Urban Housing Development Research Articles

Contemporary urban development in Calabar – promoting sustainability by curtailing ecological footprints of (housing) development

The need to regulate land use and the exploitation of natural resources has led to the concept of sustainability, and by extension, ecological footprint (the total amount of land required by an individual to grow his/her needs). This paper examines ecological footprint savings in urban growth and housing development in Calabar (middle-sized Nigerian city) by comparing compact house development with single detached units per lot size. The method involved first, exploratory studies, mainly in the form of physical observations, conducted across the city towards the determination of the principal land use activities that are responsible for rapid urban growth in Calabar. Second, concepts of housing were analyzed by the use of experimental projects in order to demonstrate housing development paradigms that would be ecologically more beneficial for the city, with a view to minimizing the ecological footprints of the city in the future. The result showed that the existing urban development spread could be reduced by more than 150% if the current trend of individual one-unit housing practice is replaced by aggregation of units in a single block. The study also shows that ribbons of farmland could be saved between developments for urban agriculture. Keywords: Ecological footprint, sustainability, housing, urban development

Cohort profile: Examining Neighbourhood Activities in Built Living Environments in London: the ENABLE London—Olympic Park cohort

PurposeThe Examining Neighbourhood Activities in Built Living Environments in London (ENABLE London) project is a natural experiment which aims to establish whether physical activity and other health behaviours show sustained...

스티븐 홀의 도시주거 프로젝트에서 다공성의 의미에 관한 연구 - 발터 벤야민의 다공성 이론을 바탕으로 -

The urban housing development in Korea, which is disconnected to local environment and urban fabric, has created many problems. For sustainable city, it is important to integrate the urban publicity, in which condition the housing can be connected to the urban fabric and to the local community. Steven Holl has a discourse on creating a new typology of architecture in the city of 21st century with 'porosity' concept. This study is focused on meaning and application of Holl's porosity in the urban housing projects. For the comprehensive understanding of porosity concept, I studied on theoretical connection between Steven Holl's porosity and the porosity of Walter Benjamin who studied on modern urban complex in the early 20th century. The architectural features of Benjamin's porosity are categorized into the 'indetermination of the boundary', 'variability of social space' and 'montage-image'. Based on that, three of Steven Holl's urban housing projects are analysed in this study. Despite of difference of time period, the architectural features of Benjamin' porosity is equivalent to Steven Holl's approach with porosity concept. And further more, Steven Holl's porosity concept is integrated with his phenomenological methodology and he provide an alternative of modern architecture for sustainable city.

Strategies to Improve the Implementation of Planning Mechanisms for Urban Housing Development in Selangor

The weaknesses and ineffectiveness of the planning mechanism system involve in preparation of development plans and its implementation through development control has significantly give impact to the housing production process. The objective of this paper is to explore strategies for facilitating the effectiveness of the implementation of housing planning and control among decision makers and implementer involved in housing development. This in-depth interview is aimed to explore their strategies or plan of actions for ensuring the effectiveness of planning activities. It was indicated that the strategies classified into two stages; during the preparation stage and implementation stage.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Development Plan; Planning Control; Urban Housing Development

A Quadrant Analysis on the Effectiveness of Planning and Control in Urban Housing Development in Selangor

The current planning mechanisms which are development plan and planning control were recognised as important tools in housing planning process. However, the weaknesses involved in the preparation of development plans and its implementation through development control may impose constraints on housing development. The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether the housing planning and control activities practiced require improvement in terms of the level of effectiveness of its implementation by the LPAs and PCs in Selangor using Quadrant Analysis. It was found that three activities; location, compliance and difficulties need high attention to achieve effective housing planning control.

O modelo de urbanização brasileiro: notas gerais

O texto busca analisar a desigualdade social no Brasil por meio do processo de espacialização dessa mesma desigualdade, nesse sentido, arranha as margens do que se convencionou chamar de modelo de urbanização brasileiro e de como esse mesmo modelo produziu metrópoles gentrificadas e excludentes. Assim, nesse artigo discute-se a exclusão urbana brasileira por meio da consolidação de espaços periféricos, ou, de modo mais genérico, de periferias. O texto em tela é resultado de pesquisas desenvolvidas na Universidade Federal Fluminense em nível de mestrado. Em tal estudo, procurou-se compreender a gênese de um loteamento urbano, localizado no Município de São Gonçalo, estado do Rio de Janeiro, denominado Jardim Catarina, para entender quais as problemáticas socioespaciais que lhe deram origem. Nesse sentido, essa análise torna-se consubstancial para o entendimento das desigualdades sociais e espaciais no Brasil, bem como o papel do Estado como gestor do ordenamento socioespacial do território e principal agente na solução de tais problemas. Espera-se que, com a materialização de um estudo de maior monta, em relação ao qual esse artigo é só um micro trabalho, fiquem evidentes subsídios que contribuam para o arranjo e a cristalização de políticas públicas que deem conta das desigualdades sociais e sirvam para alavancar um país com cidades mais justas e igualitárias.

