Urban Legislation Research Articles

URBANISTIC LEGISLATION TO INCENTIVIZE SUSTAINABILITY: STUDIES OF THE SÃO PAULO MUNICIPALITIES

The present study deals with an evaluation of the urbanistic legislation of the São Paulo municipalities of São Carlos (251,983 inhabitants), Ribeirão Preto (703,293 inhabitants) and Campinas (1,204,073 inhabitants) in order to: 1. Identify the existence of any incentive policy for urban sustainability and 2. Understand whether the different territorial and population scales of these municipalities influence the implementation of sustainability policies. A bibliographic survey of academic research was carried out to learn about the existing discussions on the subject and possibilities of building policies to encourage sustainable buildings were analyzed by consulting the Master Plans and their complementary legislation, such as: use of urban control parameters and / or the application of the Legal and Political or Tax and Financial institutes of the City Statute, such as the Onerous Grant of the Right to Build, Green Property Tax, among others. Despite the existence of some urban legislation to encourage sustainability, it was observed that there is much to be done in this direction for the municipalities evaluated.

Pawned Horses: Risk and Liability in Fourteenth Century German Small-Credit Market

Abstract Many Jewish-Christian credit transactions relied on pawns as collateral, which presumably eliminated the risk in the case of debtors’ default. However, keeping and maintaining certain pawns involved particular risks that further complicated these transactions. This paper focuses on live pawns, specifically horses, where the safekeeping of the animal involved far greater difficulties and risks than with other valuable objects that were pawned with Jews. By tracing how legal norms and practices addressed some of the unique risks attached to receiving horses as pawns, this article will outline the expectations both Jews and Christians had when engaging in credit transaction secured by horses. Relying on responsa literature, urban legislation, and court cases from the late thirteenth to mid-fourteenth centuries, this analysis will discuss some of the complications relating to liability over live pawns, with the goal of demonstrating how a specific type of pawn, and its unique risks and benefits, reflects previous assumptions and expectations regarding risk and trust.

Sustainable urban rights

<p>This paper aims to study behavior in the urban environment. In the city, because any intervention will have a global impact on it, it reflects the rights of the city, such as the right of citizens to participate in determining their future, in order to achieve a fairer order of things. On the other hand, the issue of incorporating the concept of sustainable development into our law is being studied, which means promoting action in the urban environment, focusing on the restoration, regeneration, and reform of existing cities rather than the construction of new cities. In this regard, mainstreaming sustainable development means a Copernican transformation of land policy, which is no longer a resource but the first natural resource as always. As mentioned earlier, actions in the urban environment include restoration and renewal. Therefore, the focus of the work is to study the so-called actions in the urban environment. Through these actions, we can innovate urban planning and occupy free or public spaces to improve accessibility. House, wait. There is little originality in the legal system, while the provisions on the participation and implementation of actions strongly review the compensation system of urban legislation and finally study urban recovery operations and relocation and return operations.</p>

Legal frameworks for urban agriculture: Sydney case study

Purpose This paper aims to examine the planning policy and legal framework governing the creation and operation of urban agriculture in Sydney, Australia’s global city. All levels of urban agriculture are considered – from domestic and small community gardens to large agribusiness – as all make an important contribution to agricultural production in an urban context. Design/methodology/approach Using the Australian State of New South Wales and its capital Sydney, as a focus, the study examines the recent trend of the recognition and re-establishment of agriculture as a desired land use in cities. Three examples are selected for closer scrutiny – Horsley Park Urban Agriculture Precinct, located in the Western Sydney Parklands; City of Sydney’s City Farm, located in the inner suburb of St Peters; and the Western Sydney Aerotropolis Agribusiness Precinct, located at a new airport on the fringe of Sydney. Findings As more city-dwellers embrace urban food production and as city authorities seek to encourage and facilitate farming activities, it is clear that regulatory structures which allow it to happen should be incorporated into urban planning legislation at (in the Australian context) state government level. If cities want to encourage urban agriculture, planning legislation needs to be part of the broader legal framework for enabling it to germinate and thrive. Originality/value This paper explores the emergence of two new types of urban agriculture: first, the multi-functional, small-scale urban farming operation, situated conceptually between a community garden and a full-scale commercial agricultural enterprise, and located spatially in the midst of built-up urban form; and second, the intensive, high tech export-oriented model exemplified by the Aerotropolis Agribusiness Precinct.

