Dense Urban Development Research Articles

METHODS OF FORMING OPEN RECREATIONAL SPACES IN CHILDREN'S HOSPITALS (A CASE STUDY OF THE KHARKIV CITY)

The article examines the features of the formation of open recreational spaces (ORS) for children's hospitals (CHs) in Kharkiv. Based on the analysis of regulatory documents, it was found that in Ukraine CHs are divided into multi-profile and single-profile, as well as specialized institutions. Multi-profile institutions provide a wide range of medical services for children with various diseases, for example, regional and city children's hospitals, while singleprofile institutions focus on the treatment of specific diseases, such as infectious or oncological. Specialized centers (rehabilitation, cardiology, etc.) are also distinguished that require special areas for rest and rehabilitation. The analysis of CHs in Kharkiv showed that most institutions have imperfectly organized territories, often unsuitable for full-fledged use. Many hospitals are parts of medical complexes or are located in dense urban development, which limits the space for ORS. The main shortcomings are insufficient landscaping, lack of necessary areas for children with various types of diseases, lack of special areas for rehabilitation and limited access for children with disabilities. Based on the analysis of the typology and needs of different hospitals, general recommendations for the Kharkov CHs were developed. For multi-profile hospitals, it is recommended to create multifunctional areas that will allow for physical rehabilitation, educational activities and relaxation, etc. (multimodal spaces, safe play, sports, recreational, etc.) For single-profile hospitals, it is worth providing highly specialized areas that will meet specific needs: sensory spaces for ophthalmology and otolaryngology hospitals, sports grounds with adaptive equipment for physiotherapy and traumatology hospitals. Thus, the article justifies the need to create ORSs in CHs that take into account the needs of different categories of patients. The proposed solutions are aimed at reducing stress, stimulating physical activity, and ensuring psychoemotional comfort, which ultimately contributes to the accelerated recovery of children and the improvement of working conditions for medical personnel.

EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF MOUNTED CRUSHING BUCKETS

Reducing energy consumption has become one of the main directions of research in the field of machines for the production of building materials. Solving the problem related to the determination of energy costs is a difficult task, since these costs depend on many factors that change during the operation of the machine and are difficult to accurately describe. The development of energy-efficient crushing machines is one of the areas of improvement of construction materials production technologies. In connection with the needs of reworking old buildings in the conditions of dense urban development, mounted working bodies are becoming widespread. One of such attached working bodies is a crushing bucket. On the basis of the analysis of the latest researches, the prospects of hinged crushing buckets have been established. The paper examines the main constructions of crushing buckets produced by the industry. Criterion assessment of the main parameters of crushing buckets was carried out, based on which promising models for further research were established. The 3d model of the crushing bucket and the equation of motion for determining the main parameters are presented.

Determination of the deformation modulus of soil-cement by laboratory methods during construction site investigations

Summary. In the modern construction of multi-storey buildings, pile foundations are becoming increasingly common in difficult conditions of weak soils. Modern engineers face the difficult task of choosing design solutions that not only meet modern construction requirements but also ensure economic feasibility in dense urban development and complex geology. One of the most promising methods of solving this problem is the use of soil-cement elements to reinforce the foundation as an alternative to pile foundations. This approach can significantly reduce the cost of constructing foundations and reduce the labor intensity of the processes associated with design and construction due to the simple technology of such elements. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of soil cement produced by the drilling and mixing method, as well as to determine its deformation modulus during the construction of a residential building. To determine the modulus of deformation of the reinforced base of a multi-storey residential building, data from engineering and geological surveys were obtained. The geological structure of the territory to the explored depth is based on loams, sandy loams and clays. According to the data obtained, the prolific soil properties were revealed at a depth of 7.5 to 8.4 meters. To achieve this goal, a number of preparatory works were carried out, including the preparation of equipment, in particular the MII-100 device for measuring bending strength with a working range of measurements up to 100 kgf/cm2, as well as the manufacture of prism samples measuring 40x40x160 for laboratory tests. The prepared samples made it possible to implement a full cycle of experimental studies, including strength and deformation tests. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that the deformation modulus of the base reinforced with soil-cement elements increases by 15 times compared to conventional soils. This is an important argument in favor of using soil cement in weak clay soils. The study confirms the high efficiency of using soil cement to strengthen foundations with a methodology for checking the deformation modulus during surveys. Particularly noteworthy is the practical significance of the work, which is to increase the reliability and durability of multi-story buildings. This method can be successfully implemented in modern construction, which will reduce material costs, optimize technological processes and improve the performance of buildings and structures.