공동주택의 발코니 유·무가 화염분출 특성에 미치는 영향 연구

우리는 21세기 하이테크(hightech) 시대에 살고 있다. 산업화의 발달로 우리는 물질적 기술적 진보에 따른 인구이동으로 인하여 시설의 쏠림 현상으로 거대도시(metropolis)를 넘어 거대도시권(megalopolis)이 형성되어 건축물의 초고층화, 지하화(지하철, 쇼핑센터 등), 대형화를 이루면서 주거문화 역시 바뀌었다. 인구의 과밀화 속에서 핵가족화 및 1인가구의 증가로 아파트 및 도시형 생활주택이 제도적 안전규제보다 빠른 속도로 확대되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 아파트화재 사례를 통해 시사하는 점을 분석하고, 아파트 실물화재실험을 통해 공동주택(아파트)화재 연소성상을 연구하였다. 그 결과 화재 사례분석 결과와 같이 발코니 확장형 아파트 보다 발코니 비확장형 아파트가 화재 연소의 확산 속도를 줄여주는 것으로 검증 되었다. 사례 및 실험 결과를 근거하여 공동주택 화재 안전대책 및 대응시스템이 개선되어야 한다. We are living in the 21st century, a new era of high-technology. Due to movements in population towards certain preferred areas, caused by material and technological advancement, growth has occurredn beyond the metropolis, leading to the development of the so-calleda "megalopolis." This development has changed the culture of housing, notably the characteristics of high-rise buildings, and underground facilities (such as subways and shopping centers), and has generally enlarged the scale of the facilities. Due to the increase in the number of single-family households, - notably ones including only the nuclear family, there has been a growing overpopulation problem, with apartments and urban housing developments expanding at rates beyond institutional safety regulations. In this study, we analyze the phenomenon of fire spreading in apartment buildings through actual apartment fire case studies, including that of the MunjonPonpuri apartment building. It was found that the speed at which the fire spreads is lower in apartments without than in those with an extended balcony. Based on the findings from case studies and the test results, we propose a series of safety countermeasures and responses for apartment fires.

Streamlining urban housing development: Are there environmental sustainability impacts?

New Zealand's largest city, Auckland, is currently facing a housing affordability crisis. Policy makers have attempted to address housing supply issues by creating Special Housing Areas (SHAs), intended to streamline consent processes and fast-track development. SHAs are predicted to accommodate around 40,000 additional dwellings over 10 or more years.This study evaluates the impact of the SHAs on measures of environmental sustainability. Using a variety of datasets we estimate the impacts of SHA development on four indicators; weighted population density, carbon emissions from commuting, active transport share, and zinc and copper pollution from storm water runoff.The research finds that SHAs' location results in marginally higher population density and lower commute emissions (given business-as-usual transport behaviour) overall. However, the small projected emissions' saving is well short of the goals for emission reduction set out by Auckland Council and New Zealand's central government. The SHAs' location is likely to mean that a smaller proportion of their commuters will be active compared to the Auckland average. The average impact per dwelling of the SHAs on stormwater pollution (zinc and copper) is lower for high density and infill developments than for greenfield developments and overall the SHAs will contribute to a higher average level of stormwater pollution. These findings are placed in the context of key policy documents, and emphasise the importance of coordinating land use, transport and infrastructure planning in order to address health, environmental and climate change concerns, while also addressing housing needs.

THE ARRANGEMENT CONCEPTS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LAND

The issue of global urbanization gives rise to variety of urban phenomena, including the urban land scarcity and the high demand for decent dwellings. On one hand, in response to the land scarcity, the urban housing developments should be directed to a sustainable process that can take place between generations. On the other hand, housing developments also have direct impacts on the environment quality degradation. Thus, further learnings about more efficient use for housing land are needed, one of which can be learned from the already built formal housing designs in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to propose concepts for formal housing land arrangement to ensure the environmental sustainability. The case study of this research is Taman Wisata Regency located on the border of the city of Surabaya and Gresik, Indonesia. The data of field’s existing conditions, potentials, and problems, were collected through observation and documentation. The data were analyzed descriptive and qualitative based on the criteria of sustainable housing from UN-Habitat. The results show that the land efficiency on Taman Wisata Regency can be done in the form of rearrangement proposal of prone area anticipation, the opening of inbound access from one-gate to two-gates system, the arrangement of road’s circulation and proportion, the maximization of green open spaces, and also quality improvement of other infrastructures such as drainage and waste management. The results of this study are expected to be used as reference for planners, designers or developers, in creating the environmentally sustainable housing land.

