Urban Defense Research Articles

Cartographies of warfare in the Indian subcontinent: Contextualizing archaeological and historical analysis through big data approaches

Some of the most notable human behavioral palimpsests result from warfare and its durable traces in the form of defensive architecture and strategic infrastructure. For premodern periods, this architecture is often understudied at the large scale, resulting in a lack of appreciation for the enormity of the costs and impacts of military spending over the course of human history. In this article, we compare the information gleaned from the study of the fortified cities of the Early Historic period of the Indian subcontinent (c. 3rd century BCE to 4th century CE) with the precolonial medieval era (9-17th centuries CE). Utilizing in-depth archaeological and historical studies along with local sightings and citizen-science blogs to create a comprehensive data set and map series in a “big-data” approach that makes use of heterogeneous data sets and presence-absence criteria, we discuss how the architecture of warfare shifted from an emphasis on urban defense in the Early Historic period to an emphasis on territorial offense and defense in the medieval period. Many medieval fortifications are known from only local reports and have minimal identifying information but can still be studied in the aggregate using a least-shared denominator approach to quantification and mapping.

ВЛАСТИВОСТІ АРХІТЕКТУРНО-МІСТОБУДІВНОГО ТВОРЕННЯ СЕРЕДМІСТЬ У ОДНОЙМЕННИХ МІСТАХ ДЕРАЖНЕ І ДЕРАЖНЯ

The properties of the downtown architectural and town-planning creation in the historical cities of Derazhne and Derazhnya are considered. It has been found that in Derazhne the castle was located in the southern part of today's village, on a wedge ledge formed at the place where the stream flows into the Horyn River. The downtown stood northeast of the castle. Its territory had features of a regular rectangle, and the gates were located on the western and northern sides. Unfortunately, today it is difficult to determine the location of the wooden Roman Catholic church in the downtown, instead, the brick church of the beginning of the 19th century was built on the territory of the castle. It was established that the castle in Deraznya was rectangular in plan with two corner roundels located in the southern and northern corners of the western side. The indistinct fragments of the downtown ramparts preserved to this day, the configuration of the streets and the graphic image of the urban defense complex of Deraznya on the map of the mid-17th century by the military engineer Guiyaume Levasseur de Beauplan indicate that the northern and eastern parts of the fortifications of the city center had bastion-like protrusions, and the northeastern corner had a special fortification purpose . Rynok Square was located in the center of the downtown. A wooden church stood in its northeastern corner, and a brick Roman Catholic church in the southeastern corner. Relying on the determined properties of architectural and town-planning creation in the downtown of Derazhnye and Derazhnya settlements, we can record their equivalent historical and cultural value. The development vector of their cities was identical, but the architectural image was individual. The spatial composition of the connection between the castle and the city center, the abundance of temples and the fortification system differed. Instead, the street network in Derazne and Derazne was ordered, calculated and synchronized with two entrance gates. The current state of the downtown is unsatisfactory. In Derazhnya, Khmelnytskyi region, the street network, quarters with several houses of the 19th century, and castle ramparts have been partially preserved. The downtown of Derazne, Rivne Oblast, has preserved parts of historic streets, completely lost quarters, and faint traces of the castle. In both settlements, uncontrolled green spaces hinder the spatial perception of the historical center. Therefore, recommendations have been formulated for the return of service functions to the downtowns, their unification with the rest of the settlement territories, saturating them with new functions, and the reproduction of the traditional historical and urban landscape.

