Urban Facilities Research Articles

Efficiency of TB service provision in the public and private health sectors in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: The Ethiopian Government has identified efficiency of TB services as a key priority in planning and budgeting. Understanding the magnitude and sources of inefficiencies is key to ensuring value for money and improved service provision, and a requirement from donors to justify resource needs. This study identifies the cost of providing a wide range of TB services in public and private facilities in Ethiopia.METHODS: Financial and economic unit costs were estimated from a health provider´s perspective, and collected retrospectively in 26 health facilities using both top-down (TD) and bottom-up (BU) costing approaches for each TB service output. Capacity inefficiency was assessed by investigating the variation between TD and BU unit costs where the factor was 2.0 or more.RESULTS: Overall, TD unit costs were two times higher than BU unit costs. There was some variation across facility ownership and level of care. Unit costs in urban facilities were on average 3.8 times higher than in rural facilities.CONCLUSION: We identified some substantial inefficiencies in staff, consumable and capital inputs. Addressing these inefficiencies and rearranging the TB service delivery modality would be important in ensuring the achievement of the country´s End TB strategy.

Geographic and social economic disparities in the risk of exposure to ambient air respiratory toxicants at Oklahoma licensed early care and education facilities

BackgroundEarly life exposures to hazardous air pollutants has been associated with adverse asthma-related outcomes. Neighborhood-level social and economic factors play an essential role in the distribution of hazardous air pollutants and children spend a substantial amount of time at early care and education (ECE) facilities. While the indoor air quality of these facilities has been described, particularly for criteria air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds and particulate matter, little is known about the ambient air quality of ECE facilities. ObjectivesWe conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the ambient air quality of Oklahoma licensed ECE facilities and to explore associations between ambient air quality and select geographic predictors. MethodsWe estimated ambient air quality using the total respiratory hazard quotient from the National Air Toxics Assessment according to the geographical location of licensed Oklahoma ECE facilities (N = 3184). We then determined whether urban and rural ECE facilities' air respiratory toxicant exposure risk differed by ECE facilities’ neighborhood-level social and economic inequities including: 1) racial-ethnic minority community, 2) neighborhood socioeconomic status, and 3) residential segregation. ResultsUrban ECE facilities in Hispanic segregated counties were five times more likely to be at risk of high air respiratory exposure, adjusted for integrated urban counties (p < 0.0001, 95% CI [3.824, 7.699]). Rural ECE facilities in African American segregated counties were nine times more likely to be at risk of high air respiratory toxicant exposure, adjusted for integrated rural counties (p < 0.0001, 95% CI [5.641, 15.928]). ConclusionWe found geographically and socially disparate patterns of higher exposures to ambient air respiratory toxicants at Oklahoma ECE facilities. Safer siting policies and interventions are needed to mitigate air respiratory toxicant exposures, which may help to reduce asthma control disparities and improve respiratory health outcomes in Oklahoma ECE facilities.

진주시 버스 이용객 통행에 따른 도시계획시설 서비스 권역 분석

This study aims to investigate the gap in accessibility to urban planning facilities between living spheres in local small and medium-sized cities. In this study, OD data between administrative dongs of public transportation users was constructed to analyze the living shpere, and community analysis was conducted based on cohesion between data. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that a total of 10 clusters (mid-living areas) were formed, and the topographical difference between the 11 middle living areas established in the existing Jinju City Basic Plan and the single living areas were actively exchanged to form a community with other administrative dongs. Next, the analysis of the service area of urban planning facilities for mid-living areas was conducted based on the road network. As a result of analyzing the area accessible within 5, 10, and 15 minutes, educational facilities, public facilities, cultural facilities, tourism, and green facilities could be reached within 15 minutes in most mid-living areas. On the other hand, there were many areas where access to transportation facilities, medical facilities, and cultural facilities was difficult within 15 minutes. In particular, the accessibility of the outer living area and the central living area were different. To improve the quality of life of citizens, using urban planning facilities in Jinju-si and establishing related plans in urban basic plans, it is necessary to conduct a study on service areas through network analysis.