Consideration of the pliability of joints panels of a precast concrete building in the analysis of forces in foundation structures

Summary. As cities develop, there is a rising trend towards the construction of multi-storey buildings. The main reason is dense urban development and rising land prices. One of the most common materials for the construction of multi-storey buildings is monolithic reinforced concrete. Monolithic structures allow architects to freely design the interior space, as well as more evenly distribute the forces in the frame elements, and the building works as one rigid structure. At the same time, the construction of monolithic structures requires significant time for construction and highly qualified control over the quality of monolithic work. Therefore, to accelerate the pace of construction, precast concrete structures are used. This paper presents the results of numerical modeling of the interaction of the elements of the “soil-foundation-aboveground structure” system, taking into account the stiffness of the joints between wall panels. A comparison of numerical modeling of a panel building was conducted using two principal schemes: A) Without considering the stiffness (pliability) of panel joints. B) Considering the stiffness of panel joints. Each of these schemes included three variants of panel joint interpretation (sub-schemes): Variant 1 - without considering the operation of vertical panel seams (panels are disconnected from each other). Variant 2 - panels are connected with hinges, meaning vertical seams only transmit horizontal forces. Variant 3 - panels are rigidly connected. The influence of considering the stiffness of horizontal and vertical joints on the redistribution of forces in piles during the modeling of a large-panel building was studied. It was found that in the absence of vertical panel connections (comparison of schemes A and B under Variant 1), considering the stiffness of the horizontal joint results in up to 8% discrepancies in the outcomes. It was demonstrated that when hinged panel connections are considered vertically (comparison of schemes A and B under Variant 2), the inclusion of appropriate stiffness in horizontal and vertical joints results in discrepancies within 10%. It was established that for rigid panel connections (comparison of schemes A and B under Variant 3), accounting for the stiffness of horizontal and vertical joints results in discrepancies of up to 10%.

RESEARCH OF THE RELIABILITY OF THE GEODETIC NETWORK IN PROVIDING GEODETIC SUPPORT OF CONSTRUCTION

The safety and reliability of buildings and structures as a complex technical system depends not only on the correct consideration of data on the structural features of the building, but also on the behavior of the soil base and on the geodetic support of the construction. Geodetic works are an integral part of the technological process of construction production and belong to the main types of work. Ensuring reliable and safe, long-term operation of buildings and structures of residential, civil, industrial and agricultural purpose, located both in ordinary and in difficult engineering-geological, earthquake-hazardous, mining-geological conditions is an urgent scientific task in our time. Buildings located on artificial territories, on subsiding soils, landslide-prone slopes or in conditions of dense urban development need to determine the development of deformation processes based on the results of periodic geomonitoring at the stage of their operation. The purpose of the work is to create a Markov discrete-continuous stochastic model of the operation of the local geodetic network (GN) to provide geodetic support for construction and perform numerical calculations of the reliability and safety of the GN depending on the features of its restoration. Analyze regulatory and legal documents on the reliability and safety of construction objects. Perform an analysis of methods for assessing the reliability and safety of technical systems. Perform a numerical calculation of reliability, safety and efficiency indicators: availability ratio, limit probability states, mean time between failures, average duration of fault-free operation of the geodetic network (GN). Methodology. Analysis of regulatory documents on the reliability and safety of construction objects. Review of methods for assessing the reliability and safety of technical systems. Application of the state space method, construction of graphs of states and transitions of a renewable geodesic network. Construction of graphs of the readiness function, the probability of operation before the first failure and the frequency of getting into an emergency situation in the Mathcad software tool. Scientific novelty. The state space method allows simulating the behavior of the designed GN in order to identify the time spent in various states of the technical system depending on the intensity of failures of geodetic points and the intensity of their recovery. On the graph of states and transitions, in contrast to the “fault tree” method, it is possible to simultaneously see all possible situations separated by masks of emergency situations. Practical value. Due to the use of stable geodetic points selected based on the results of the performed reliability assessment, there is an opportunity to improve the quality of geodetic construction support. The most expedient scheme of GN restoration has been substantiated. The results of the analysis of the functioning models of the designed GN were used and the calculated values of: availability coefficient, frequency of GN failures and the probability of operation before the first failure. Results. A graphic model of the reliability behavior of GM in the form of a graph of states and transitions has been built. Geodetic network includes 8 points. A system of Kolmogorov-Chapman linear differential equations was compiled and solved. The distribution of probabilities of being in each state of GN has been obtained. The reasonable periodicity of GN restoration depending on the intensity of failures has been substantiated. It has been proven that periodic restoration of geodetic points allows maintaining a given level of GM reliability. This increases the accuracy of geodetic monitoring of construction and ensures functional safety.