Housing Policy and Urban Sustainable Development: Evaluating the Process of High-rise Apartment Development in Korea

ABSTRACTIn Korea, housing shortages have been a high-level social problem for decades. Since the late 1980s, a significant number of housing units (mostly high-rise apartments) has been constructed, with the goal of resolving this issue. In spite of the positive effects on housing supply, many undesirable socioeconomic consequences of urban housing development, such as social exclusion and polarization of housing affordability, etc., have been largely overlooked. Moreover, at this point, the number of high-rise apartments is arguably excessive, leading to particular concern with regard to their need for redevelopment after deterioration. The massive quantities of deteriorated high-rise buildings will be ubiquitous at a certain point in time. Due to changes in social and economic circumstances in Korea, many homeowners of high-rise apartments could be incapable of proceeding with redevelopment based on their own financial resources. The problems facing the present generation will be most likely to be passed on to future generations, further impeding such development efforts. This pervasive and mounting housing and development issue is directly antithetical to the definition of sustainable development proposed by the Brundtland Report.

“Our Bungalow Dreams”: Housing and Occupation in the United States West, 1920

This study compares the spatial and occupant employment distribution of Craftsman bungalows in Pocatello, Idaho; Missoula, Montana; and Pasadena, California, in 1920. These distributions reflect major trends in urban and suburban housing developments in the Western United States during this period, in contrast with prior developments in India and Britain. Current scholarship on bungalows in the United States West focuses on major urban centers such as Seattle and Los Angeles. This study shifts the analysis to the understudied Intermountain West, and refocuses away from discussions of prominent architects or the bungalow as one of many housing types in a specific place or time, to emphasize instead the modest homes built by local builders and developers in small towns. In addition, the study provides quantitative data affirming that bungalows found broad appeal across economic groups, and that these homes and their owners were not geographically segregated within their cities and towns, again in contrast to their predecessors in Britain and India.

저출산 고령화 사회에 대응하는 노후 공동주택 단위세대의 리모델링 방법론

An increase of single and/or two-people households with decrease on typical three or four people households (which was defined as sizes for nuclear family) has led to varieties in family formations and lifestyles. It is not just a reduction on number of family members but generates several issues. Apartment, which has been the typical contemporary housing type in Korea, have a difficulty to satisfy emerging demands of various residents, due to standardized unit plans and mass supplies. Based on remodeling cycles of apartments, it becomes a time period that requires a significant number of remodeling on degraded apartments. Recently, as an alternative, development of urban small housing has been encouraged in national level as a solution to meet increasing needs of small housings and increasing needs for improving living environments in degraded residential areas. Years of consistent massive volume of housing supply policies, which was to ease the housing problem by quantitative way, was pointed out to be a leading problem of providing poor living environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an architectural planning guideline for degraded apartment remodeling that able to accommodate need of residents with variety of lifestyles and ensure better residential environment. In this paper, we first determine the changes in life styles of residents and public housings through the statistical data analysis then investigate architectural planning method for apartment remodeling in terms of low-fertility and aging population.

New urban developments that retain more remnant trees have greater bird diversity

The rapid expansion of urban landscapes has significant consequences for wildlife. Habitat loss and fragmentation cause significant loss of species richness. While remnant fragments of habitat are important areas for conservation, the urban matrix between fragments is also critical. Increasing the suitability of the matrix for wildlife can increase the diversity of wildlife that utilise urban landscapes and increases the potential for dispersal among fragments. We investigated the effectiveness of retaining remnant trees during for increasing the species richness and abundance of birds in new urban housing developments. We measured species richness and abundance in four habitat types: non-vegetated streets, vegetated streets, recreational parks and bush sites. We discovered that the number of bird species observed was lowest on the non-vegetated streets and highest within the bush fragments. Species richness on vegetated streets was intermediate between non-vegetated streets and parks. The abundance of birds was highest within recreational parks and we observed significantly more birds on vegetated streets than non-vegetated streets. Additionally, we found the number of species and total abundance of birds was positively associated with the total number of retained mature trees within a vegetated street. The dominant feeding guild and species composition varied between the different habitat types. Our findings suggest that increasing the number of retained mature trees in new housing developments may be an effective means of increasing the number of bird species that utilise the urban matrix.

