen percent elderly in rural areas and 29% in urban areas suffer from a chronic disease. Hypertension and diabetes account for about 68% of all chronic diseases. The prevalence of chronic diseases is the highest in Kerala (54%), followed by Andhra Pradesh (43), West Bengal (36), and Goa (32). Those with higher levels of education, staying in urban areas, those who are economically dependent on others, staying alone or without spouse and children, and belonging to wealthy households have a higher likelihood of having a chronic disease. The probability of having a chronic disease is 1.15 times higher among urban residents as compared to their rural counterparts. Elderly rural women, compared to elderly rural men, and never-married, widowed, and divorced elderly urban women, compared to married elderly urban men, are significantly more likely to suffer from chronic ailments. Differences in education, wealth status, and caste are the three most significant contributors to the urban-rural gap in chronic diseases. The high risk of chronic diseases among certain subsets of the elderly population must be recognized as a key public health concern. The findings of our study will likely help promote healthy ageing in India.

‘Trap Life’: The psychosocial underpinnings of street crime in inner-city London

Abstract This article explores urban men’s involvement in the drug economy, examining the conditions in which they become ‘trapped’ in difficult lifeworlds and identities. Through an ethnographic exploration of what disadvantaged urban men term ‘trap life’, this article demonstrates how different ‘trapper’ identities, enacted to manage economic, social and psychological vulnerability, allows an understanding of the varied motivations to take part in criminality and violence. Whilst the terms ‘dangerous’, ‘pathological’ and ‘criminal’ are deployed to account for street lifestyles, such stereotypical imagery with roots in history, media, political discourse and policing practices, downplays the humanity of men living on the margins of society and neglects their version of reality. Far from being exclusively violent perpetrators, urban men are especially vulnerable as they are trapped in a never-ending existential crisis, which prevents successful transitions into mainstream life. I demonstrate that the issue of violence and the 21st century drug business must be placed in broader psychosocial contexts to provide a better understanding and perhaps one-day inform therapeutic and other practice interventions specifically tailored for those seeking to exit ‘trap life’.

Effects of population aging on the mortality burden of related cancers in urban and rural areas of China, 2004-2017: a population-based study.

Objective:China is a developing country with urban–rural disparities and accelerating population aging. Therefore, quantifying the effects of population aging on the cancer mortality burden is urgently needed.Methods:Using data from China’s death surveillance datasets (2004–2017), we decomposed and quantified the effects of population aging and factor variations on cancer mortality rates in urban and rural China during 2004–2017 through a decomposition method. R ratios were used to assess the extent of the mortality decreases attributable to factor variations offsetting the increases attributable to population aging for 4 aging-related cancers (lung, colorectal, esophageal, and stomach cancer).Results:Overall, population aging has led to continued increases in cancer mortality rates in China during 2004–2017 (mortality rates attributable to population aging: 8.63/100,000 for urban men, 4.21/100,000 for urban women, 11.95/100,000 for rural men, and 5.66/100,000 for rural women). The 4 cancers displayed 3 patterns. The mortality rates from lung cancer in rural China and from colorectal cancer nationwide increased because of both population aging and factor variations. Population aging was primarily responsible for the growing mortality due to lung cancer in urban areas. However, for esophageal and stomach cancer, the effect of population aging was not dominant, thus resulting in decreases in mortality rates.Conclusions:Health resource allocation should prioritize areas or cancers more adversely affected by population aging. The burden of cancer will continue to increase in the future, because of rapid population aging, but can still be offset or even reversed with enhanced cancer control and prevention.

Sexually Transmitted Infection Transmission Dynamics During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic Among Urban Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men.