Surat’s sustainable future: analyzing compact urban development and population density trends

Rapid urbanization is a challenge for the cities of developing countries like India. The share of an urban area is rapidly increasing in dynamically growing cities. Due to this, the land use is altered, causing sprawl and unplanned development. The consumption of resources is greater, and the impact on the surroundings is negative. The compact city concept is always more efficient and cost effective compared to unplanned organic growth. The compact city optimizes available land resources with its maximum possible capacity in accordance with other available natural resources. The primary study objective is to assess the growth trend of Surat city using satellite images, geographic information system techniques, and census data for the last few years. The analysis considers population density for different city wards from 1991 to 2020. Based on the land use land cover change carried out using the maximum likelihood method from the satellite images, the rate of spreading out, its direction, and causes are also found. In this study, population density is a crucial attribute of the compact city concept. The study shows that wardwise density is increasing in a specific direction and making that portion of the city a dense, compact development. This is observed in ward numbers 48, 42, and 35 in the east, north, and southeast directions from Central Business District, respectively. The average population density in persons per sq. km is continuously increasing from 5006 to 20329 at city level which also shows the compact city development for Surat. The governing authorities must incorporate the compact city concept into the planning policy for sustainable urban development. By this, policymakers can understand housing needs to promote affordable housing, invest in infrastructure development and public services, and identify areas where sustainable transportation options, such as public transit, walking, or cycling, need improvement.

Carbon dioxide and evapotranspiration fluxes in an urban area of Krakow, Poland

AbstractUrban areas play an essential role in the global carbon balance, being responsible for more than 70% of anthropogenic carbon emissions, entering the atmosphere mainly in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). Another crucial component of the carbon balance of the urban atmosphere is CO2 exchange with the biosphere, expressed in both emission and absorption fluxes. The biosphere component of the net CO2 flux is inseparably linked to the water (H2O) balance due to evapotranspiration. This article presents an estimation of CO2 and H2O net fluxes based on eddy covariance (EC) tower measurements and in‐depth analysis of its temporal and spatial variability for a typical urban site at mid‐latitude of the northern hemisphere. The source area was divided into two sectors, one representing dense urban development with sources of CO2 from traffic and households, and the second containing predominantly recreation and sports areas. Temporal variability analysis of evapotranspiration showed a clear seasonal cycle closely correlated with incoming radiation and air temperature, with the seasonal mean ranging from 0.4 mm·day−1 in winter to 1.6 mm·day−1 in summer. As a result of similar green coverage between the urban and green sectors, spatial variability was statistically insignificant. The net CO2 flux over a seasonal cycle was less pronounced for the total source area with a mean of 5.0 g C·m−2·day−1 in summer and 7.5 g C·m−2·day−1 in winter. However, significant variations between urban and green sectors were observed with the highest seasonal mean difference of 4.5 g C·m−2·day−1 in winter. The results confirm that while on the local, short time‐scale urban vegetation has a potential to mitigate the emissions, it is not able to offset them.

Promoting Mental Health of City Residents: Stress Management and The Role of Salutogenic Design

Introduction. Salutogenic, or health-promoting design, suggests that the designed environment should not only provide comfortable living space but also support the health and well-being of individuals. However, the rapid process of urbanization is accompanied by significant changes in people's lifestyles and negatively affects mental health. Thus, it is necessary to study the impact of urban environment on the citizens mental health, as well as to summarize and analyze technologies of health-promoting design in urban environment. Objective. To justify the problem of high prevalence of chronic stress among citizens and to summarize the best practices of applying the principles of salutogenic design in the urban environment to overcome stress and prevent psychological problems. Materials and methods. We conducted a non-systematic narrative literature review in the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary.ru. Search request depth covered 20 years from 2003 to 2023. Results. Urban planning based on the principles of salutogenic design is one of the important tools for ensuring the health of citizens, extending beyond the scope of healthcare system. Moreover, addressing chronic stress, referred to as the «epidemic of the 21st century», can be considered a key direction in implementing salutogenic design in urban planning. The main focus areas of salutogenic design in the urban environment are regulating the density of urban development, creating public spaces, providing landscape design and greenery, offering convenient and safe urban navigation and using arts. Conclusions. Stress levels in cities are influenced by various factors. Effective urban planning that incorporates salutogenic design principles can contribute to improving public health and creating a supportive urban environment.

