Urban Females Research Articles

Planning Online Advertising Using Gini Indices

Advertisers engaged in brand-building activities online often purchase significant volumes of impression-based online advertising (e.g., banner ads or video ads) from website publishers or their ad-technology partners who schedule and deliver online advertisements. Such advertising is typically targeted, which means that ads can only be shown to specific audience segments chosen by the advertiser (e.g., urban females from any U.S. city). In general, advertisers are not well served by publishers who further constrain an ad campaign’s targeting (e.g., by delivering disproportionately many impressions of urban females from Los Angeles and not from other cities). In “Planning Online Advertising Using Gini Indices,” Miguel Lejeune and John Turner consider a new objective function for spreading impressions of online advertising across targeted audience segments. The authors show how the Gini Index, which economists use to measure wealth or income inequality, can be deployed within a publisher’s optimization model to minimize the weighted sum of Gini indices across all ad campaigns, and thus maximally spread impressions across targeted audience segments, while limiting demand shortfalls. Key properties and solution structure are compared to a popular existing non-Gini-based ad spreading model developed at Yahoo, and a novel optimization-based decomposition scheme is developed to efficiently solve the Gini-allocation problem. Finally, the authors illustrate how Lorenz curves may be used to visualize Gini-based spread so that managers can effectively monitor the performance of a publisher's ad delivery system.

Effects of breeding habitat (woodland versus urban) and metal pollution on the egg characteristics of great tits (Parus major)

In an urban environment, birds are exposed to metals, which may accumulate in their tissues and cause oxidative stress. Female birds may eliminate these pollutants through depositing them into eggs, thus eggs become suitable bioindicators of pollution. In this study, we aimed to analyse whether eggshell spotting pattern, egg volume, eggshell thickness and egg yolk antioxidant (lutein, tocopherol, retinol and selenium) levels were related to the breeding area (woodland versus urban) and the metal levels in the eggshell of a small passerine species, the great tit (Parus major). In the urban habitat, soil and eggshells contained higher concentrations of metals, and soil calcium level was also higher than that in the woodland. Eggshell spotting intensity and egg volume did not differ between eggs laid in the woodland and the urban park, and these traits were not related to the metal levels of the eggshell, suggesting that these egg characteristics are not sensitive indicators of metal pollution. A more aggregated eggshell spotting distribution indicated a higher Cu concentration of the eggshell. We found that eggshells were thinner in the less polluted woodland habitat, which is likely due to the limited Ca availability of the woodland area. Great tit eggs laid in the urban environment had lower yolk lutein, retinol and selenium concentrations, however, as a possible compensation for these lower antioxidant levels, urban females deposited more tocopherol into the egg yolk. It appears that females from different breeding habitats may provide similar antioxidant protection for their offspring against oxidative damage by depositing different specific dietary antioxidants. Egg yolk lutein and retinol levels showed a negative relationship with lead concentration of the eggshell, which may suggest that lead had a negative impact on the amount of antioxidants available for embryos during development in great tits.

What factors are influencing tea consumption among Chinese urban residents? An empirical study

AbstractUsing primary data collected from a questionnaire survey in 12 cities in China, we set up a model to analyze the influencing factors of Chinese urban residents' tea consumption. Three groups of factors are considered in the model, i.e., demographic and personal characteristics, economic factors and consumption habits. Research findings indicate that tea consumption is significantly impacted by gender difference, personal income, consumption atmosphere and habitual factors. This has important policy implications for tea marketing. First of all, it is essential to develop more tea products that cater to the needs of urban females while at the meantime securing the steady growth of tea consumption among males. Second, in light of the consumption discrepancies between families, areas and occupations, differentiated marketing strategies should be created with an emphasis on cultivating and taking advantage of consumption atmosphere in the society. In addition, income disparities call for diversified tea products with affordable prices. It is also suggested that educational programs on tea consumption be advocated to promote the consumption frequency and quantity of tea both in China and in other countries.

Social determinants of HIV infection, hotspot areas and subpopulation groups in Ethiopia: evidence from the National Demographic and Health Survey in 2011

ObjectiveThis study identifies social determinants of HIV infection, hotspot areas and subpopulation groups in Ethiopia.DesignThe study used data from the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Sample blood tests...

Is there any difference in acromegaly and other chronic disease in quality of life and psychiatric morbidity?