BackgroundThe impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mitigation measures on sexually transmitted infection (STI) transmission and racial disparities remains unknown. Our objectives were to compare sex and drug risk behaviors, access to sexual health services, and STI positivity overall and by race during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with pre-pandemic among urban sexual minority men (MSM).MethodsSexually active MSM aged 18–45 years were administered a behavioral survey and STI testing every 3-months. Participants who completed at least 1 during-pandemic (April 2020–December 2020) and 1 pre-pandemic study visit (before 13 March 2020) that occurred less than 6 months apart were included. Regression models were used to compare during- and pre-pandemic visit outcomes.ResultsOverall, among 231 MSM, reports of more than 3 sex partners declined(pandemic-1: adjusted prevalence ratio 0.68; 95% confidence interval: .54–.86; pandemic-2: 0.65, .51–.84; pandemic-3: 0.57, .43–.75), substance use decreased (pandemic-1: 0.75, .61–.75; pandemic-2: 0.62, .50–.78; pandemic-3: 0.61, .47–.80), and human immunodeficiency virus/preexposure prophylaxis care engagement (pandemic-1: 1.20, 1.07–1.34; pandemic-2: 1.24, 1.11–1.39; pandemic-3: 1.30, 1.16–1.47) increased. STI testing decreased (pandemic-1: 0.68, .57–.81; pandemic-2: 0.78, .67–.92), then rebounded (pandemic-3: 1.01, .87–1.18). Nei­ther Chlamydia (pandemic-2: 1.62, .75–3.46; pandemic-3: 1.13, .24–1.27) nor gonorrhea (pandemic-2: 0.87, .46 1.62; pandemic-3: 0.56, .24–1.27) positivity significantly changed during vs pre-pandemic. Trends were mostly similar among Black vs. non-Black MSM.ConclusionsWe observed sustained decreases in STI risk behaviors but minimal change in STI positivity during compared with pre-pandemic. Our findings underscore the need for novel STI prevention strategies that can be delivered without in-person interactions.

Longitudinal Impacts of PM2.5 Constituents on Adult Mortality in China.

Limited evidence exists for long-term effects of PM2.5 constituents on mortality. Hence, we aimed to assess associations between all-cause mortality and long-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents in China. We designed a nationwide cohort study of 30524 adults from 162 prefectural areas across mainland China with follow-ups through years 2010-2017. Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying exposures were employed to quantify associations between all-cause mortality and long-term exposure to PM2.5 and constituents. A total of 1210 deaths occurred during 172297.7 person-years. A multiadjusted Cox model estimated an hazard ratio (HR) of 1.125 (95% confidence interval: 1.058-1.197) for all-cause mortality, associated with an interquartile range (IQR = 26.7 μg/m3) rise in exposure to PM2.5. Comparable or stronger associations were found among PM2.5 constituents with the mortality risk increased by 11.3-14.1% per IQR increase in exposure concentrations. After adjustment for the collinearity between total PM2.5 and constituents, effect estimates for nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate remained significant and became larger. Urban residents, alcohol drinkers, smokers, and men were more susceptible to chronic impacts from ambient PM2.5 constituents. This cohort study added the novel longitudinal evidence for elevated mortality linked with long-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents among Chinese adults.

Moral urban citizenship and the youth problem in a Danish ghetto

PurposeThis article examines the interventions from municipality, state and other actors in the Gellerup estate, a Danish “ghetto” by focusing on the youth problem and its construction, by examining a cross-disciplinary academic workshop intending to “solve the youth problem” of the estate.Design/methodology/approachThe article is based on the two authors' participation in the academic workshop, as well as their continued engagement with the Gellerup estate through separate project employments and ethnographic research projects in the estate, consisting of both participant observation and interviews.FindingsIn the article the authors suggest that the 2015 workshop reproduced particularly the category of idle urban young men as problematic. The authors analyze this as a form of “moral urban citizenship”. The article also analyzes some of the proposed solutions to the problem, particularly architectural transformations, and connects the Danish approach to the problems of the “ghetto” to urban developments historically and on a global scale.Originality/valueCross-disciplinary academic attempts to solve real-world problems are rarely incorporated as ethnographic data. In this article the authors attempt to include part of their own practice as academics as valuable data that opens up new perspectives on a field and their own involvement and analysis of it.

Strengths despite stress: Social-structural stressors and psychosocial buffers of depressive symptoms among U.S. Black men.