Research on the evolution of urban defense in song dynasty based on shouchenglu 守城录(Record of urban defense)

ABSTRACT Shouchenglu is the first monograph on urban defense in ancient China. Based on Shouchenglu, combined with relevant historical documents and image data, this paper sorts out its content, and chooses to explore the internal logic of the evolution of urban defense in the Song Dynasty from three new perspectives: urban defense structure, city walls and their ancillary facilities, and coping strategies for siege weapons. We have carried out graphic translation of the miscellaneous contents of it, and through drawing analysis charts, we can more intuitively show the evolution of the urban defense system in the Song Dynasty and put forward analysis and conjecture. Through the study of Shouchenglu, we found that the evolution of the urban defense system in the Song Dynasty had a clear evolutionary logic. The evolution of the urban defense system in the Song Dynasty was not only the progress of architectural technology, but also the improvement of adaptability in the face of various complex situations. We believe that our research results have certain reference significance for the future urban excavation and the protection and restoration of historical heritage in the Song Dynasty.

Comparative Analysis Of A Multi-Layered Weapon System For City Air Defense In The Modern Warfare

In the era of modern warfare, urban defense is a very important aspect to maintain the security and stability of a country. Because modern war is a non-military war in which developed countries and foreign countries try to destroy a country through ideological, political, social, cultural and security defense. To protect the territory with effective air defense, it takes a strong and sophisticated defense resources with a reliable range of surveillance and agility to destroy any effort that threatens the security and sovereignty of the country. To achieve the objective of building a more efficient air defense system and functioning alongside other air defense platforms, new ideas and thinking are needed for program planning and the requirements of medium-range missile systems when building an air defense system. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative through a literature study. In the literature review, it is necessary to conduct a thorough search to ensure that the literature sources used are truly relevant to the research topic and a comparative analysis approach is used. In the realm of analyzing layered weapon systems, such as Hisar O, Hisar A, Korkut Gun System, Iron Dome, and NASAMS, it becomes imperative to delve into the comparative analysis and interpret the implications of their similarities and differences. Hisar O, a sophisticated air defense system, showcases advanced capabilities designed to counter aerial threats. Its cutting-edge technology and robust infrastructure provide a formidable defense mechanism. On the other hand, Hisar A, another component of the layered defense, excels in short-range air defense, ensuring effective protection against low-altitude aerial targets. Korkut Gun System, presents a unique blend of artillery and air defense capabilities. Its adaptable nature allows it to provide ground forces with enhanced protection against a wide range of threats. Iron Dome system has gained international recognition for its exceptional performance in countering short-range rocket threats. This innovative system incorporates advanced tracking and interception technologies, enabling it to neutralize incoming projectiles with a high success rate. NASAMS (Nationals Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System) stands out as a versatile air defense solution. Its state-of-the-art radar and missile technologies ensure reliable protection against a variety of airborne threats, including aircraft, helicopters, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Now, let's delve into the implications of these comparative analyses for Indonesia. By understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each system, Indonesian defense strategists can make informed decisions regarding their defense capabilities. This analysis assists in identifying potential gaps in the country's air defense network and formulating strategies to address them effectively. In conclusion, through a comparative analysis of layered weapon systems such as Hisar O, Hisar A, Korkut Gun System, Iron Dome, and NASAMS, we gain valuable insights into their capabilities and implications. evaluating differences and similarities, can help Indonesian defense planners make informed decisions to strengthen city air defense systems in the modern warfare.

Urban Defense Index for City Branding: A Case Study of Five Cities in Kalimantan

Urban Defense Index for City Branding: A Case Study of Five Cities in Kalimantan

Defense and Deterrence as the Foundation of the A2/AD System in Smart City Air Defense