Alternative noise-absorbing screens from secondary material resources

Dense urban development, non-compliance with construction standards, high utilization of road networks due to their low capacity are a source of increased acoustic impact, especially in large cities. The sounds and noises of the urban environment are an annoying factor in modern megacities. The rapid increase in the standard of living of the population requires the search for solutions to reduce acoustic loads on the environment as much as possible. Noise-absorbing screens are one of the options for the technical implementation of measures to protect against excessive sounds. And the use of waste materials common in the modern world for their construction makes this solution cost-effective. After all, the constant increase in the needs of residents of large cities leads to an increase in industrial and municipal waste, with improper disposal of which environmental pollution occurs. However, with the use of safe technologies and environmental disposal methods, it is possible to reduce the environmental burden and achieve the necessary noise levels in populated areas. Plastic has long been an integral part of the life of the population and it is unlikely that it will be possible to reduce its use, therefore, environmentally friendly and safe handling is promising. The option of manufacturing polycarbonate barriers, considered as using it as secondary material resources, is in demand due to the multiple possibilities of polymer recycling, the unique physico-chemical properties of the material and economic feasibility. The measurements performed on urban highways and calculations of acoustic load reduction showed the possibility of using screens of this type with a minimum thickness of more than 24 dB.

Analyzing Thermal Environment Contributions and Driving Factors of LST Heterogeneity in Different Urban Development Zones

Analyzing the impacts of urban landscape patterns on the thermal environment has become one of the key research areas in addressing urban heat islands (UHIs) and improving the living environment. A case study was carried out in Fuzhou, Fujian Province of China, and bi-temporal Landsat imagery was selected to calculate land surface temperature (LST), percent impervious surface area (ISA), and fractional vegetation cover (FVC). The urban area was further divided into three concentric urban zones, ranging from the city center to the urban periphery, based on urban development densities. The spatial pattern of LST and its variance were analyzed and compared between different zones and different dates. The thermal environment contribution of different zones was also quantified to indicate the change in urban landscape patterns resulting from urban expansion in different zones. Furthermore, Geodetector was used to explore the single factors and interaction factors controlling the spatial patterns of LST in each zone. The results showed that (i) urban expansion primarily increased in Zone 2 and Zone 3, and the areal proportion of high and sub-high LST areas increased from 56.11% and 21.08% to 62.03% and 32.49% in Zone 2 and Zone 3, respectively, from 2004 to 2021; (ii) the heat effect contribution of Zones 2 and 3 reached from 75.16% in 2004 to 89.40% in 2021, indicating that the increase in ISA with >LSTmean was more pronounced in Zone 3 and Zone 2 during the period; (iii) the driving factors of LST spatial distribution were regionally different because of the different landscape patterns, and the explanatory power for the heterogeneity of LST in Zone 1 was weaker than in Zone 2 and Zone 3 in the study area; (iv) the interaction of different factors had a higher explanatory power in the spatial distribution of LST than a single factor in each zone because the distributions of land cover types are heterogeneous in urban areas. The results of this study can be used to improve urban planning for urban ecology and UHI mitigation.

The Influence of Metro Tunnel Construction Parameters on the Settlement of Surrounding Buildings

The construction of tunnels in conditions of dense urban development affects buildings, structures, and engineering communications located at the surface. In this work, through dispersion analysis, factors influencing the settlement of the earth’s surface and buildings during tunneling were selected. Subsequently, a model based on statistically significant parameters that can predict deformations at the pre-design stage was created. This research was conducted using data from geotechnical monitoring obtained during the construction of underground structures, with information about the technological parameters of shield tunneling in the construction of the single-track lines of the Moscow Metro using TBM with face-support pressure and engineering–geological conditions. In the obtained model, there is a clear dependency between the additional displacement of the monitoring object located above the projected tunnel and the average face-support pressure causing the mentioned deformations. The response is also affected by the soil deformation model at the tunnel face, the depth of the tunnel, and the soil excavation for the installation of one ring.

Are parks as favourable habitats for wild bees as wastelands in watercourse valleys of a large city?