We examined the association between social-structural stressors-racial discrimination, incarceration, and unemployment-and depressive symptoms among 578 predominantly low-income urban Black men, ages 18-45. We also examined the extent to which two protective factors-social support and problem-solving coping-moderated the relationship between social-structural stressors and depressive symptoms. Results showed that more everyday racial discrimination and incarceration, but not unemployment, significantly predicted more depressive symptoms. The links between discrimination, incarceration, and depressive symptoms were stronger for men who reported lower levels of problem-solving coping and social support than those with higher levels. Our study suggests that interventions emphasizing protective factors may help Black men cope with some of the deleterious effects of racial discrimination and incarceration. It also underscores a need for structural interventions that reduce racial discrimination and incarceration. Depression among Black men is not simply a biomedical or psychological condition, but also a critical health equity issue. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Оценка адаптации населения регионов России к цифровым технологиям

Currently, digitalisation of public life is one of the most important external challenges that requires active adaptation of the population to new realities. Russia has been quite successfully implementing digital technologies, ranking in the middle of various world ratings. However, Russian regions significantly differ in terms of the population adaptation to digital technologies. We hypothesise that adaptation speed depends on demographic characteristics of the regional population. In this regard, the paper aims to develop a methodology and tools for assessing the adaptation of the population of Russian regions to digital technologies. The study employs data of a sample observation on the state of the information society in 2014–2020 obtained from the Federal State Statistics Service. Methods of statistical, cartographic, factor and regression analysis, as well as the econometric estimates conducted in the R software environment were used. Constructed econometric models show that gender and place of residence (urban or rural settlement) are the most important adaptation factors in Russian regions. In particular, urban women more actively use the Internet for shopping, while urban women and rural men use it to receive public services. Active acquisition of digital competencies by the population reduces the importance of some barrier factors (restrictions), such as the cost of connection (Internet connection becomes a basic need) and the lack of skills. While the identified effects differ in magnitude, they are significant for almost all Russian regions. The developed research methodology can be applied in future studies to analyse other aspects of social and economic adaptation of the regional population to current challenges. The findings can be used for justifying and implementing the public policy measures, in particular, the national project “Digital Economy”.

Analysis of the Correlation between Eating Away from Home and BMI in Adults 18 Years and Older in China: Data from the CNNHS 2015.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the frequency of eating away from home (EAFH) and Body mass index (BMI) in adults. The data were collected from 2015 China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (CNNHS 2015). Adults aged 18 and above who had complete dietary frequency questionnaire data were recruited as the research objects. The frequency of EAFH among different genders and BMI groups were compared, and multiple linear regression method was used to analyze the correlation between frequency of EAFH and BMI of adults aged 18 years and above with different gender, age, family per capita annual income, education level, marital status, and occupation level. The frequency of EAFH was higher for adults aged 18–44, eastern region, urban, family per capita annual income of 20,000 RMB or more, highly educated, unmarried, school students, employed people, and obese adults, which were 3.64, 3.30, 3.71, 4.30, 5.92, 5.64, 9.29 and 2.68 times per week, respectively. The highest frequency of EAFH was obese men in urban areas aged 18–44 years, which was 5.63 times per week. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the frequency of EAFH for breakfast was not associated with BMI (p > 0.05), the frequency of EAFH for lunch was negatively correlated with BMI (β = −0.024, p = 0.008), and the frequency of EAFH for dinner was positively correlated with BMI (β = 0.040, p = 0.004).The frequency of EAFH of male (β = 0.013, p = 0.008), 60 years old and above (β = 0.022, p = 0.021), family per capita annual income less than 10,000 RMB (β = 0.019, p = 0.005), junior high school education or below (β = 0.012, p = 0.009), and unemployed/retired (β = 0.029, p = 0.003) adults were positively correlated with BMI. While for women, the frequency of EAFH (β = −0.019, p = 0.001) was negatively correlated with BMI. In terms of frequency of EAFH for breakfast, female (β = 0.027, p = 0.041), people aged 45–59 years (β = 0.042, p = 0.002), aged 60 and above (β = 0.047, p = 0.017), eastern China (β = 0.034, p = 0.010), junior high school education or below (β = 0.045, p = 0.001), married/cohabiting (β = 0.024, p = 0.008) adults’ frequency of EAFH for breakfast of was positively correlated with BMI. In terms of frequency of EAFH for lunch, female (β = 0.056, p = 0.001), people aged 45–59 years (β = 0.024, p = 0.005), eastern China (β = 0.034, p = 0.004), rural areas (β = 0.035, p = 0.006), moderate and high family per capita annual income (β = 0.043, p = 0.007; β = 0.029, p = 0.039), high education level (β = 0.039, p = 0.034), married/cohabiting (β = 0.028, p = 0.001), on-the-job personnel (β = 0.033, p = 0.001) frequency of EAFH for lunch were negatively correlated with BMI. In terms of the frequency of EAFH for dinner, the frequency of EAFH for dinner had a significant positive influence on the BMI of males (β = 0.061, p = 0.001). The frequency of dinner EAFH for 18–44 years old (β = 0.042, p = 0.028), central region (β = 1.000, p < 0.001), rural areas (β = 0.055, p = 0.013), married/cohabiting (β = 0.048, p = 0.001), on-the-job personnel (β = 0.037, p = 0.035) adults were positively correlated with BMI. The frequency of EAFH in urban obese men aged 18–44 was the highest. The frequency of EAFH for breakfast was not correlated with BMI, the frequency of EAFH for lunch was negatively correlated with BMI, and the frequency of EAFH for dinner was positively correlated with BMI. The analysis between EAFH according to the current definition and health-related outcomes is mixed. It is suggested that relevant authorities redefine EAFH from the perspective of health outcomes.