The study aimed to evaluate the psychological profile of patients with acromegaly in comparison to other chronic diseases such as non-functioning pituitary adenomas, Cushing disease, and plaque psoriasis, and to a healthy control group. A total sample of 153 participants in clinical groups underwent a cross-sectional assessment including the quality of life (AcroQoL, WHOQoL-BREF), psychiatric morbidity (GHQ-28), and the acceptance of illness (AIS), as well as 65 participants in the healthy control group. The whole study sample had a predominance of urban married females (61%) with medium level of education (41%). Patients with acromegaly were diagnosed significantly later than patients from other clinical groups, after the onset of the first symptoms. Acromegaly was related to the presence of more symptoms of anxiety and insomnia, and poorer social relationships compared with the general population but not more than in other chronic diseases. A better quality of life score in all domains of WHOQoL-BREF was associated with a better score on the acceptance of illness scale and lower scores on GHQ-28. Psychiatric morbidity, mainly anxiety and insomnia, occurs in 50% of patients with acromegaly. However, the psychological wellbeing and mood seem to be related to other factors such as the acceptance of the illness. Thus, concerning the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of acromegaly an interdisciplinary approach, taking into account psychological and psychiatric consultation, is needed.

Socio-economic determinants of divorce in Lithuania: Evidence from register-based census-linked data

BACKGROUND: Most existing evidence on the socio-economic predictors of divorce in developed countries comes from the USA and from Western and Northern Europe. This study contributes to the scarce literature about socio-economic determinants of divorce in Central and Eastern Europe by examining the case of Lithuania. Objective: The study explores how the levels of educational attainment and economic activity, as well as the interactions of these two variables, influence the risk of first divorce both in the entire population of Lithuania and in its urban and rural sub-populations. Methods: The study uses a census-linked dataset connecting all records from the 2001 census and all first divorce records between the census and December 2003. The impact of education and employment status on the risk of divorce was estimated by applying Poisson regression models. Results: Lower education is related to elevated risks of divorce only in large cities: in rural areas the relationship is inverted. For both urban and rural males, being out of the labor market destabilizes marriage and significantly increases the risk of marital disruption. This pattern was also found for males residing in large cities, regardless of their education. As expected, a lower divorce risk is observed among both urban and rural housewives and other inactive urban females. Unemployment and disability-related inactivity is associated with higher divorce probabilities among rural females. Conclusions: The study finds evidence of individual socio-economic recourses having substantial differentiating effects on first divorce risk in Lithuania. The direction and size of these effects vary notably by sex and place of residence. This suggests that divorce determinants are complex in post-transitional societies in the region. Language: en

Epidemiological characteristics of incidence of diabetes mellitus in Zhejiang Province during 2007-2012

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of diabetes, and to provide effective prevention and intervention strategies for diabetes in Zhejiang Province. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the surveillance data of diabetes from 2007 to 2012. Results 272 534 cases of new on-set diabetes were reported through the noncommunicable disease surveillance system in Zhejiang Province from 2007 to 2012, and the annual incidence was 277.08/100 000. According to different types of diabetes, the proportions of type 1, type 2, gestational, and other types diabetes were 0.69%, 96.04%, 2.23%, and 1.03%, respectively. The incidence was higher in urban and female population. The diabetes incidence was increased with 20.18% per year and the growing speed of incidence in rural area and males were faster than those in urban area and females, respectively. The incidence in 70-year group was the highest and the growth speed in 20-year group was the fastest one. 11.89% of diabetes patients were diagnosed with complications simultaneously and the proportion of diabetic neuropathy, vasculopathy, and nephropathy was accounted for 82.81%. The incidence of diabetic complications was increased at first and then decreased from 2007 to 2012. Conclusion With the aging trends in Zhejiang province, the incidence will be increased rapidly, and the rural, male, and adolescence populations should be the focus objectives for the diabetes prevention and control in the future. Although the trend of diabetic complications incidence was tended to decline, the result should be confirmed by further researches. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 31: 846-850) Key words: Diabetes mellitus; Incidence; Zhejiang Province; Complications.

Factors Associated with HIV Prevalence and HIV Testing in Sierra Leone: Findings from the 2008 Demographic Health Survey.