On the Integrated and Sustainable Development of the Territory of Russia

The topic of the article is relevant due to changes in urban planning legislation. The new legislation is explained by the tasks set by the authorities of the Russian Federation to improve the quality of life, to ensure favorable living conditions and health of citizens of the Russian Federation. The new requirements for the development of territories in the Russian Federation provide not only for changing the procedure, but also for providing transport, social and other types of infrastructure during the construction of the object. A new concept in urban planning legislation — the activity of integrated and sustainable development of territories-entails a whole range of measures necessary for adoption not only by the authorities, but also in the design of the activities of construction companies. First of all, urban planning changes will affect such a legal act as the Rules of Land Use and Development. They will not only have to be structurally updated, but also adopted in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Construction companies are forced to coordinate the construction of an object, especially residential buildings, with organizations that regulate transport and social accessibility. Additional requirements for construction, imposed by modern urban planning legislation, will also entail a change in the price policy in the field of housing. The authors try to anticipate the pos sible legal consequences of the new changes in the legislation regulating urban planning legal relations.

CRESCIMENTO URBANO EM ZONAS COSTEIRAS: ANÁLISE COMPARADA DA PRAIA DA BOA VIAGEM (BRASIL) E DA PRAIA DA ROCHA (PORTUGAL)

Coastal areas have a great environmental sensitivity and receive a constant transformation by human action. Comparative studies on urban growth in coastal areas provide new paradigms and analyses of socio-environmental impacts. The article proposes to realize a comparative analysis of urban growth, socioeconomic and environmental impacts associated with urban growth in Praia da Boa Viagem, Recife-Brazil and Praia da Rocha, Portimao-Portugal. The methodology is qualitative with the use of semi-structured interviews with key informants (Managers, Technicians, Researchers and Residents) and analysis of urban plans and urban legislation. The results revealed insufficient urban planning in coastal areas, favoured by real estate and tourism interests, and connivance between political power and local population. This comparative study in two countries contributes to the development of synergies in areas with similar characteristics.

La municipalité tunisienne

This case study concerns municipalities in Tunisia. It provides an opportunity, in a context of constitutional, institutional and legislative reforms and municipal elections, to examine local governance. In particular, this case deals with the power games and actors through a conflict between a municipality and a coalition of stakeholders since 2016. Starting from an act of violation of local and urban legislation, the case highlights the shortcomings of the authorities in the management of local affairs and the positions taken by the various stakeholders over a period of almost three years. The study of the conflict at the local level makes it possible to follow the stages of the constitution of a coalition of stake-holders as a counter-power, and the evolution of the position of the municipality in its management of its stakeholders. This positioning of the various stakeholders thus influences the implementation of a new participative governance build on openness and transparency.

Sustainable entrepreneurship: A new way of doing business

ABSTRACT COVID-19 has reshaped the way people interact on a basic human level, and with that the way we do business. Although the pandemic has brought innumerable hardships and challenges to the business world, it has also brought new possibilities and opportunities to reevaluate priorities, especially with regard to climate change and sustainability. Sustainable entrepreneurs have been promoting environmental responsibility among businesses and consumers for many years; however, businesses were initially slow to change. Given that the world as we knew it was turned upside down in 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic, businesses now have the opportunity to change their business models to respond to both the economic crisis and changes in consumption. Along with this analysis, the article provides an explanation of sustainable entrepreneurship and identifies successful examples in Latin America and the United States. In particular, this article focuses on the work of Smartly, a cutting-edge firm that promotes the United Nations’ sustainable developments goals in the United States and Latin America, in engaging with public policy discussions and urban legislation to aid in the global transition toward sustainable business. Smartly recognizes that public policy steps must be taken to generate long-term sustainability and scalable change after the pandemic, and therefore is actively engaged in lobbying initiatives to support the creation of a new sustainable legal framework.

ОТДЕЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ПРОКУРОРСКОГО НАДЗОРА ЗА ИСПОЛНЕНИЕМ ЗАКОНОВ О НЕСОВЕРШЕННОЛЕТНИХ В СФЕРЕ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The article deals with topical issues of assessing the legality of the Prosecutor's office documents of territorial planning, planning and placement of facilities for minors, taking into account the practice of land and urban planning legislation. As, undoubtedly, in the existing rates of design and construction works the measure of responsibility for observance not only the town-planning legislation, but its compliance to requirements of ecological standards also increases. The necessity of more thorough implementation of Prosecutor's supervision over the quality of planning, construction and reconstruction of infrastructure facilities for minors, as well as compliance with the requirements defined by the state in the field of urban plan-ning, up to bringing the perpetrators to the statutory responsibility. The authors also considered the issues of information and analytical activities of the Prosecutor's office, assessment of the legality of urban planning activities of local governments. The authors used the methods of analysis of documents and official materials, the establishment of features in the field of land use, urban planning, taking into account the legislation of territorial planning docu-ments and special technical standards. The conclusion about the need for interaction of the Prosecutor's office with the public and the scientific community, as well as the possibility of their involvement in interdepartmental meetings, working groups, and other assistance to the Prosecutor's office. As a result of the study, the need for prosecutors to take into account the shortcomings allowed by local authorities in the implementation of their functions for the development of territorial planning documents is justified, recommendations are proposed to prosecutors, which can be used in assessing the legality of territorial planning documents. The recommendations that can be applied in assessing the legality of the implementation of urban legislation and the implementation of prosecutorial supervision in this area. On the basis of the rules of law, a General approach to the use of special expertise and the production of expertise is presented.

On the correlation of the norms of land and urban planning legislation with the integrated development of territories

On the correlation of the norms of land and urban planning legislation with the integrated development of territories

Legislação urbanística e forma urbana. São Paulo no século XXI

A Lei Geral de Zoneamento de 1972 marcou a produção da tipologia do edifício isolado no lote, obstando a relação contínua entre edifício e cidade. Tal morfologia, considerada deletéria à dinâmica urbana, perdurou por meio de legislações urbanísticas até 2014, quando se promulgou o Plano Diretor Estratégico; dois anos mais tarde, em 2016, foi a vez da Lei de Parcelamento, Uso e Ocupação do Solo. Tais leis implementaram incentivos à fachada ativa, diretriz que prefigura contestações à tipologia do edifício isolado no lote. Visto isso, analisa-se em que medida a estratégia da fachada ativa é um avanço no tocante aos objetivos dessas leis (SÃO PAULO (Município), 2014, p. 54; 2016, p. 23), de configurar espaços urbanos que, embora atrelados à unidade do lote, tenham como referência a composição da quadra, superando a degeneração da forma urbana e garantindo uma relação melhor entre os espaços públicos e privados.

Derecho y Planificación Urbana. Problemas actuales de la planificación de Lima Metropolitana

Si bien la legislación urbana es un pilar fundamental para mejorar las condiciones de habitabilidad de las ciudades peruanas, en el caso de Lima Metropolitana el marco normativo de la planificación es, por decir lo menos, caótico e ineficaz. Por ello, el objetivo de este texto es describir y analizar el marco normativo del desarrollo urbano a nivel metropolitano con miras a que la legibilidad de las normas ayude a mejorar la formulación de políticas públicas y lineamientos para la planificación de la ciudad. Mediante análisis de gabinete, talleres y entrevistas no estructuradas hemos estudiado los antecedentes, actores e instrumentos del marco normativo de planificación urbana de Lima Metropolitana. Concluimos que actualmente este marco jurídico enfrenta desafíos críticos como la fragmentación administrativa y falta de visión de ciudad, la debilidad institucional y la carencia de sistematicidad en la normativa.

The real estate market in Rebouças avenue axis: Application of the Urbanistic Guidelines for the Urban Structuring Zones of the São Paulo’s Strategic Master Plan from 2014

This article adresses the history of the configuration of the Rebouças Avenue axis, considering the strategies of urban development by contextualizing the inflection periods of São Paulo planning, resulting from the political, economic and social (re)orientations, through urban legislation. applied especially from the 1970s focusing on the recent verifiable real estate development in the area. The highlight, however, is on the most recent urban policy, defined by the Strategic Master Plan of 2014 and the Land, Use and Occupation Law of 2016, that defined qualifying urban parameters in which applications are mandatory or encouraged. The Rebouças avenue axis, as it is currently classified as an Urban Structuring Zone, represents a good perspective for analyzing the application of such parameters, because, besides promotes a constructive and demographic density, it also seeks to articulate the territory in benefit of local economic dynamism, pedestrian scale, public transport and intra-urban relations.