Diversified Housing Developments for Socio-Economic Integration in South Africa’s Urban Human Settlements

This paper investigates the diversification of housing development in South Africa as a means to promote socio-economic integration in urban human settlements. The need to encourage the establishment and improvement of diversified housing developments in urban areas has been widely recognised as an appropriate measure to ensure that people from different social and economic groups share the same neighbourhoods. In South Africa, socio-economic diversity in towns and cities was introduced in the early 19th century as an attempt to put people from different backgrounds in one place in order to address the inequalities which existed as a result of the past settlement planning system. Furthermore, the strategy was meant to limit the degree of isolation that the poor are faced with due to the past urban planning in order to maintain community stability, social bond and cohesion within human settlements. Theoretically, the paper argues that socio-economic diversity of housing developments have the ability to promote economic integration, social cohesion and community stability in urban human settlements. The pragmatic effects of housing development diversity can be realised through measures such as densification, mixing of different building structures that accommodates people from different backgrounds and equal accessibility to infrastructure, amenities and services, among others. The paper concludes that socio-spatial diversity within urban housing developments can be used as strategy to bring together people from different social and economic backgrounds in order to address inequalities that are associated with segregation. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n25p44

Recruitment for health disparities preventive intervention trials: the early childhood caries collaborating centers.

BackgroundFour trials of interventions designed to prevent early childhood caries are using community-engagement strategies to improve recruitment of low-income, racial/ethnic minority participants. The trials are being implemented by 3 centers funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research and known as the Early Childhood Caries Collaborating Centers (EC4): the Center for Native Oral Health Research at the University of Colorado, the Center to Address Disparities in Children’s Oral Health at the University of California San Francisco, and the Center for Research to Evaluate and Eliminate Dental Disparities at Boston University.Community ContextThe community contexts for the EC4 trials include urban public housing developments, Hispanic communities near the US–Mexican border, and rural American Indian reservations. These communities have a high prevalence of early childhood caries, suggesting the need for effective, culturally acceptable interventions.MethodsEach center’s intervention(s) used community-based participatory research approaches, identified community partners, engaged the community through various means, and developed communication strategies to enhance recruitment.OutcomeAll 3 centers have completed recruitment. Each center implemented several new strategies and approaches to enhance recruitment efforts, such as introducing new communication techniques, using media such as radio and newspapers to spread awareness about the studies, and hosting community gatherings.InterpretationUsing multiple strategies that build trust in the community, are sensitive to cultural norms, and are adaptable to the community environment can enhance recruitment in underserved communities.

Descriptive analysis of individual and community factors among African American youths in urban public housing.

African American adolescents are disproportionately represented in urban public housing developments. These neighborhoods are generally characterized by high rates of poverty, crime, violence, and disorganization. Although evidence is emerging on youths in these communities, little is known about their depressive symptoms, perceived efficacy, or frequency of substance use and sex-risk behavior. Further, even less is known about their exposure to community and household violence, their parents' behavior, or their sense of connection to their communities. Using a sample of 782 African American adolescents living in public housing neighborhoods located in four large U.S. cities, this article attempts to rectify the observed gap in knowledge by presenting a descriptive overview of their self-reported depressive symptoms; self-efficacy; frequencies of delinquent and sexual-risk behavior; and alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. The self-reported ratings of their parents' behavior as well as their exposure to community and household violence are presented. Analytic procedures include descriptive statistics and mean comparisons between genders and across research cities. Results suggest several differences between genders and across research sites. However, results are not very different from national data. Implications for social work practice are discussed.