공공기여 개념 정립에 관한 고찰

In accordance with the revision of the National Territory Planning Act in 2021, Article 52-2 “Expenses for Installation of Public Facilities” was newly established, which is evaluated as providing a legal basis for public contribution. However, in the past, it was mainly understood as free transfer, contributed acceptance or the goal of contributed acceptance or the recovery of development profits by providing development benefits to the public itself has been recognized as a public contribution, As a result of comparing it with existing systems that have been used as a means of securing publicity, It is judged that the obligation to install public facilities, etc. under Article 52-2 does not include all existing concepts of public contribution. This clause includes development gains and planned gains on land value increases due to changes in district unit plans and in that it is implemented in the form of contributed acceptance, so It may be evaluated as including all the conventional concepts of public contribution. But since it was revised for the purpose of resolving long-term unexecuted urban planning facilities and supplying public rental housing, it is desirable to understand that existing means of securing publicity have been added. Therefore, through the systems used as a means of realizing public contribution, this study suggested the need to expand the concept of public contribution by pointing out the ambiguous concept of public contribution, which is the ultimate purpose of the system in the process of securing publicity, and limitations in the realization of public contribution due to this. However, as the concept of public contribution expands, various means may be repeatedly and indiscriminately overused in the name of securing publicity, so a basic legal basis covering the concept of public contribution in a broad sense should be prepared, and establishing a long-term plan for organic operation and procedures should be considered.

공공기여 개념 정립에 관한 고찰

In accordance with the revision of the National Territory Planning Act in 2021, Article 52-2 “Expenses for Installation of Public Facilities” was newly established, which is evaluated as providing a legal basis for public contribution. However, in the past, it was mainly understood as free transfer, contributed acceptance or the goal of contributed acceptance or the recovery of development profits by providing development benefits to the public itself has been recognized as a public contribution, As a result of comparing it with existing systems that have been used as a means of securing publicity, It is judged that the obligation to install public facilities, etc. under Article 52-2 does not include all existing concepts of public contribution. This clause includes development gains and planned gains on land value increases due to changes in district unit plans and in that it is implemented in the form of contributed acceptance, so It may be evaluated as including all the conventional concepts of public contribution. But since it was revised for the purpose of resolving long-term unexecuted urban planning facilities and supplying public rental housing, it is desirable to understand that existing means of securing publicity have been added. Therefore, through the systems used as a means of realizing public contribution, this study suggested the need to expand the concept of public contribution by pointing out the ambiguous concept of public contribution, which is the ultimate purpose of the system in the process of securing publicity, and limitations in the realization of public contribution due to this. However, as the concept of public contribution expands, various means may be repeatedly and indiscriminately overused in the name of securing publicity, so a basic legal basis covering the concept of public contribution in a broad sense should be prepared, and establishing a long-term plan for organic operation and procedures should be considered.

The availability of essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases at healthcare facilities in low- and middle-income countries: The case of Bangladesh.

Long-term, often lifelong care for cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients requires consistent use of medicine; hence, the availability of essential medicine for CVD (EM-CVD) is vital for treatment, quality of life, and survival. We aimed to assess the availability of EM-CVD and explore healthcare facility (HCF) characteristics associated with the availability of those medicines in Bangladesh. This study utilized publicly available cross-sectional data from the 2014 and 2017 waves of the Bangladesh Health Facilities Survey (BHFS). The analysis included 204 facilities (84 from the 2014 BHFS and 120 from the 2017 BHFS) that provide CVD diagnosis and treatment services. The outcome variable "EM-CVD availability" was calculated as a counting score of the following tracer medicines: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (enalapril), thiazide, beta-blockers (atenolol), calcium channel blockers (amlodipine and nifedipine), aspirin, and simvastatin/atorvastatin. A multivariable Poisson regression model was used to identify the HCF characteristics associated with EM-CVD availability. The number of Bangladeshi HCFs that provide CVD screening and treatment services increased just a little between 2014 and 2017 (from 5.4% to 7.9%). Since 2014, there has been an increase in the availability of calcium channel blockers (from 37.5% to 38.5%), aspirin (from 25.3% to 27.9%), and simvastatin/atorvastatin (from 8.0% to 30.7%), whereas there has been a decrease in the availability of ACE inhibitors (enalapril) (from 12.5% to 6.5%), thiazide (from 15.7% to 11.1%), and beta-blockers (from 42.5% to 32.5%). The likelihood of EM-CVD being available was higher among private and urban facilities than among public and rural facilities. Furthermore, facilities that had 24-hour staff coverage and performed quality assurance activities had a higher chance of having EM-CVD available than those that did not have 24-hour staff coverage and did not undertake quality assurance activities. Government authorities should think about a wide range of policy implications, such as putting more emphasis on public and rural facilities, making sure staff is available 24 hours a day, and performing quality assurance activities at facilities to make EM-CVD more available.