Yacyretá and the second-generation effects. Urban development, settlements and advancement of the formal city

The socio-spatial and urban effects of the Yacyretá project, today constitute a complex and still unfinished phenomenon, and can be fully interpreted in the long time of its execution. Thus, from a descriptive, processes and historical methodology, it has been analysed the way in which the hydroelectric project, located close to the city of Posadas (Argentina), generated strong and intermittent processes of urban development, resulting from the effect of great infrastructure works and remodelling of the city. The study shows how the increase of the waterfront, the removal of settlements, as well as the relocation, the regeneration and revaluation of new urban areas, etc., have situated a large part of the informal city at the crossroads. Among the findings, it´s stands out that the effects of the hydroelectric project continue, despite having finalized, , exposing an old informal settlements spaces, often adjacent to the new coastline, where the revaluation and redevelopment is increasing. This is a gradual and simultaneous process with changes in urban legislation, and new urban plans that are consolidating the development of the formal city, re-qualified and open to the market.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЮРИДИЧНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ ЗА ПОРУШЕННЯ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА У СФЕРІ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ МІСТА

This article about the analysis of the features of legal liability for violation of legislation in the field of environmental safety of the city. It was revealed that the prescriptions of environmental and urban planning legislation establishing legal responsibility have a low level of correspondence with the prescriptions of administrative and criminal legislation. It has been substantiated that the considered acts of subjects in the composition of criminal and administrative offenses against the environment affect directly or indirectly the state of the city’s ecological safety, the consequences of which can vary according to the following indicators: in time; in space; in a circle of objects of influence; in a circle of subjects of influence; quantity and cost; quality; the presence of a causal link between the unlawful act of the identified subject and the fact of causing harm. It is proposed to consider as the most optimal strategy for the development of large cities according to the criteria of environmental safety, firstly, the analysis of options for the development of a particular environmental situation in the city, secondly, making weighted environmental decisions that would minimize deficiencies in management and, thirdly, analysis of the new urban ecological situation and a new adjustment of management decisions. It has been established that the general scheme of the causal relationship of an environmental offense "action – result" has variability, which can manifest itself in the form of links of the form: "environmentally dangerous actions – potential threat to an object", "potential threat — a real threat to an object", "real threat — a dangerous state object", "dangerous state — causing environmental harm". The implementation of the link at the level of "harm — legal responsibility" is also accompanied by certain features: "harm — compensation for harm", "harm — environmental insurance", "harm — environmental prevention".

Configuração da borda urbana de Passo Fundo/RS: a análise dos Sistema de Espaços Livres e de padrões morfológicos

O objetivo do estudo é através da a análise dos padrões morfológicos apontar as causas e efeitos que configuram a borda urbana de Passo Fundo/RS. A cidade é classificada como uma capital regional do tipo B, tendo influência e polarizando uma aglomeração que conta com aproximadamente 1,08 milhões de habitantes (IBGE, 2008). O delineamento metodológico foi estruturado em três etapas: primeiramente a borda urbana foi delimita em dez Unidades de Paisagem (UP), segundo Silva et al. (2014); na segunda etapa foram categorizados os Sistemas de Espaços Livres (SEL); por último, foram indicados os padrões morfológicos presentes em cada uma das UP. Os resultados apontam que as características do SEL ambiental tendem a gerar tecidos fragmentados. Quanto ao SEL urbano de práticas sociais os agentes privados implantaram espaços voltados à recreação e lazer, contudo, a realidade é completamente diferente nas demais praças que necessitam de um programa de necessidade que atenda a diferentes perfis e atividades. No SEL privado os agentes privados são responsáveis por produtos que contam com elementos morfológicos voltados para média e alta renda e pela implantação de condomínios fechados. Quanto às camadas de baixa renda há dois fenômenos que demonstram a urgência no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas. O primeiro trata da consolidação e do adensamento construído em bairros implantados pelo agente público, e o segundo indicam a falta de oportunidade e de soluções que viabilizem a necessidade de habitação deste perfil de moradores. Este trabalho buscou apresentar a diversidade de padrões morfológicos que compõem a forma da borda urbana de Passo Fundo, com o intuito de colaborar na configuração de políticas públicas e legislações urbanísticas que sejam capazes de compreendem as especificidades da borda urbana.