BackgroundThe Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey 2008 found an HIV prevalence of 1.5%. This study investigates associations with HIV infection and HIV testing.MethodsHouseholds were selected using stratified multi-stage sampling. In all selected households women aged 15–49 were eligible. In every second household men aged 15–59 were also eligible. Participants were asked to consent for anonymous HIV testing. All participants interviewed and tested were analysed. Multiple logistic regression identified associations with HIV infection, undiagnosed infection and with ever having a voluntary HIV test among sexually active participants.ResultsOf 7495 invited 86% (6,475) agreed to an interview and HIV test. Among 96 HIV positive participants, 78% had never taken a voluntary HIV test so were unaware of their serostatus, and 86% were sexually active in the last 12 months among whom 96% did not use a condom at last intercourse. 11% of all participants had previously voluntarily tested. Among women who had tested, 60% did so in antenatal care. We found that those living in an urban area, and those previously married, were more likely to be HIV infected. Voluntary HIV testing was more common in those aged 25–44, living in an urban area, females, having secondary or higher education, having first sexual intercourse at age 17 years or older, and using condoms at last sex. Although 82% of men and 69% of women had heard of HIV, only 35% and 29% respectively had heard of antiretroviral therapy.ConclusionsThe HIV prevalence in Sierra Leone has been stable. HIV testing, however, is uncommon and most infected individuals are unaware of their serostatus. This could allow the epidemic to escalate as individuals with undiagnosed infection are unlikely to change their behaviour or access treatment. Improving knowledge and increasing testing need to remain central to HIV prevention interventions in Sierra Leone.

The hustle and bustle of city life: monitoring the effects of urbanisation in the African lesser bushbaby.

Urbanisation has become a severe threat to pristine natural areas, causing habitat loss and affecting indigenous animals. Species occurring within an urban fragmented landscape must cope with changes in vegetation type as well as high degrees of anthropogenic disturbance, both of which are possible key mechanisms contributing to behavioural changes and perceived stressors. We attempted to elucidate the effects of urbanisation on the African lesser bushbaby, Galago moholi, by (1) recording activity budgets and body condition (body mass index, BMI) of individuals of urban and rural populations and (2) further determining adrenocortical activity in both populations as a measure of stress via faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels, following successful validation of an appropriate enzyme immunoassay test system (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge test). We found that both sexes of the urban population had significantly higher BMIs than their rural counterparts, while urban females had significantly higher fGCM concentrations than rural females. While individuals in the urban population fed mainly on provisioned anthropogenic food sources and spent comparatively more time resting and engaging in aggressive interactions, rural individuals fed almost exclusively on tree exudates and spent more time moving between food sources. Although interactions with humans are likely to be lower in nocturnal than in diurnal species, our findings show that the impact of urbanisation on nocturnal species is still considerable, affecting a range of ecological and physiological aspects.

Associated Risk Factors of STIs and Multiple Sexual Relationships among Youths in Malawi.

BackgroundHaving unprotected sex with multiple sexual partners (MSP) is the greatest risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among youths. Young people with MSPs are less likely to use a condom and the greater the risk for STIs. This study examines the associated risk factors of STIs and multiple sexual partnerships among youths aged 15–24 years.Data and MethodsThe Malawi Demographic Health Survey 2010 data was used. Out of a sample of 2,987 males and 9,559 females aged 15–24 years, 2,026 males and 6,470 females were considered in the study. Chi square test and logistic regression techniques were performed. Analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.FindingsThe results indicate that 1,399 (69.0%) males and 2,290 (35.4%) females reported multiple sexual partnerships (MSP). Within the rural area, females (n = 1779) were more likely to report MSP than males (n = 1082) and within the urban areas, a higher proportion of females (n = 511) still reported MSP, with males (n = 316). About 78% rural females aged 20–24 years, and about 79% rural males aged 15–19 years reported MSP. The likelihood of MSP was higher among females in the poorest households (OR = 1.31), being married (OR = 5.71) and Catholic males (OR = 1.63), who were married (OR = 1.59). Catholic males (OR = 1.82) in the rural areas, who were married (OR = 1.80) and rural females in the northern region (OR = 1.26) were more likely to have MSP. The odds ratios were higher among urban females in the poorest (OR = 3.45) households who were married (OR = 4.22).ConclusionsHaving more than one sexual partner increases the risk of STIs and sexuality education programs should be introduced that emphasize the danger that surrounds MSP.