The extreme concentration of tangible and non-tangible resources in the environment of the Smart City calls for their securing and protection. In the case of threat emergence, the military would have to enter areas where local authorities cannot guarantee the security of Smart City assets. Thus, the question arises whether or not Smart Cities could potentially assist the military forces in performing their tasks better on the battlefield. Some military agencies are currently exploring the possibility of using the military in Smart Cities. For instance, the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is studying whether smart city communications and infrastructure could be of use on the future battlefield. This paper aims to indicate the potential for expansion and integration of the anti-aircraft defense systems to serve the needs of urban defense, thereby allowing the achievement of air superiority and implementing the assumptions of A2/AD systems. In reference to the research objective formulated in such a way, discovering the answers to the following questions was deemed crucial: What is the state of the current Anti-Aircraft Defense (AAD) system of urban centers, in particular Smart Cities? What are the possibilities of expanding and improving this system? How can the SMART CITY system be integrated and serve as an element of strengthening the AAD system? In order to answer the indicated questions, this article was written with the use of qualitative method consisting of text and literature exploratory research and analysis, and comparative analyzes of Smart Cities and Air Defense in contemporary military operations. To achieve the assumed aim, the authors have also conducted the evaluation of Air Defense combat capabilities, as well as the changes that have occurred in the environment of Smart Cities. The authors used thematic analysis methods to interpret patterns and meanings in the data

Assessing the vulnerability of residential use against external threats with a passive urban defense approach (Case study: District 10 of Tehran)

Assessing the vulnerability of residential use against external threats with a passive urban defense approach (Case study: District 10 of Tehran)

The impact of war generations on spatial environment and military resistance challenges in urban planning

The subject of scientific study is the role of generations of war in the development of architecture according to the military classification. War-resistant architecture has evolved with the changing nature of warfare and advances in military technologies. These challenges remain relevant even today. Through a multi-content analysis of scientific literature, this research observes the impact of wars on urban development activities. Analysing the historical correlation between urban development and military progress can provide insight into the evolution of military-resistant architecture. The results of this study can contribute to the development of future urban planning solutions to meet both current and future military challenges. As a part of the analysis, a table is presented, which summarizes the relevant parallels of the classification of the generations of wars, used weapons, the type of conflict, and urban defence.

Data-driven Regional Defense Technology Collaborative Innovation Visualization Research of The Development Situation

Innovation-driven development strategy as China's national strategy, it is of strategic significance for China to form a new international competitive advantage and enhance the long-term driving force for development. This paper constructs an index system the for the evaluation of regional defense technology collaborative innovation , with eight innovation reform experimental area and cities and states as a research object, using big data technology and methods to collect index data online, and at the same time based on AHP level comprehensive evaluation and the "normalization" processing methods of network search heat value, to conduct an in-depth analysis of the development trend of national defense and national defense science and technology collaborative innovation in the region, and form a visual image display. Research results show that: in the process of coordinated development of regional defense science and technology, the pilot zone for innovation and reform in urban areas, including Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, ChengDeMian and other aeras, are enjoying good momentum of collaborative innovation in defense science and technology. Chengdu, Mianyang and other urban defense science and technology collaborative innovation development trend is good, which provides data support for the regional defense science and technology collaborative innovation research and promote the in-depth development of defense science and technology collaborative innovation.

Analysis of Economic-Physical Resilience of Cities

Resilience is a new approach to assessing and enhancing the resilience and resilience of the foundations of development in cities. Explaining and recognizing its effective and promotional components can pave the way for many programs related to crisis management and passive urban defense, which is very necessary given the complexities of today's threats. Different dimensions of human society resilience are examined in the physical, social, economic, environmental-institutional fields. In fact, resilience as a framework goes back to a concept that can easily relate to all stages and sections of disaster and crisis management. In this regard, the present study has been compiled with the aim of evaluating the dimensions of economic-physical resilience of cities around the metropolis of Tehran in the Islamshahr region. In this study, first through library studies, indicators and factors affecting economic and institutional resilience were identified and operational defined, then using a questionnaire in the form of hierarchical analysis process, the final weight of indicators by domestic experts and External was determined. Descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test and Friedman test) were used to analyze the data. Institutional resilience with an average of 2.5325, infrastructure resilience with an average of 2.4377 and urban resilience with an average of 2.3786 is therefore urban resilience and components of urban resilience in Islamshahr city are at a low level.