A Gonococcal Vaccine Has the Potential to Rapidly Reduce the Incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection Among Urban Men Who Have Sex With Men

BackgroundA gonococcal vaccine is urgently needed due to increasing gonorrhea incidence and emerging multidrug-resistant gonococcal strains worldwide. Men who have sex with men (MSM) have among the highest incidences of gonorrhea and may be a key target population for vaccination when available.MethodsAn individual-based, anatomical site-specific mathematical model was used to simulate Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission in a population of 10 000 MSM. The impact of vaccination on gonorrhea prevalence was assessed.ResultsWith a gonococcal vaccine of 100% or 50% protective efficacy, gonorrhea prevalence could be reduced by 94% or 62%, respectively, within 2 years if 30% of MSM are vaccinated on presentation for sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. Elimination of gonorrhea is possible within 8 years with vaccines of ≥ 50% efficacy lasting 2 years, providing a booster vaccination is available every 3 years on average. A vaccine’s impact may be reduced if it is not effective at all anatomical sites.ConclusionsOur study indicates that with a vaccine of modest efficacy and an immunization strategy that targets MSM presenting for STI screening, the prevalence of gonorrhea in this population could be rapidly and substantially reduced.

A Gay New York City in Mart Crowley’s “The Boys in the Band”

Abstract “The Boys in the Band,” a play by American playwright Mart Crowley (1935-2020), represents a milestone in the representation of urban gay men in theater. By exploring on stage the lives of a group of male gay friends in the late 1960s, Crowley challenged social and dramaturgical norms and conventions. As an integral part of the narrative, New York City, specifically Manhattan Island, makes itself present in the text through direct and indirect references, whether on the level of plot, character construction, or the setting of the play itself. As a paradigmatic play in a moment of special prominence of the Gay Movement in the United States, soon after its premiere in 1968 and before the release of its first film adaptation, “The Boys in the Band” came to be seen differently by critics and activists under the influence of a historical event that also occurred in Manhattan, the Stonewall Riots. This article explores the various instances in which the play, especially in its first Off-Broadway staging, represents not only a gay New York City, but also how this same place made possible the existence of this story and these characters.

Male Backlash and Female Guilt: Women’s Employment and Intimate Partner Violence in Urban India

This study investigates the relationship between a married woman’s paid work participation and her exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) in urban India. Results show that due to the male backlash channel, women in employment face significantly higher levels of IPV compared to women involved in domestic work only. The study does not find evidence that any autonomy women gain by doing paid work lowers their experience of IPV. Furthermore, this paper contributes to the literature on gender-based violence by introducing and testing for a “female guilt channel” – a phenomenon in which women in paid work justify IPV against them more than those not in paid work – that, in turn, further raises their IPV exposure. The paper finds weak evidence for the guilt channel in the overall sample and stronger evidence among women with intermediate levels of education. HIGHLIGHTS Women in paid work in urban India are more likely to accept intimate partner violence (IPV), as well as experience a higher degree of marital controlling behavior by husbands. Urban women and men with tertiary education are most likely to overcome gendered norms for paid work. IPV is higher among urban women in paid work whose husbands are not employed or earning less. Raising women’s economic opportunities alone may not lead to universally better outcomes for them inside households.