Correlates of body mass index (BMI) with their socioeconomic status of urban and rural adults of Varanasi district

Nutritional status the condition of health of an individual and it can be evaluated in many ways, but BMI is the most established anthropometric indicator used for assessment of adult nutritional status. Objectives of the present study are to assess the nutritional status (BMI) of urban and rural adults of Varanasi district and to determine the association between BMI and socio-economic status. A community based crossectional study was undertaken on 304 adults (Urban 152, Rural 152), 18-60 years of age group. A pre-tested and pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect the information for the study. Socio-economic and demographic information of study subject was assessed by interview technique. BMI was calculated using the formula [weight(kg)/height (mt) 2 ]. Both the community was the hindu dominant out of which majority of proportion are GEN caste. Rural subjects have significantly low educational status and low socio-economic status as compare to urban subjects. The proportions of rural males were significantly more than the urban males in case of doing heavy work. There was no significant difference in average BMI, between urban and rural areas of male as well as female subjects. Only 11.1 per cent and 9.8 per cent of urban and rural males and 25.8 per cent and 30.8 per cent of urban and rural females are in underweight category of BMI. There is no significant difference in average BMI of male as well as female subjects between urban and rural locality with reference to their various socio-economic and demographic variables with the exception of high socio-economic status, among male subjects, among heavy type of work, among low and medium socio-economic status in females, respectively.

Dynamics of Marriage and Female Labour Participation:Case of India

Using nationally representative data for 2011-2012, the paper explores the dynamics of marriage and female labour participation in India. The findings suggest that rural married females have significantly higher chances of seeking work compared with unmarried females. However, the relationship is found to be negative for urban married females. Married females are more likely to get work in both urban and rural areas, implying the prevalence of statistical discrimination in employing unmarried females. Educated married females have higher probability of seeking work, implying that higher education can offset the traditional obstacles leading to higher work participation.

Combined PCSK9 and APOE polymorphisms are genetic risk factors associated with elevated plasma lipid levels in a Thai population.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) play a key role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. We aimed to investigate the effects of PCSK9 (R46L, I474V, and E670G) and APOE polymorphisms on lipid levels in a Southern Thai population. A total of 495 participants (307 urban, 188 rural) were recruited for the study. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were evaluated. PCSK9 and APOE polymorphisms were analyzed using PCR-RFLP. The 46L urban male carriers had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting blood sugar compared with non-carriers. In contrast, the 46L urban female carriers had significantly lower total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C levels compared with non-carriers. The 474V rural female carriers had significantly lower HDL-C levels than non-carriers. The 670G urban female carriers showed significantly higher TC and LDL-C levels compared with non-carriers. APOE4 carriers had increased TC and LDL-C levels relative to APOE3 carriers in the urban males. APOE2 carriers had decreased TC and/or LDL-C levels compared with APOE3 carriers in urban males and females. A significant trend of increased TC and LDL-C levels was observed in non-APOE4-PCSK9 670EE carriers to APOE4-PCSK9 670EG carriers in urban subjects. In summary, R46L, I474V, and E670G may be genetic risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in urban males, rural females, and urban females, respectively. In contrast, R46L had a favorable lipid profiles that may protect against CVD in urban females. The combination of PCSK9 E670G and APOE polymorphisms may represent an independent factor for the determination of lipid levels.

Communication About Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Rural and Urban Native American Youth

This study explored an underserved population, Native American youth, regarding health communication about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS. Determining communication patterns of these youth, who markedly differ from the general population on access to health facilities and information, will inform public policy about lessening Native youth STI and HIV/AIDs morbidity, potentially leading to a reduction in health and human costs associated with these illnesses. Using information channel complementarity theory, this study examined sexual health information use by rural and urban Native American youth. Semistructured interviews in a community-participatory based research approach (CPBR) facilitated understanding these youth in their cultural contexts. Findings showed they preferred pamphlets as their sexual health information source. They trusted interpersonal more than mediated sources, yet noted a lack of confidentiality from health officials. Although knowledgeable about types of STIs and HIV/AIDS, participants did not demonstrate knowledge about symptoms and treatments and exhibited a false awareness of self-knowledge. They showed a strong sense of community, interested in helping younger people in health prevention. They engaged in sexual behaviors, frequently along with alcohol and drugs. Rural females associated alcohol with sex and violence more than rural males, although this was not found among urban females or males.

Abstract P276: Gender Associated With Youth Physical Activity Independent of Neighborhood Safety Factors