Developing DPSIR Framework for Managing Climate Change in Urban Areas: A Case Study in Jakarta, Indonesia

From an environmentally conscious and ecological perspective, the sustainability of cities within the effects of climate change are closely related to the wise use of resources and modifications in the ecological status of the environment. In terms of the ecological environment, the sustainability of smart cities entails meeting present and future societal demands for the environment of the water, land, and air, among others. Environmental and the ecological concerns that arise from rapid climate change and monetary developments are shown in the inconsistency between ecological assets, environmental pollution, and the destruction of nature. In this study, the authors aim to develop a strategy to deal with climate change in urban areas using Remote Sensing and the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Framework with a case study in Jakarta Smart City. The DPSIR framework, which will be developed and implemented in the city of Jakarta, is a smarter and more sustainable framework that is evaluated through a systematic evaluation of sustainability with quantitative research using the entropy weight method and Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). These methods evaluate 58 representative elements of environments at the urban level, including the shortcomings of earlier research such as data availability, spatial and temporal constraints, and several related ecological indicators, such as soil pH, wind speed, air quality index as well as land changes in the spatial (spatiotemporal) time series. The results of the study show that in the metropolitan city of Jakarta, the Drivers that are related to climate change are the rate of population growth and the rate of industrial growth which, although increases people’s income and GRDP in Jakarta; it also creates Pressures, namely an increase in the amount of water consumption and in the amount of wastewater. Based on these pressures, the environmental conditions (State) of Jakarta city have undergone several environmental changes, such as loss of water supply, changes in wind speed, changes in rainfall, and increasing concentrations of the Air Pollutant Standard Index. The Impact of these three elements resulted in the increase in household and industrial water consumption, an increase in annual electricity consumption, and deteriorating air quality. Hence, the Response to these four interrelated causal variables is that the Jakarta Provincial Government must increase annual funds for the construction of urban community facilities, increase the production capacity of clean water supply, build environment-friendly wastewater treatment facilities, increase the capacity of waste processing infrastructure and transportation fleets, and educate people to use water wisely to reduce the level of water use.

Do hospital and rail accessibility have a consistent influence on housing prices? Empirical evidence from China

This study investigates the interaction between the accessibility of various urban public facilities and the price of urban space by analysing the influence of urban hospitals and rail accessibility on housing prices. In recent years, with the development of social civilisation and the influence of COVID-19, people have become increasingly interested in the quality of hospitals in their living environment. This makes medical convenience (hospital accessibility) a crucial element in determining housing prices. At the same time, people regard rail as one of the important means to access hospitals. Therefore, demonstrating the intrinsic value of accessibility to hospitals and rail in residential areas is essential. As a point of reference, this paper presents an empirical analysis of Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, a city in a developing nation with relatively widespread access to hospitals during a significant rail construction period. The study demonstrates the interaction between hospital and rail accessibility and their moderate influence on housing prices, which is geographically heterogeneous. The study also determines the optimal metric model for assessing geographical interaction based on the significance and stability of the interaction in geographic space. It concludes with a discussion of the findings and social recommendations.

Interday Stability of Taxi Travel Flow in Urban Areas

Taxi travel flow patterns and their interday stability play an important role in the planning of urban transportation and public service facilities. Existing studies pay little attention to the stability of the travel flow patterns between days, and it is difficult to consider the impact of dynamic changes in daily travel demand analysis when supporting related decision making. Taxi trajectory data have been widely used in urban taxi travel-pattern analysis. This paper uses the taxi datasets of Shenzhen and New York to analyze and compare the interday stability of the taxi travel spatial structure and the flow volume based on the improved Levenshtein algorithm and geographic flow theory. The results show that (1) interday differences in taxi travel flow are obvious in both spatial structure and flow volume, high-frequency origin–destination (OD) trips are relatively stable; (2) the ODs between the central urban area and surrounding areas exhibit high traffic volume and high interday stability, and the ODs starting or ending at an airport exhibit high traffic stability; (3) one week’s data can describe 86% of the overall travel structure and 84% of travel flow in Shenzhen, and one week’s New York data can describe 73% of travel structure and 76% of travel flow. There are differences in the travel patterns of people in different cities, and the representativeness of datasets in different cities will be different. These findings can help to better understand the outcomes of taxi travel patterns derived from a relatively short period of data to avoid potential misuse in related decision making.