Urban Defence and the Visigoths: New Light on Fortification Design and Technology from the Royal City of Reccopolis (Guadalajara, Spain)

THERE IS A LACK OF INDIVIDUAL AND OVERARCHING STUDIES of defensive systems after the Roman collapse in the West, as well as of urban defences in Hispania during the Visigothic period. A key site for questioning the latter is the walled royal Visigothic foundation of Reccopolis. The first excavations on Reccopolis’ circuit wall began in the 1980s, and later investigations were carried out in some areas of the defensive system. However, until now no comprehensive analysis has brought together the evidence from all of these excavations, LiDAR scans, a 3 D survey of the extant structure, and a set of new radiocarbon dates. All of these data allow us to interpret what is so far the only Visigothic defensive curtain wall whose entire layout is known, as well as to explore parallels with Byzantine military forms. This paper highlights the urban and architectural value, but also the apparent uniqueness, of the Reccopolis enceinte within the Iberian Peninsula.

HISTORICAL FORTIFICATIONS IN THE ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING STRUCTURE OF LVIV (ON MARGINES DOCUMENTATION "HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL REFERENCE PLAN OF LVIV")

Ancient city fortifications are one of the specific types of defensive architecture. Along with the buildings of castles, blocks of urban residential development, monastery complexes and field defensive structures, they formed a special type of architectural and urban planning objects. During their construction, the skills of both an architect, builder, and military engineer were often combined. Not so many objects of urban defense architecture have come down to our time. Therefore, every fragment of the city's defensive walls and earthen fortifications preserved today, as a rule, is a valuable document of its era and needs careful protection and preservation. Urban fortifications (as opposed to fortifications of castles or fortresses) were the objects of priority liquidation in the process of urban development. There are very few of them preserved in Ukraine, so their preservation and study is a matter of extreme importance. Lviv is a unique city on the map of Ukraine in terms of the development of urban fortifications. The article analyzes the reflection of objects and monuments of defense construction in the scientific and design documentation "Historical and Architectural Reference Plan of the City of Lviv". Data on the stages of development of Lviv fortifications are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the remains of fortifications that have been preserved in the archaeological form. Their identification, conservation and identification is important task for modern urban development projects. The paper makes hypotheses about some hitherto unidentified elements of fortifications of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Special emphasis is placed on the need for a special scientific study on the detailed reconstruction of all stages of the development of defense belts around the city center and suburbs of Lviv

The formation of the cultural landscape of Kamianets-Podilsky fortress stage transformations of the fortress in terms of improving the means of warfare)

The article examines 11 stages of the formation of the defensive system of the Kamenets-Podilsky fortress from the point of view of stage transformations (II - XVIII centuries). The main factor that initially influenced the formation of the concept of urban defense was the topography of the area. The old island town, surrounded by the canyon of the Smotrych River, had a natural protective potential from the very beginning, which was fully used throughout the Middle Ages. Subsequent reconstructions were supposed to strengthen the defensive parameters of the area. However, with the advent of long-range artillery, the former defensive advantages of the island led to the degradation of the fortress. The city on the island, surrounded by a river canyon, became a convenient target for enemy artillery stationed on the opposite high bank. All the disadvantages of this situation appeared at the end of the 17th century, when the city was captured by the Ottoman army after a short siege. In the XIX century, military engineers proposed to create a system of powerful forts on the opposite bank of the river, but the lack of financial resources did not allow this idea to be realized. As a result, the fortified city remained an archaic medieval complex, unsuitable for other military functions

TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES AND PROBLEMS OF PRESERVING URBAN DEFENSE COMPLEXES OF PRIVATE CITIES OF THE PRINCES OF ZBARAZH IN PODILLIA, KYIV REGION AND VOLHYN IN THE XVI-XVII CENTURIES

The authors of the article focus on the urban activities of the princes of Zbarazh of the senior branch. Special attention is paid to cities whose location and fortification are directly associated with representatives of the princely family. An attempt is made to find the principle that guided the Princes when choosing the city and choosing the method of fortifications. A representative sample of cities is formed, which clearly shows the dependence of the natural location, chronological boundaries of the location and the type of fortifications, based on which three types of fortified cities of Zbarazh are distinguished. In the second part of the article, the authors analyze the state of preservation of cities and give recommendations for preserving the remnants of urban defence complexes.