Introduction: Low levels of physical activity in youth remains a significant public health problem, particularly among urban youth where less than 30% achieve the recommended 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity per day. Elucidating the determinants of urban youth physical activity levels is important for informing programming efforts. Ecological models of health behavior recognize the role that environmental features play in activity levels. To date, the role of neighborhood safety on urban youth activity levels has yet to be fully considered. Hypothesis: Neighborhood safety is expected to be associated with physical activity levels, independent of known determinants of youth activity levels including gender, race, age, current alcohol and tobacco use, overweight status and poor mental health. METHODS: Cross-sectional data collected by the Centers for Disease Control funded Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were used for his analysis. Participants were 9th-12th grade high school students enrolled in the Philadelphia school district. Bivariate logistical regression accounting for the YRBS sampling procedures was used to examine the association between perceived neighborhood safety and physical activity levels. Perceived neighborhood safety was defined as feeling safe walking in the neighborhood during the day and at night. Being physically active was defined as achieving at least 60 minutes of activity on 5 of more days of the week. RESULTS: The weighted sample (N=35,005) were mostly Black (57.5%), 50% were male and 66% were 16 years and older. Neighborhood safety was significantly associated with activity levels: 42% of youth who perceived their neighborhood as safe were active as compared to 32% who reported their neighborhood as unsafe (χ 2 = 1.48, p<.05). However, in a fully controlled regression model, gender remained as the only significant correlate of activity. Specifically, males reported a 2-fold greater odds of being active than females (OR=2.06, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that independent of neighborhood safety and other risk behaviors for inactivity, gender emerges as the only significant correlate of physical activity. Gender specific programming to improve physical activity in urban adolescent females is urgently needed.

Population-based incidence and cost of non-fatal injuries in Iran: a consistent under-recognized public health concern

ObjectivesTo investigate the incidence and determinants of non-fatal injuries, and the cost imposed on victims in an Iranian population aged 15–64 years. DesignCross-sectional household survey. MethodsThree-stage probability sampling was conducted for selection of a representative sample of Iranians. Data on the demographics, history and cost of injury were obtained from face-to-face interviews and telephone calls. ResultsIn total, 7886 subjects were included in this study. The annual incidence rate of all injuries was 905 (95% confidence interval 853–957) per 1000 population (approximately nine injuries per ten Iranians). The mean (±standard error) incidence rates of first aid injuries (FAIs; medical care not required) and medical-attended injuries (MAIs; medical treatment sought) were 737 ± 24 and 168 ± 12 per 1000 population, respectively. Young, urban females were at highest risk for FAIs, and single males were at highest risk for MAIs. The most common injury description was as follows: non-paid work (activity), home (place), inanimate mechanical force (mechanism), upper limb (site of injury) and open wound (type of injury). For MAIs, the most common place of treatment was hospital. Traffic-related injuries had the highest total cost and the lowest out-of-pocket cost. Total and out-of-pocket costs of non-fatal injuries in Iran in 2011 have been estimated to be US$6,111,138,000 and US$1,480,411,000, respectively. ConclusionNon-fatal injuries are an under-recognized public health problem. Cost-control policies are essential to reduce the out-of-pocket cost of injuries.

Teacher and Friend Social Support: Association with Body Weight in African-American Adolescent Females.

The purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect ecological influences of teacher and friend social support on body weight and diet behaviors in African-American adolescent females. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional research design, a convenience sample of 182 urban African-American adolescent females (12-17 years old) completed a 39-item questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed perceived teacher social support, friend social support, nutrition self-efficacy, and diet behaviors (with internal reliability values of scale items: alpha = 0.74, 0.81, 0.77, and 0.69 respectively). Anthropometric assessments were conducted to measure height and weight to compute BMI. Majority of the participants were in middle or early high school (65 %) and were overweight or obese (57.7 %). Both teacher social support and friend social support demonstrated a positive, indirect influence on child weight status through nutrition self-efficacy and diet behaviors following two different and specific paths of influence. Diet behaviors, in turn, demonstrated a positive, direct effect on child weight status. In the structural model, teacher social support had the greatest effect on diet behaviors, demonstrating a direct, positive influence on diet behaviors (B = 0.421, p < 0.05), but its direct effect on nutrition self-efficacy was not significant. Friend social support demonstrated a positive, direct effect on nutrition self-efficacy (B = 0.227, p < 0.05), but its direct effect on diet behaviors was not statistically significant. The study's findings call for actively addressing the childhood obesity epidemic in the school environment by implementing health behavior change strategies at various social and ecological environmental levels.

Secular trends in average height and age at menarche of ethnic Russians and Komi-Permyaks of the Permsky Krai, Russia.