Evaluation of a statewide collaborative focused on antibiotic usage surveillance and stewardship in New York State Hospitals

To prepare NYS hospitals for reporting in The National Health Care Safety Network's Antimicrobial Use and Resistance (AUR) Module, the Health care Association of New York State (HANYS) launched a voluntary Antibiotic Stewardship Collaborative (ASC) in late 2015 with 2 aims (1) assist hospitals in developing the infrastructure necessary to track and report antibiotic usage; (2) educate hospitals on antibiotic stewardship. This study evaluates the characteristics of hospitals opting to participate in the ASC and their experiences in the program, as well as the effects of one year of participation (2016) on hospital-acquired C. difficile infection (HA-CDI) rates. Difference in means testing of clinical and non-clinical characteristics were performed to understand the "type" of hospital joining the ASC; semi-structured interviews were conducted to understand reasons for opting in or out of the ASC and experiences in the program; and a multivariate regression analysis with a difference-in-differences approach was used to assess the impact on HA-CDI rates. Hospitals with a greater number of annual discharges (P < .001) located in urban areas (P=.03) were more likely to join the ASC. All participants in the ASC (N=44/184) successfully implemented the necessary infrastructure to track and report antibiotic usage data, despite this being the most cited challenge and main reason hospitals opted not to participate. While HA-CDI rates decreased to a greater extent for participating hospitals (β=-0.153), this was not statistically significant (P=.191). HANYS' ASC proved an effective and well-received strategy for encouraging hospitals, particularly large, urban facilities, to take concrete steps to strengthen their antibiotic stewardship efforts and prepare for potential mandates requiring antibiotic usage tracking and reporting. However, a reduction in HA-CDI resulting from these efforts remains to be seen.

How do urban services facilities affect social segregation among people of different economic levels? A case study of Shenzhen city

Social segregation hinders the development of cities and has become a hot topic in urban research. Existing studies have focused on the difference in the distribution of crowd activities to measure segregation but have ignored the impact of the urban environment on crowd gathering and segregation. To study the impact and understand social segregation more comprehensively, we coupled mobile phone datasets and housing price data to divide city dwellers into three socioeconomic levels. Considering that spatial colocation is a necessary condition for interaction among various social groups, spatial colocation probability was proposed to quantitatively describe the degree of social segregation at the community scale. Point-of-interest (POI) data were introduced to represent the urban service facilities. The effect of urban service facilities on the segregation of different groups was analyzed by using geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results indicate three points, as follows. (1) Significant social segregation in Shenzhen mostly occurs in suburban and downtown areas, and the interaction segregation of people mainly occurs between people with high and low socioeconomic levels. (2) More economically inclusive and necessary service facilities (e.g., medical and insurance companies) can promote crowd interaction and ease the segregation of social activities. (3) The impact of service facilities on the interaction of various social groups is related to the development of the area where the activities occur, and the most significant impact is in high-tech industrial zones. This study quantitatively calculated the impacts of different service facilities on different groups of people in different communities and times. From the results, detailed and reasonable suggestions were made for city planners.

Analysis of Using Google Maps Data to Measure the Presence or Accessibility of Urban Facilities for BPS - Statistics Indonesia Classification of Urban and Rural Villages

The BPS - Statistics Indonesia classifies villages into urban villages and rural villages to organize statistics. The classification of village areas into urban or rural status is intended to form a stratum used in survey sampling techniques. With this status, it is hoped that the sample taken can represent the entire population well. The BPS - Statistics Indonesia establishes criteria for classifying a village into an urban village. The 2020 urban village criteria use three indicators as its measure, namely: population density per km2, percentage of agricultural families, and the presence or access of urban facilities. In general, the data used in calculating the classification of urban and rural villages in 2020 uses data from the 2019 Village Potential (Podes) survey. This study utilizes data on urban facilities such as schools, markets, shops, and hospitals on the google maps website to calculate the score of indicators of the existence or access of urban facilities. This study used a web scraping method to obtain data on these urban facilities from the google maps website. This study selected eight villages in the Lubuk Sikaping District, Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra Province, as a case study. The results showed that four villages with great potential were classified into urban villages, and three villages with great potential were classified into rural villages.