Because of the growing population density and rate of urban development, the question of biodiversity conservation in cities and towns is increasingly important. In general, urban environments provide attractive habitats for a diversity of wild bees, but different types of urban habitats can have different effects on these pollinating insects. In this study, we compared the attractiveness of two different urban habitat types – parks (10 sites) and wastelands (10 sites) located in river and canal valleys in Bydgoszcz (northern Poland) – with respect to abundance, species richness, species composition, and functional trait composition of wild bees. We hypothesized that urban wastelands are more attractive to wild bees than urban parks are. Urban wastelands were characterized by higher abundance and species richness of wild bees compared to urban parks. When habitat type was the only predictor, nonlinearity of wild bee abundance and species richness was significant exclusively for wastelands. Overall, both wild bee abundance and species richness depended on the percentage of total bee food plant coverage, regardless of habitat type. Wild bee community composition also responded significantly to the percentage of total bee food plant coverage. Local and landscape features of the green spaces affected the functional traits of the wild bees recorded there. These findings reveal that formal green spaces, such as managed parks, are not sufficient to conserve wild bee resources in urban environments in river and canal valleys. In contrast, high-quality informal urban green spaces, such as urban wastelands, can promote abundant and rich wild bee communities. Thus it is crucial to strive for appreciation and protection of this persistently overlooked category of urban green spaces.

Spatio-temporal adaptive algorithm using Hamming code based on 3D-MIMO wireless channel model

Space-time coding is an effective method for constructing communication systems while saving bandwidth, taking into account the shortage of frequency resources and power in fading channels, which is implemented based on the advantages of using adaptive antenna arrays. Currently, WiMAX radio access technology has become widespread; its use is justified in conditions of direct visibility between the base and mobile stations, but in a city with dense buildings and in the presence of organized interference, its use leads to an increase in the likelihood of bit errors. At the same time, the combination of OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) and MIMO (spatial coding) technologies based on adaptive antenna arrays significantly reduces the probability of bit errors, and therefore increases the throughput of the communication system. The use of adaptive space-time devices at the outputs of antenna arrays makes it possible to select a signal path with maximum power and with a minimum error in receiving OFDM pilot subcarriers, even in the absence of direct visibility between the base and mobile stations and in conditions of active interference. In addition, the use of a 3D model of the communication channel will allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of the communication system model in real operating conditions. The goal of the work is to solve the problem of additionally increasing noise immunity in communication systems in conditions of numerous reflections caused by dense buildings in urban environments, using a combination of Hamming code, OFDM and an algorithm for adaptive spatio-temporal signal processing in receivers such as SISO (Singl Input – Singl Output), and MIMO (Multiply Input – Multiply Output), built on adaptive antenna arrays. The work calculated the weight coefficients of the adaptation algorithm using the theory of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the spatial correlation matrix of signals at the outputs of the adaptive antenna arrays. Modeling of algorithms and a 3D model of the communication channel in Matlab using the Hamming code was carried out, as a result, an increase in the efficiency of error correction for the Hamming code was demonstrated, as well as a significant reduction in the probability of code errors and an increase in the performance of the communication system when using an adaptive algorithm. At the same time, the article uses the term “multipath” channel in contrast to the generally accepted, but incorrect “multibeam” channel, since multibeam can be a characteristic of an antenna system. The presented results confirm that when processing signals in a receiving system in a multipath channel with dense urban development, the use of adaptive spatiotemporal algorithms provides increased noise immunity and radio communication capacity, especially for image transmission when using unmanned aerial vehicles.

Total nitrogen and phosphorus loads in surface runoff from urban land use (city of Lublin) under climate change

An expansion of impervious surfaces in urban areas leads to increases of nutrient loads discharged with the surface runoff to receivers. A study of a different density of urban development impact on total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) loads from the city of Lublin (eastern Poland) with the use of the SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool) model was performed. To distinguish between areas with high and low density of urban development (UHD and ULD), a special analysis of hydrological parameters has been proposed. Moreover, to investigate the impact of climate change, four variant scenarios were taken into account, combining the RCP (representative concentration pathway) 4.5 and 8.5 forecasts and the adopted time horizons (2026–2035 and 2046–2055). The results showed a much higher share of TN and TP from UHD compared to ULD (86%—32 022 kg/year and 89%—2574 kg/year, respectively). In addition, the variant scenarios showed that the forecasted increase in precipitation and temperature will result in increased loads of nutrients from UHD and ULD up to 30%. Furthermore, the current increase of inhabitant number, due to the Ukrainian war migration and the common tendency to convert agricultural land to residential areas, could contribute to further expansion of UHD and ULD areas and an additional increase of nutrient loads.Graphical abstract