ІСТОРИКО-МІСТОБУДІВНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ОБОРОННИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ М. ВІННИЦІ РУСЬКО-ЛИТОВСЬКОЇ ДОБИ (XIV-XVI СТ.)

In this article for the first time the methods of the complex historical and town-planning analysis of urban defense complexes of the city of Vinnytsia formed during the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is applied. The author compares chronicle and act sources, historical cartography and the results of modern field research to establish the location of ancient castle and urban fortifications. The thesis about the formation of the primary urban structure of Vinnytsia during the Lithuanian era according to the principles of urban planning on Rus’ law is proved. Two stages of town-planning development of defense complexes of the city of Vinnytsia are singled out. The first stage is dated to the late 15th middle 16th century. At this time, a castle appears on the basis of a probable ancient Rus’ settlement on Castle Hill in the Old Town area. Next to it, but at a distance, the city center is being built - a fortified post. Planning relics of the ancient city center could be read now. The topological unity of Vinnytsia city center planning with the cities of the medieval Romanesque and Old Rus’ tradition in the cities of Western Europe and Ukraine has been established by means of comparative analysis. Reconstruction of the view of Vinnytsia Castle on Castle Hill at the beginning of 16th century according to the lustrations of 1545 and 1552. The second period is associated with the construction of a new castle until 1558 on the opposite (right) bank of the Southern Bug and the development of a new middletown near castle. At this time, the Ukrainian lands are still dominated by the same principles of urban planning that existed during the construction of the Old Town. Therefore, the outline of the city fortifications, the market square and the parcelling of the New Vinnytsia city are similar to those in the Old City. Instead, the castle is already merging with the city's fortifications into a single system, which allows us to talk about a holistic urban defense complex.

ПРО ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ФОРТИФІКАЦІЙ ТА ЦІННОЇ АРХІТЕКТУРНО-МІСТОБУДІВНОЇ СТРУКТУРИ МІСТА (НОТАТКИ ДО НАУКОВО-ПРОЕКТНОЇ ДОКУМЕНТАЦІЇ – ІСТОРИКО-АРХІТЕКТУРНИЙ ОПОРНИЙ ПЛАН ЛЬВОВА)