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Construction of Old-age Facilities in Urban Institutions in Gusu District, Suzhou City

The increasingly severe aging trend challenges the old-age service system in China. As a component of the social old-age facilities, the urban institutions of old-age facilities play an indispensable role in the rational allocation of social old-age resources. Therefore, it is particularly important to establish a comprehensive and systematic evaluation index system of urban institutional pension facilities and comprehensively evaluate the construction effect. In this study, planning, space layout equivalence index reached degrees, stakeholder satisfaction as evaluation criterion, determining city institutions endowment facilities construction effectiveness evaluation framework and index system, secondly in Suzhou gusu area, for example on empirical research and put forward the corresponding strategies, so as to our country endowment services offer reference for development of high quality.

Supply-Demand Evaluation of Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) Based on the Model of Coupling Coordination.

The rational spatial allocation of Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI), which is an alternative land development approach for managing stormwater close to the source, exerts a crucial effect on coordinating urban development and hydrological sustainability. The balance between the supply and demand of urban facilities has been an influential standard for determining the rationality of this allocation. However, at this stage, research on evaluating planning from the perspective of supply-demand in GSI is still limited. This study proposed an evaluation method for assessing supply-demand levels in GSIs in Guangzhou, China, using the coupling coordination model consisting of Coupling Degree (CD) and Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD). Furthermore, the spatial distributions of supply-demand balance and resource mismatch were identified. The results indicated that the supply and demand levels of GSI exhibited significant spatial differences in distribution, with most streets being in short supply. The GSI exhibited a high CD value of 0.575 and a poor CCD value of 0.328, implying a significant imbalance in facility allocation. A lot of newly planned facilities failed to effectively cover the streets in need of improvement, so it became essential to adjust the planning scheme. The findings of this study can facilitate the decision-makers in assessing the supply-demand levels in GSI and provide a reference of facility allocation for the sustainable construction of Sponge City.

Abstract 11465: Impact of a QTc Risk Score Advisory on Mortality in Intensive Care Units

Introduction: Prolongation of the heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) is associated with increased mortality. We hypothesized that incorporation of a QTc prolongation risk score (QTc-RS) into a clinical decision support (CDS) advisory may reduce mortality in patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a QTc-RS risk score CDS on inpatient mortality in ICUs within hospitals in a wide geographical area. Methods: A QTc-RS CDS advisory incorporating a validated risk score using patient information available in the electronic health record was implemented throughout urban and rural facilities in the Banner Health system. Risk factors were assigned points as follows: female (1 point), age &gt; 67 years (1), administration of a loop diuretic (1), diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (2), serum K + ≤ 3.5 mEq/L (2), sepsis (3), diagnosis of heart failure (3), one medication with a known risk of torsades de pointes (TdP) (3), two or more medications with known risk of TdP (3), and a Fridericia-corrected QTc &gt; 500 ms (4). The QTc-RS was automatically calculated in the background each time an order for medication with a known risk of TdP was initiated. The pre-implementation period consisted of hospitalized patients from January 1, 2020 to March 31, 2020, with QTc-RS ≥12. However, clinicians did not receive a QTc-RS CDS advisory when placing an order for a medication with a known risk of TdP for these patients. The post-implementation period was from April 1, 2020 to December 13, 2020 and included patients where clinicians received an advisory when placing an order for a medication with a known risk of TdP and the QTc-RS ≥12. Logistic regression was conducted to assess the impact of implementing the QTc-RS advisory on inpatient mortality. Results: We evaluated 620 unique hospitalized patients during the pre-implementation period and 3,112 hospitalized patients post-implementation of the CDS. Mortality was lower in the post-implementation cohort compared to that in the pre-implementation cohort (odds ratio =0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.49-0.76). Increasing QTc-RS was associated with increasing mortality [(OR=1.08 (1.02-1.14)]. Conclusion: Implementation of a QTc-RS CDS advisory was associated with lower mortality.

Scale Effects of Landscape Pattern on Water Quality in Dongjiang River Source Watershed

Based on water quality monitoring data and land use data, Dongjiang River source watershed water quality variation characteristics from 2017 to 2019 and the relationships between the landscape pattern of the Dongjiang River source watershed and water quality were analyzed using spatial analysis, correlation analysis, and redundancy analysis. The results showed that:① the water quality of the Dongjiang River source watershed improved overall, but the total nitrogen pollution was still severe. As of 2019, the annual average concentration of total nitrogen in all sampling points exceeded the type Ⅲ water quality standard. ② At the landscape level, water quality was positively correlated with landscape shape index, number of patches, and Shannon's diversity index but negatively correlated with largest patch index and aggregation index. Considering the land use type, construction land was the primary source of total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Landscape shape index and number of forest patches were positively correlated with NH4+-N. The number of forest patches was positively correlated with total phosphorus. However, the largest patch index and aggregation index of the forest were negatively correlated with total phosphorus. The number of patches of grassland was positively correlated with total phosphorus. The aggregation index of grassland was negatively correlated with total phosphorus. ③ It is suggested that management departments should focus on the optimization of the landscape pattern within the 2000 m buffer zone of monitoring points. The reasonable allocation of urban sewage-centralized treatment facilities, strengthening management of abandoned mining areas, improvement of intensive treatment of cultivated land, and construction of shelterbelt in areas where cultivated land is concentrated are beneficial for the water quality of Dongjiang River source watershed.