Peculiarities of using small-diameter bored piles for effective solving of geotechnical problems

Abstract. The peculiarities of the use of small-diameter drill piles in modern construction considered, with an emphasis on their advantages and areas of application in specific conditions. Two main types of piles distinguished: cast-in-place, which characterized by continuous reinforcement and filling with concrete or cement mortar, and composite, where the load transfers to reinforcing elements. Main advantages of small-diameter bored piles noted, including the possibility of performing work in confined spaces, reducing the level of noise and vibrations, a variety of drilling technologies, the possibility of application in geological conditions of varying complexity, etc. Particular attention paid to the areas of application of small-diameter bored piles, including the installation of new foundations, underpinning of existing structures, soil improvement and land-slide protection. The main groups of factors that can influence the choice of small-diameter bored piles as the main design decision for various fields of application considered, including: - physical factors (restricted access, remoteness of the area, distance of piles to existing structures); - subsoil factors (difficult geological conditions, soil liquefaction tendency); - environmental factors (sensitivity to vibration/noise, hazardous or contaminated soils); - necessity of adaptation to existing structures; - load/settlement requirements; - economic factors. Limitations for the use of small-diameter drill piles from the point of view of their efficiency described. An example of the effective practical use of small-diameter bored piles in the confined conditions of dense urban development in close proximity of metro tunnels with increased requirements regarding the level of vibrations and noise considered. The task of minimizing subsidence of the designed residential and office complex and the impact on surrounding buildings and structures solved. The compliance of the adopted design decisions confirmed by means of field tests, as well as using the results of settlements monitoring. Attention focused on the need for further improvement of design approaches and technological solutions to optimize the efficiency of small-diameter bored piles for solving geotechnical problems.

The use of planar and three-dimensional calculation models for the numerical modeling of retaining walls in conditions of dense urban construction

In modern realities, the construction of multi-story buildings increasingly has to be carried out in the conditions of dense urban development. Since high-rise buildings are characterized by the presence of deep pits, there is a need to select the parameters of the enclosing structures (retaining walls) and take into account the influence of the pit arrangement and enclosing structures on the existing building. Numerical simulation of the stress-strain state (SSS) of the elements "soil base - existing structures - pit enclosure" was performed to assess the impact of choosing the dimensions of the calculation scheme when designing a deep pit and assessing its impact on existing buildings and selecting effective parameters of enclosing structures. with different dimension options (flat two-dimensional and spatial three-dimensional) calculation scheme. Modeling was performed using the finite element method using a nonlinear model of soil deformation in the Plaxis software package. Since the soil conditions within the construction site are complex (the presence of a significant layer of plastic and flowing clay soils and powerful aquifers), the level of groundwater within the construction site was taken into account in the modeling and the effect of water lowering during the development of the pit was modeled accordingly for a more correct assessment of the stress-strained state of pit enclosure elements and the impact on existing structures. Numerical calculations of retaining walls provide for taking into account the technological sequence of the construction of retaining walls and modeling of the step-by-step development of the pit. Studies have shown that the use of a spatial finite-element model of the system "soil base - existing structures - pit enclosure" provides an opportunity to more correctly and effectively assess the stress-deformed state of system elements due to taking into account the spatial rigidity of the elements of the pit enclosure and the foundations of existing structures. The values of the displacements of the retaining walls obtained by the calculation of the spatial finite element model (FEM) are 20% smaller than the values obtained using the plane FEM. The values of the bending moments obtained by the calculation of the spatial FEM are 10% smaller than the values obtained using the plane FEM.