The aim was to describe the changes in body size and age at menarche in anthropologically distinct ethnic groups - Komi-Permyaks (KP) and Russians (RU) - of Permsky Krai that occurred in the last century, with a special concern to the urban-rural differences. The comparison of the 1861 - 1865 and 1990 birth cohorts (BiCo) revealed following results. In RU rural males the increase in stature (ST) was 10.8 cm (p < 0.001). The chest circumference has increased by 5.9 cm, but it is unsubstantial 0.25 % when measured in relative to ST values. In RU urban males the overall increase in ST was 10.8 cm (p < 0.001), chest circumference increased by 10.5 cm. The peak increase in ST (+1.36 cm per decade) was attained between the 1964 and the 1990 BiCo. The data on body dimensions of RU females available only from the 1960s to 1990. The ST of rural females has not changed, but the absolute and the relative (to ST) values of pelvic width of the 1980 - 1989 BiCo are significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in the 1966 - 1975 and 1965 BiCo. The RU urban females of the 1985 BiCo are 3.6 cm taller than 1964 BiCo (p < 0.001), but over the next 5 years the ST decreased by 2 cm (p = 0.06). The relative pelvic width has decreased from 17.57 % (BiCo 1965 - 1969) to 17.18 % (BiCo 1980 - 1989; p < 0.05). Menarcheal age of Perm females declined from 14.5 yrs in the 1930 - 1939 BiCo to 13.3 yrs in 1950 - 1965 BiCo, then ceased to change. The changes across generations in rural KP were weak. The rural males born in 1885 were 2.1 cm taller than BiCo 1861 - 1865. From the 1925 to 1975 BiCo the average ST increased by 6.2 cm (1.24 cm/decade). KP rural females became 6.4 cm taller from the 1885 to 1985 BiCo. Pelvic width in the 1985 BiCo (27.4 cm) is significantly bigger (p < 0.05) than in the 1975 BiCo (26.9 cm). The changes in ST of urban KP females were more obvious than in rural groups. The 1985 BiCo of urban KP females (ST 161.8 cm) are taller than those born in 1965 (159.4 cm; p < 0.05), but their pelvic width does not differ. In urban and rural KP females age at menarche is earlier in the 1976 - 1985 than in the 1966 - 1975 BiCo (p < 0.01). In all the KP cohorts, urban females have earlier menarche than rural (p < 0.05).

Investigation of Pathways to Delinquency: Exploring Associations between Familial Background, Traumatic Victimization and Violent Behavior among Urban Female Adolescents

Investigation of Pathways to Delinquency: Exploring Associations between Familial Background, Traumatic Victimization and Violent Behavior among Urban Female Adolescents Dr. Zina T. McGee, Raine K. Cunningham, Ayana K. Churn, La Shawndra Hooks, Shaqwanda W. Everett, Nicollette Strickland, Tamara Dobson-Brown, MyKeya Foreman Abstract This paper discusses parental background and traumatic victimization as risk factors for violent delinquency among a sample of 208 urban adolescent females. Focus group and in-depth interviews conducted on a subsample of 20 participants are also presented, and emphasis is placed on the factors that place these female juveniles at a greater risk of engaging in delinquent behavior. Suggestions for future research are also addressed. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijgws.v3n1a2

The Factors Affecting Couples’ Age Difference between Two Generations of 1976 and 1986 in City of Kamyaran

Couples’ age difference affects fertilizing, family planning, being satisfied with matrimony, divorce and being widow (or widower). The age difference respecting getting prepared biologically between males and females can itself cause couples’age difference. The main aim of the present study is the factors affecting couples’ age difference in city of Kamyaran and contrastive comparison between two generations born in years of 1976 and 1986. The population includes 58047 of married people born in years of 1976 and 1986 (in that 26057 of which belong to the generation of 1986 and 32000 belong to the generation of 1976) in city of Kamyaran who 381 of the sampling amount were estimated based on Chochran formula in that to ignore the amount of errors, the sampling size is regarded as 400 people. The sampling method was multi-cluster one and the questionnaire was used to collect the information and they were distributed among respondents after getting approved respecting both validity and reliability. After collecting the questionnaires and reviewing them, a code was assigned for any of the questionnaires and answers and then the data were transferred into the SPSS software and the matrix of the variables got formed. To analyze the data suitable for their assessment at descriptive level, the descriptive statistics of Average, Standard Deviation (SD), Mean and tables were used and at the explanatory analysis level, Pearson Correlation, T-test, multivariable statistical techniques and graphs were also used. According to the gained results, the age difference for rural and urban males were 5.22 and 5.23 years, respectively and they were 4.26 and 3.13 for rural and urban females, respectively that age difference was more in rural females than their urban counterparts. The marriage ages for rural and urban boys are 25.28 and 25.36 years, respectively. The marriage ages for rural and urban girls are 22.4 and 22.94, respectively. The sociocultural factors, economic factors, the marriage age, masculinity and education have a meaningful relation with dependent variable.