The article analyzes the research and design documentation "Historical and architectural basic plan of the city of Lviv" (2020) in terms of identification and protection of fortifications. The analysis of the documentation revealed little attention of the authors to the study and coverage of the stages of development of the fortification lines of Lviv from the XIII to the XIX century. This approach has led to the debatable identification of many objects by their historical, urban and architectural value, inaccurate dating, lack of proposals for their protection. In particular, the assessment of a complex of fortifications, the so-called "F. Hetkant's defensive line" from 1635. The authors of the documentation did not analyze the stages of development and assess the time-varying urban structure of the quarters, even in the city center. The development of buildings in the areas of the former suburbs was also not covered in detail. But these are areas that have been filled with very important facilities and functions in the past. The nature of the development of the quarters took different forms depending on the time of the site. The sites themselves developed abruptly along with the movement of the lines of urban fortifications further from the city center. The construction of a new, more modern line of fortifications and its advancement made it possible to intensify construction in areas that were previously outside the fortified territory. Lviv has gone through six such major stages of urban transformation associated with the development and modernization of fortifications from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century. This relationship between the development of fortification systems and the architectural-spatial and planning structure is the key to understanding the urban history of the city. Without a detailed reconstruction of the phases of construction of fortifications, it is impossible to properly navigate the nature of changes in the architectural-compositional and planning structure of the city. For example, after the removal of fortifications far beyond the central district of the city, began active changes and intensification of housing and public buildings in areas of former suburbs, where previously dominated by large monastic complexes and palaces of wealthy burghers. The quarters here began to change the character of their urban structure, evolving from the shape of a quarter with a palace and a garden-park in the suburbs (there were dozens of them in Lviv in the suburbs) to a densely built-up quarter during the XVIII-XIX centuries. However, today in the slums of such neighborhoods with their careful study can be found hidden relics of the original history of the city. The web of neighborhoods laced with dense lace around the city center also has encoded individual pages of unique urban history. The historical and architectural reference plan of the city is a scientific documentation that should reveal all the specific features of different urban planning formations - including the emergence and development of fortification lines, changes in hydrography, changes in street planning, changes of the nature of each quarter. According to the provisions of the State Building Norms for the development of historical and architectural reference plans (2012) should be performed scientific study, analysis and classification of immovable cultural heritage of the city by type (archeology, history, monumental art, architecture, urban planning, landscaping art, natural landscape, science and technology). This study and analysis should end with the definition of the stages of formation of each complex. Characteristic features and values of all objects of cultural heritage by types should be revealed for each city site. Fortifications were a particularly important element in the development of the city structure in the past. Their complexes had the greatest impact on the planning structure of the city. Fortifications often dictated the development of the city in one direction or another. Therefore, the theoretical reconstruction of the stages of development of urban defense systems is an important task for the historical and architectural reference plan. Our research was implemented in the framework of the research topic of the Department of Architecture and Restoration of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic" "Regeneration of historic architectural and urban complexes" (№ state registration 0116U004110).

Questões fronteiriças

Identificar nas cidades de Olivenza (Espanha) e na cidade de Florianópolis (Brasil), marcas da disputa entre lusos e castelhanos para marcar fronteiras ibéricas ou pelo controle da costa sul atlântica meridional da América é o primeiro objetivo deste artigo. As citadas cidades serão moedas de troca em Tratados numa das muitas tentativas de solução para estes conflitos. As estruturas urbanas de defesa construídas em ambos espaços em meados do sec. XVIII, marcaram o território. A pretendida reconstrução busca no espaço urbano atual de Florianópolis e Olivença (em português) as marcas denunciadoras da luta entre ibéricos na premência de satisfazer suas necessidades e desejos. As fronteiras portuguesas mais ameaçadas por invasões, neste período, são a fronteira ao sul da colônia Brasil e a fronteira ibérica sueste a margem do rio Guadiana, o inimigo era comum em ambas: os Castelhanos. Assim, na primeira metade do século XVIII o reforço militar nestas duas fronteiras, tão distantes fisicamente, mas tão próximas na sua vulnerabilidade, foi uma constante. Afirmar que a Ilha de Santa Catarina e a região Ibérica onde se situa Olivença não guardam nenhuma semelhança física, geográfica ou social é afirmar o obvio. Mas podemos refletir a respeito da materialidade advinda dos episódios históricos.

IMPOSITION OF THE STATE OF EMERGENCY IN THE USSR DURING THE GERMAN-SOVIET WAR (1941 – 1945)