예비 수요자 주택선호특성을 고려한 유형별 고령자주택 개발방안에 관한 연구 -수도권을 중심으로-

산업화와 도시화를 경험한 사회는 인구통계학적변화를 경험하고 있다. 이러한 변화는 세계적으로 고령화 인구를 점차 증가시키고 있으며, 이러한 현상이 세계적으로 확산되고 있다. 한국도 2000년에 고령화 사회에 접어 들어들었으며, 2018년에는 고령 사회가 직면할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 이러한 현상에 대비한 고령자주택의 개발 등의 노인의 라이프 생활을 고려한 주택개발이 강조되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 고령자 주택에 입주하기 원하는 예비 수요자의 특성에 따른 결정요인을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 유형별로 보다 세분화하여 이항 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통한 고령자 주택의 선택의사에 미치는 영향요인을 세분화 하였다. 이를 통해 개선방안 및 시사점을 도출하였는데 이에 대한 시사점으로, 첫째, 고령자주택은 개발 유형별로 선호하는 특성이 상이하게 도출됨을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 개인특성에 따른 지표가 가장 많은 부분을 차지하고 있어 고령자주택의 수요조사가 우선적으로 시도되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 도심형 고령자주택 개발 시 원활한 개발을 위해 지자체 차원의 지가를 고려한 토지확보 방안이 필요하다. 넷째, 교외형 고령자주택 개발 시 경기도권에 수요층이 자연스럽게 고령자주택으로 입주하고 생활할 수 있도록 근교에 생활환경기반을 마련해야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 전원형 고령자주택 개발 시 다양한 생산, 여가 등의 프로그램의 도입되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. The society experiencing the industrialization and urbanization has got over the socio-demographic change. these changes make the number of the population around the world, and this phenomenon is flowing into the whole country. Korea has became a Aging Society since 2000 and will be turned into the aged society by the 2018. therefore, the importance of preparing elderly living life such as silver town is getting emphasized. the purpose of this study is aimed at analyzing the decision elements of the preliminary demanders' intention who selecting Elderly Housing. Based on this study, it was broken down by the type much more. Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors affecting the Elderly housing choices were subdivided. Through this process, improvement and the implications of this study was derived. this study deducts 3 kinds of implications. First, the preference for the development of elderly housing are different with each type of characteristics. Second, the indicators along with the individual characteristics account for the most part of the surface. so the specific investigation for the demand must be required to check the indicators. Third, when it comes to development of urban elderly housing, it requires to have a part of a local government plans securing the land. Fourth, when it comes to development of suburb elderly housing, it is required to arrange the living environment around the suburbs to let user classes living in Gyeonggi-do flow into elderly housing and live their new-life in the suburbs. Finally, when it comes to development of rural elderly housing, a variety of production, leisure and other programs should be made and put into there.

Sustainable Strategy for Governmental Urban Poor Housing Development in Thailand: Contribution of Self-Customize Income Generation Space

Within a period of a decade, Baan Mankong Programme (BMP) has been a critical topic of discourse as for urban poor housing scenario in Thailand. This paper unveils the contribution of Income Generation Space (IGS) on the BMP, tools to get IGS, clarifies the categorization of IGS in the BMP as well as pinpoints the imperative factors which help for the IGS enhancement strategy. IGS houses are clarified and made categorizations to unveil the contribution of IGS and trends of spatial utilization of a practical urban poor housing case, Tawanmai community in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The imperative factors for IGS enhancement strategy consist of chronological change, dwellers keenness, dwellers occupation, gender implication, household maneuver system, dwellers education level, as well as transportation issue.

Intra-city polarization, residential type and attribute importance: A discrete choice study of Lagos

The theory of urban residential polarization assumes that the urban housing market is not a monolithic phenomenon but a framework that displays wide variations in quality, quantity and value. As a city splits into different neighbourhoods, so also the residential quality differs. The types of dwellings available to urban households often reflect in their neighbourhood and structural features. This study therefore examines the importance of the neighbourhood and dwelling features accompanying housing choices of residents within three residential neighbourhoods – the Low, the Medium and the High residential density areas – of Lagos Metropolitan areas using Discrete Choice Model. Data were collected through an extensive housing survey of residences in 56 wards within 12 administrative units in Lagos megacity. Descriptive and inferential analytical statistics were used to render explanations for the variations in residential quality variables and choices across the study area. Findings evinced a preponderance of multifamily units in the high density area, as against flat and duplex housing units in the medium and low density areas of the city. The logit analysis of home types indicated significant influence of dwelling quality on home choices in the three residential neighbourhoods of Lagos. Practical and policy implications of these findings to urban housing development are explicitly given.

Urbanist Expansions: Planner-Technocrats, Patrimonial Ethics and State Development in Hyderabad

This paper examines the rise of urban space as locus of intervention, and planning as modality of state power in South Asia from the late nineteenth century to the early post-colonial period. I view these developments through the re-making of Hyderabad, a major metropolis and capital of a sovereign non-colonial state until 1948. The regime's autonomous status made the city a venue for political experimentations informed by varied global and regional circuits. A particular develomentalist idiom fusing an older ideology of ethical patrimonialism and emerging technocratic legitimising rhetorics underwrote planning work in Hyderabad. Tracing urban expansion, housing and infrastructural development, and state-led economic planning schemes, I suggest Hyderabad exemplifies the emergence of a crucial and enduring new form of power in South Asia.