MARCO REGULATÓRIO URBANÍSTICO DA CIDADE DE GOIÂNIA, GOIÁS

Ao examinar a história da produção do espaço urbano brasileiro, percebemos como a terra urbana sempre foi compreendida como um produto (excedente) lucrativo para diversos atores sociais, como os promotores imobiliários, os proprietários e o próprio Estado. Tal produção ocorre em duas vertentes: uma, em processos regulares, no planejamento urbano e outra, à margem desse processo, na luta pela terra urbana. Assim, não foi diferente quando da construção da Capital goiana. Um histórico de como se estrutura a legislação urbana na cidade, revela os arranjos que se estabeleceram entre os agentes produtores do espaço urbano, desde sua origem, e que culminaram com a paisagem que se apresenta hoje. No caso de Goiânia, a questão fundiária explica parte da constituição dessa Cidade, concebida como um patrimônio particular, apesar de o Centro Cívico e os edifícios administrativos, motivo de sua existência, terem o significado literal do que é o uso público. Desde a fundação, há 87 anos, a Capital (metropolitana) registra ocupações ‘ilegais’, que conformaram a paisagem espraiada e desigual. As gestões ocuparam-se em publicar planos de desenvolvimento urbano, pautados nos acordos com o circuito imobiliário, mas não se furtaram de usar esse mesmo marco regulatório para publicar a ‘regularização’ dos movimentos do capital.

Política urbana da cidade de Ponta Grossa/ PR: a ordenação do solo urbano e a sua relação com os recursos hídricos

Na cidade de Ponta Grossa a dinâmica entre ordenação territorial e questão ambiental é peculiar, pois conta com 170 km de arroios no perímetro urbano e grande parte está canalizada, indicando a lógica de desenvolvimento pretendida. Sob a perspectiva crítica dos estudos urbanos, este artigo descreve e analisa o percurso dos arroios da cidade e seu entendimento perante a legislação urbana municipal. Por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, aliada à pesquisa bibliográfica e documental com o uso de legislações e mapas, demonstrou-se que os arroios da cidade não se destacam na legislação urbana e ambiental do município, impactando no desenvolvimento urbano.

Law-Making Process in the Russian Empire: Urban Planning Policy and Legislation

The paper presents the evolution of law-making process in the Russian Empire through the prism of urban planning legal regulation. It covers the period of uncodified and codified legislation with the period up to the appearance of the Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire (all its editions) and the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire (PSZRI). In these materials, the author identified about 300 historical normative acts related to the regulation of urban development from the era of Peter the Great to 1825 (the period systematized in the PSZRI), and a number of major codified acts of the 19th — early 20th century. The analysis of their content and form formed the basis for conclusions about the quality of law-making process in the Russian Empire.Based on the analysis of normative material covering construction, architectural legislation, legal norms in the field of organization of urban development, the author considers the characteristic features of pre-revolutionary law-making process in encouraging the creation of normative acts, conceptual techniques of legal technology, systematization characteristics. Subjects of law-making process are singled out. Normative acts are classified according to different grounds, a parallel is drawn with the modern hierarchy of normative acts, and historical features of their typology are highlighted. The author draws conclusions about the inaccurate classification of the main identified acts (charters) as codes, about the prevalence of legal idealism in the concept and policy of urban planning regulation. The source of fixing public relations in the form of a legal norm is the monarch’s will. In the research area it is based on the idea of an ideal city, the concept of which has evolved from the idea of regularity to a rational capitalist space. It was supplemented by proposals from the professional community at the end of the period.

A produção do espaço urbano na cidade de Campinas 2000-2017

O artigo proposto decorre de uma dissertação de mestrado e analisa a expansão urbana recente do município de Campinas a partir do levantamento dos loteamentos aprovados no período 2000–2017. Esta base de dados nos permite compreender as diferentes configurações da expansão e transformação urbana da cidade nestes últimos vinte anos. Como nem todos os empreendimentos aprovados foram efetivamente realizados, a pesquisa contrapõe as informações cadastrais com as transformações verificadas nas imagens da plataforma Google no período considerado. A acessibilidade, neste trabalho, é tomada como um elemento que influi fortemente nos valores imobiliários. Em contrapartida, seus diferentes noveis de serviço estariam criando áreas visivelmente segregadas no processo recente de expansão urbana. Por um lado o sistema viário principal, as rodovias e as principais avenidas de circulação automobilística e, por outro, as áreas mais cativas do transporte público estão sendo determinantes na localização diferenciada dos novos loteamentos. No caso específico, além da influência dessas infraestruturas, a legislação urbanística local tem contribuído para induzir transformações significativas na forma urbana e na construção da cidade, principalmente de suas bordas mais recentes.