Four years trends of malaria admissions in rural and urban Kandi health facilities in northeast of Benin Republic

Malaria clinical data from health facility records are used for evaluating control programmes’ impact and providing insights of epidemiological situation. In the present study we assessed trend of malaria admissions between 2009 and 2012 in rural and urban health facilities of the district of Kandi, a very arid area with particularly severe drought lasting up to 6 months.Curative care records in the Gansosso urban health facility and Sonsoro rural health facility were consulted and all uncomplicated and severe cases of malaria in local population between 2009 and 2012 were reported. For each malaria case, information on age, gender, origin of the patient were collected on electronic forms using tablets installed with Open Data Kit (ODK) Collect. Characteristics of patients positive to malaria, change in age groups and monthly variation were compared between the urban and rural health facilities.Of the 21,008 febrile patients consulted, a total of 7,990 cases (38%; 95% CI 37-39) were detected positive to malaria by the means of RDTs or microscopy. The number of confirmed malaria cases in rural and urban Kandi were respectively 2,911 (36%, 95% CI 35-37) and 5,079 (39%, 95% CI 38-40) (p

Get smart: the importance of urban facilities management to smart neighbourhoods and their citizens in a project’s early stages

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how citizen participation as part of Urban Facility Management both as a consideration and practical application can contribute to the positive development of human-centred Smart Neighbourhoods. Through a combination of desk research and data from an ongoing research project in Norway, this paper will use literature to provide a theoretical link between these concepts whilst also showing how this link can be demonstrated in real work projects in the Norwegian Municipality of Lier. The findings illustrate that Facilities Management-focused urban planning processes allow for citizen-optimized communities, well planned and easy-to-implement maintenance strategies that ensure the long-term viability of Smart and Sustainable Cities. The results of this paper can be important for the development of Urban FM as a field, the reorientation of FM as not just a building level concept, but community level and has applicability to the fields of FM, architecture, urban planning, and Smart Cities.

Urban configuration of Thamrin City buildings in Jakarta

An increase in population is one of the common trends in urban areas. An increase in population will affect the development of the city due to the increasing need for urban facilities and infrastructure. The number of activities and developments produced by the city also produces a large amount of energy. Part of this considerable energy is lost in the form of accumulated heat due to being trapped by urban structures. The energy lost in the form of heat accumulates as the emission level which produces heat in the form of CO2 and heat absorption in the urban materials. The Thamrin City area is one of the important trades and service areas in Jakarta which has a high level of activities. The purpose of this study is to see the urban configuration in the Thamrin City. This study uses quantitative methodology. The result is identification of several components, namely urban heat island, urban canyon, and urban energy balance in Thamrin City which affect the increase of heat temperature in urban areas and induce climate change.

Assessing the Spatial Accessibility of Urban Medical Facilities in Multi-Level and Multi-Period Scales Based on Web Mapping API and an Improved Potential Model

Urban medical facilities are an irreplaceable foundation for ensuring higher levels of public health and medical equity. Hospital accessibility has an extremely important impact on the allocation efficiency and fairness of medical facilities. Although critical, previous studies on accessibility have often overlooked the layout of medical facilities at different levels and the accurate measures of travel time to hospitals, which are both the most critical and fundamental indicators when assessing hospital accessibility. To avoid these pitfalls, this study considers the Shijingshan District, Beijing, China, as an empirical case and proposes an improved potential model based on Web Mapping API (Application Programming Interface) to assess the hospital accessibility of hospitals at different levels during different time periods. Results show that there are significant spatial and temporal differences in hospital accessibility in Shijingshan District, and traffic congestion and the layout of medical facilities are the two most important factors affecting hospital accessibility. This study further improves the hospital accessibility assessment method, with the findings provide a spatial decision support system for urban planners and policymakers regarding optimizing the spatial structure and layout of transportation systems and medical facilities.