Cultivating shenti in everyday life: Self, relationality and embodied masculinity in China

Reading through the concept of shenti (body–self), this article examines the everyday processes by which Chinese young men make sense of and articulate ideal embodied masculinity as situated in different relationships. Drawing on 30 in-depth interviews with urban young men, I argue that the Chinese masculine self is essentially constitutive of and constructed through shenti during the men’s ordinary daily experiences. I highlight the relational formation of shenti as lying at the core of constructing ideal Chinese manhood, teasing out the different layers of body–self and relationality underpinning an individual man’s bodily practices and social interactions. Engaging with traditional cultural values of the ideal body–self and a feminist interactionist approach to gendered embodiment, shenti provides an important analytical lens that will enable us to expand ethnocentric discourses of the sociology of the gendered body by revealing the embodied and experiential aspects of culture in everyday practices. In doing so, this article contributes to enriching the existing debates around cultural variations in the male body and embodied masculinity by offering a Chinese perspective.

Abstract 9163: Demographic Differences in Hypertension and Its Treatment in Malawi

Background: Hypertension (HTN), a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), is highly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. Health system interventions targeting demographic determinants of diagnosis and treatment may reduce downstream CVD burden. We investigated age, sex, and location-specific differences in HTN diagnosis and treatment in Malawi. Methods: We examined population-based household survey data (2013 - 2017) from the Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit of 30,575 adults &gt; 18 years with self-reported HTN diagnosis/treatment status and resting blood pressure measurements using standardized protocols. We used logistic regression to explore associations between demographic variables (age, sex, rural/urban location) and two outcomes: (1) measured HTN (defined as SBP &gt; 130 mmHg, regardless of diagnosis/treatment status), and (2) treatment for previously diagnosed HTN. Results: The overall prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed HTN was 9% and 19.6%, respectively; 45.4% of those previously diagnosed were on antihypertensive treatment. The probability of measured HTN regardless of treatment for those aged &gt;65 years was 80.8% (95% CI 79.1 - 82.5) and 66.5% (64.0 - 68.9) for urban women and men, respectively, and 65.6% (63.5 - 67.7) and 52.2% (49.7 - 54.7) for rural women and men, respectively. Among those with previously diagnosed HTN, probability of treatment was higher in older age groups, but did not differ between locations. Conclusions: We observed a high prevalence of undiagnosed HTN among rural- and urban-dwelling Malawians; over half of those reporting a diagnosis were untreated. Probability of measured HTN varied by sex and location, but probability of treatment did not. Population-level interventions that account for these patterns are needed in both rural and urban settings to increase effective HTN treatment coverage.

The elderly’s health capacity to work in China

ABSTRACT China’s rapidly aging population has diminished its labor force. This study examines the extent to which the elderly’s labor force participation could be enhanced given their health status. Using national aggregated data from the population census for 1990–2015 and survey data from the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study for 2011–2015, we simulated the potential and additional work capacity of China’s elderly using methods employed in previous studies. We obtained four main findings. First, a substantial amount of unused work capacity exists in the 60–69 years age group in urban China, accounting for approximately 30% of the potential work capacity. Second, the additional work capacity is greater for urban residents and men than for rural residents and women. Third, the additional work capacity increases for urban men but decreases for rural men and women. Fourth, the change in sensitivity of work to health reduces potential work capacity.