The purpose of the research is to analyze the special aspects of imposition and implementation of the state of emergency within the USSR during the German-Soviet War (1941 – 1945). The methodology of the research is based on the principles of scientificity, historism, authorial objectivity, the use of general (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty is the reconstruction of the process of the state of emergency imposing during the German-Soviet War 1941 – 1945 based on the analyzed documents. The Conclusions . It has been found out that the State Defense Committee (GKO), which became the main military-economic center of the USSR and ensured the process of mobilization, creation of new military units and switch of economy and agriculture to a war footing, played a pivotal role in the realization of the state of emergency. The priority was given to the mass evacuation of valuable property and population, the establishment of new enterprises manufacturing military goods. It has been illustrated in the research that the Soviet government used emergency measures for manufacture intensification through increasing working hours, production standard and calling citizens for labo u r service. The attention was drawn to the formation of local emergency bodies, such as the commission for urban defense, which were tasked with mustering defense of settlements, maintaining order and bringing provocateurs, spies and hostile agents to the Military Tribunal. It is proved that GKO activities across the Ukrainian lands liberated from the Nazi invaders didn’t contribute to the stabilization of the lives of the people, taking into account deportations, “cleans” and creation of the conditions for a man-made famine of 1946. It has been noted in the research that imposition of the state of emergency was an important element for the restructuring of the Soviet system of government and public administration in the context of wartime. And the GKO with its exclusive powers in all areas of the social and political life of the country, economy, agriculture and transport was the main body developing and implementing the state of emergency.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ УРБАНІСТИЧНИХ ОБОРОННИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ МІСТ СХІДНОГО ПОДІЛЛЯ XVI-XVII СТ

In this article the authors touch on the methods of fortifications of the cities of Eastern Podillya - the least studied region of Ukraine. Components of long-term urban fortifications are considered as a single system of so-called urban defense complexes. Mandatory components of this system are a defensive castle and fortifications of the middletowns, which are recorded on the maps of military cartographers of the 17th-18th centuries. With this in mind, the authors clarify in the article the strategic importance of Eastern Podillya for the state and consider the development of urban defense complexes on its territory in retrospect. The analyzed sources allow us to speak about two periods of fortification development in Eastern Podillya. The first concerns the subordination of the territory to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the reign of Vytautas I, who expanded to the Black Sea coast and fortified the Southern Bug basin with a chain of fortifications and customs. After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and Crimea, trade ties with the south were lost, and its territory became dangerous for Podillya due to raids by nomads. Lithuania lost Vytautas' southern conquests and became completely dependent on Poland as a result of the introduction of a personal union. Subsequently, an administrative and political system identical to other provinces of Poland was introduced on the territory of Eastern Podillya and the Bratslav Voivodeship was formed. After the Union of Lublin, the territory of Bratslav became a source of huge lands for private ownership of magnates, who built their own systems for fortification of their estates, so the state was directly removed from strategic planning of defense of Eastern Podillya, royal power was concentrated only in the main capitals of Vinnytsia and Bratslav. On the basis of field surveys of partially preserved urban defense complexes, the article identifies the main types depending on the compositional and planning features. The location of fortifications on the terrain was also analyzed with the help of Google Earth software capabilities. Comparison of the data of relief cross-sections with the verified data of the foundation of fortified settlements revealed a stable correlation. Thus, the fortifications of the cities that were founded in the first period (Grand Duchy) were located on the heights of capes, ridges, hills, while the fortifications of the later ones were located in the valley. Given the low level of research of Ukrainian cities for the analysis of their defense systems, the authors recommend in further studies to investigate in detail the groups of cities that formed the estate complexes of specific magnate families in Podolia - Kalinov, Zbarazh, Zamoysk, and others for a unified defense system. and highlighting the characteristics of the spatial planning composition.

The Building Extraction Based on Object Oriented Classification Method in High Vegetation Coverage Area

Quickly extraction of building information technology is an important application in urban development planning, electronic information, national defense and others. This paper takes Landsat-8 multispectral and panchromatic data as data source, using the local variance method to select the optimal segmentation scale, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized building index (NDBI) and panchromatic brightness value of an object oriented classification rule extraction. The high vegetation coverage area of buildings, and through the spatial relationships and distinguishing feature of collections of buildings independent buildings and villages. The results showed that Google earth high resolution image analysis and accuracy evaluation. the results of the extraction based on the overall accuracy of village extraction was 83%, the accuracy of extraction of independent buildings was 70%, according to the L8 remote sensing data, object oriented classification method can quickly and accurately extract the high vegetation coverage area of the building.