Ensuring the protection of critical infrastructure energy facilities from explosions

Purpose. Analysis of the protection of critical energy infrastructure facilities, which are often destroyed under the influence of a shock wave, which affects the stability of Ukraine's energy systems. Determination of the state of security of critical infrastructure, which ensures the functionality, continuity of work, integrity and stability, which is reflected in the life support of the population. Methodology. To achieve this goal, a simulation of a detonation explosion and the distribution of shock waves within prismatic bodies simulating urban development using the ANSYS AUTODYN software product were carried out. In conditions of dense urban development, measures to ensure the protection of critical infrastructure facilities are selected based on the interaction of liquids, gases and solids, phase transitions, propagation of shock waves, etc. The results of the study were obtained. The calculated parameters of the shock wave distribution limit in 15 ms after detonation were determined, the pressure data corresponding to the measurement sensors T1 and T2 were recorded, it was determined that the values of the pressure of the blast wave at the manometric points T1 and T2 are the highest about 5 ms, аt the same time, the pressure on the underground structure is almost 50% less than on the ground. Protection of critical energy infrastructure facilities in the form of construction of underground transformer substations and their modernization in conditions of dense urban development is proposed. This is the optimal solution to eliminate problems, which arise with an increase in loads in city power grids and protect them from the action of a blast wave PCT. Originality. The dependencies of the pressure distribution on the shock wave in time for two variants of shading of critical energy infrastructure objects, namely underground location and ground location in the urban environment, are obtained. At the same time, the parameters of the materials of the structure and the characteristics and amount of explosives were taken into account. Practical value. The construction of underground transformer substations and their modernization in dense urban areas is the optimal solution for eliminating the problems that arise with an increase in loads in city power grids and protecting them from the effects of a blast wave.

RENOVATION OF A TOWER-TYPE INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE WATER TOWER OF THE UKRAINIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES

Purpose. Research and analysis of the main approaches to the renovation of tower-type industrial buildings, establishing a connection between the geometric space and the functional-spatial zoning of the premises created on their basis. Methodology. The study is devoted to one of the groups of neglected engineering structures, such as water towers. Such industrial facilities are already embedded in the infrastructure of the city, as a rule, they are embedded in dense urban development, which adds leverage for the preservation and renovation of such facilities. During the reconstruction of tower-type industrial buildings, there are problems of dismantling, removal and disposal of a large volume of structures and building materials. Study of national and international experience in renovation of tower-type industrial buildings. According to the requirements of DBN V.2.2-15:2019 "Buildings and structures. Residential buildings. Basic provisions" to the areas of the premises in a residential building, their placement in the space of the tower is analyzed in the process of designing the floors of the tower. Findings. The possibility of renovating the tower-type industrial structure of the water tower of the Ukrainian State University of Science and Technology into a residential building was considered. The architectural design of a 3-story residential building with the arrangement of separate entrances to the building with the help of an elevator and stairs and the distribution of spaces by floor according to functional purpose was completed. Originality. For the first time, the concept of a volume-planning solution for apartments in the limited space of a water tower was developed. This example gives impetus to the development of the reconstruction of tower-type buildings, their preservation as a historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine. Practical value. Water towers that are no longer used for their primary purpose can be reconstructed and can replenish the housing stock, acquire the significance of cultural and public centers in cities and settlements.

Morphological spatial clustering of high-density central areas and their coupling relationship with thermal environment--a case study of the wuyi road hatchback in changsha.

Intense urban development and high urban density cause the thermal environment in urban centers to deteriorate continuously, affecting the quality of the living environment. In this study, 707.49 hectares of land in the central area of Changsha were divided into 121 plots. 11 microclimate-related morphological indicators were comprehensively selected, and the K-means method was used for cluster analysis. Then, the relationship between morphological clusters and the thermal environment was explored by simulating the thermal environment of the study area with ENVI-met. First, five spatial types were found to characterize the area: high-level with high floor area ratio, low density, and low greenery; middle-level with high floor area ratio high density; medium-capacity with high density and small volume; low-level with low density and high greenery; and low floor area ratio, low density, and high greenery. Second, the building windward surface density, sky openness, building density, floor area ratio and green space rate affect the thermal environment. Third, Cluster3 had the highest average air temperature (Ta), followed by Cluster5, furthermore Clusters4, 1, and2 had relatively low Ta. The spatial vitality index and green space rate in Cluster1; the area-weighted building shape index, average building volume and sky openness in Cluster2; green space rate in Cluster3; indicators such as the floor area ratio and green space rate in Cluster4; indicators such as the impervious surface rate and green space rate in Cluster5 had greater influences on Ta. Fourthly, simply increasing the area of green space cannot maximize the cooling effect of green spaces. Instead, constructing an equalized greening network can better regulate the thermal environment. Fifthly, the results provide a scientific basis for the design and the regulation of urban centers.

Estimation of a dynamic object location in dense and high-rise urban development using auxiliary information

Estimation of a dynamic object location in dense and high-rise urban development using auxiliary information