The Case Study of Heart Disease at Urban and Rural Communities by Gender and Age in Indonesia in 2018

Introduction: Heart disease is a community health problem. It is expensive to care and cure and leadingcause of death in Indonesia. The research aimed to analyze relationship and magnitude of the risk ofexposure of heart disease in urban and rural communities according to age and sex factors. Methods: Itwas quantitative research with cross sectional design. Data came from Indonesia Basic Health Researchat 2018 with all household as population. Sample were individuals aged ≥ 15 years. It used chi squareand estimate risk analysis. Results: Heart disease was higher in urban areas, especially 54,6% womenwere more exposed to heart disease than 45,4% men. Also elderly group was the highest (65,8%) thanother group. There were 66.7% elderly men and 65.0% women risk to exposed heart disease than othergroups. There was a significant relationship between gender, age and region with heart disease cases.The exposure risk of heart disease for men in urban areas were 1.4 times greater than rural. The urbanelderly group were 1.9 times greater than rural. The urban elderly men group were 2 times greater thanrural. The urban elderly women group were 1.8 times larger than rural. Conclusion: Heart disease inurban areas was higher than rural areas. Women had more risk of heart disease. Elderly women grouphad highest risk than other age groups.

Individual and community-level determinants of overweight and obesity among urban men: Further analysis of the Ethiopian demographic and health survey.

BackgroundOverweight and obesity have become a serious public health problem in both developed and developing countries, particularly in urban areas. However, there are limited studies conducted to identify the risk factors of overweight and obesity in Ethiopia, especially among men. Therefore, this study aimed to assess individual and community level determinants of overweight and obesity among urban men in Ethiopia.MethodsThis study used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A weighted sample of 2259 urban men aged 15–59 years were included in this analysis. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to assess the determinants of overweight and obesity among the study participants.ResultsMen aged 30–44 years old (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 2.3–4.11), 45–59 years old (AOR = 4.8, 95% CI: 3.4–6.9), married (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3–2.2), with secondary education (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.6–4.7), with higher education (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 2.1–6.2), watching television at least once a week (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–2.7), being from high rich communities (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5–3.7), and living in three metropolises (Addis Ababa, Harari, Diredawa) were more likely to be overweight or obese (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–2.9). However, currently unemployed men were less likely to be overweight or obese (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3–0.7).ConclusionBeing older age, being married, having higher educational status, having higher frequency of watching television, being residents of three metropolises (Addis Ababa, Harari, and Diredawa), and being from high rich communities were found to be predictors of overweight and obesity in Ethiopian men. Therefore, it is essential to design strategies and programs to reduce or prevent overweight and obesity with special focus on the identified risk factors.

Amenable mortality inequalities and their changes by place of residence during 1990–2019: the case of Lithuania

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze inequalities of amenable mortality by place of residence and its changes in Lithuania during 1990–2019. Study designA record-linked cohort study. MethodsInformation on deaths was obtained from Statistics Lithuania and the Institute of Hygiene. Mortality rates from amenable causes of death by urban and rural among men and women were calculated per 100,000 population and were standardized by age. Inequalities in mortality were assessed using rate differences. For the assessment of the trends of mortality and its inequalities during 1990–2019, joinpoint regression analysis was applied. ResultsDuring 1990–2019, amenable mortality of men and women in rural areas was higher compared to urban areas (P < 0.05). Changes in men’s and women’s mortality and its inequalities between rural and urban areas were characterized by three cut-off points (P < 0.05). However, not all the periods between the cut-off points were characterized by statistically significant changes in mortality. A reduction in amenable mortality was more evident in women, especially those living in rural areas. During 1990–2004 and in 2006, the differences in amenable mortality were greater among rural and urban women than among men. However, during 2013–2019, the differences were smaller (P < 0.05). Inequalities of men’s mortality decreased during 1990–2001 and 2005–2012, and inequalities of women’s mortality decreased during 1993–2006, 2006–2017, and 2017–2019 (P < 0.05). Inequalities of men’s mortality decreased most rapidly during 2005–2012 (on average, by 10.24% per year), while inequalities of women’s mortality decreased most rapidly during 2017–2019 (on average by 18.32% per year) (P < 0.05). ConclusionDuring 1990–2019, inequalities and a decline of inequalities in amenable mortality among rural and urban men and women were identified in Lithuania. The amenable mortality of the residents of Lithuania remained high, changed unevenly, and no significant sharp decrease was observed. Further reduction of inequalities in amenable mortality between rural and urban inhabitants with a special focus on men remain the health policy challenges in Lithuania.