Urban Communes Research Articles

Land-use Structure – Analysis on Example of Rural and Urban Communes in Poland and Ukraine

Land-use Structure – Analysis on Example of Rural and Urban Communes in Poland and Ukraine

Industrial production of the interbelic German from the Banat Highland

The historian Fernand Braudel considered that geography dictates history because a certain region or a certain state requires a characteristic of its economic life. Commerce was often called in mercantilist period the blood that provides life of the nation. These data imply progress in terms of demographic beyond doubt, especially in the employment of the German minority living in the urban communes of the Banat Mountain. We retain the dual nature of their occupations, with farm work kept in the background, but the main plane dominated the gradual effect of industrial labour and business activities. Along with farmers, most Germans residing in villages and hamlets in the mountains of Banat were devoted to jobs in the service sector and small crafts area. They worked both as employers and employees in the stores and workshops in rural and urban areas where they resided. Working as sellers, barbers, blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors, butchers, tanners, plumbers, painters or as doctors, dentists, teachers, lawyers, they have contributed to the development of material and spiritual not only their own minority but of communities within which they were born and prospered.

Evaluation of the quality of cadastral data

The purpose of the work is to determine the possibility of assessing the quality of cadastral data basing on the system of land and building registry. The study of discrepancies between the descriptive and graphical parts of the of the land and buildings registry was accepted as the scope of research in the field of marking plots and their areas, checking the level of: supplementing registry data with PESEL numbers for private entities and REGON numbers for public entities, completeness of addresses data, verification of documents defining the legal status of real estates and data on border points. The research objects were 14 precincts, including 11 rural ones in the commune of Dąbrowa Tarnowska and 3 in the urban commune of Dąbrowa Tarnowska, located in the Dąbrowski district in the Małopolskie voivodship.

L’Impero e la Toscana durante il regno di Federico Barbarossa

The essay analyzes Frederick I Barbarossa’s action in Tuscany framing it in the complex political and institutional context that originated after the end of the March of Tuscia. Some traditional interpretations are reconsidered on the attitude adopted by the emperor towards the main political actors on the regional scene: rural aristocracies and urban communes. Abandoning the prevalent in historiography urban-centric optics, it is possible to observe how the emperor aimed to maintain a mosaic of different political entities linked to him by a direct subjection, and how he recognised them, in order to make them coexist under the imperial hegemony.

Adaptive approach of thermal comfort and correlation between experimental data and mathematical model in some schools and traditional buildings of Madagascar under natural ventilation

A good ventilation is important to improve indoor air in buildings. In Sub-Saharan Africa regions and other countries, both health and productivity are indeed elements depending on indoor comfort. The purpose of this research is to suggest a new thermal comfort approach based on subjective responses of occupants and mathematical models. There is a lack of data about indoor comfort in residential buildings in the tropical islands of Indian Ocean and the aim of the research is to propose guidelines for more comfortable constructions in Madagascar and other countries of the Indian Ocean. Experimental and subjective data were collected in 67 traditional habitats and 25 public and private schools, located in 25 districts of urban communes in the Northern Madagascar. Mathematical modelling was based on Rohles approach. At total of 992 questionnaires were collected and analysed during rainy and dry seasons. The results showed that traditional buildings were more comfortable than schools. Comfort temperature varied from 24.6 to 28.4 °C during both seasons in residences and schools. When the indoor air temperature varied in the 24.5–27.5 °C range, more than 80% of peoples were satisfied.

‘We Were On Top of the World': Fela Kuti's Queens and the Poetics of Space

ABSTRACTThe Afrika Shrine, Fela Kuti's night club, and Kalakuta Republic, the urban commune over which he presided, were iconic spaces in the Nigerian postcolonial imagination. However, these spaces only acquired countercultural stature when in the early 1970s young women began inhabiting them in pursuit of a life in the performing arts. The Queens, as the women were fondly known, became indispensable symbols of the Afrobeat movement. Yet, their contributions to Afrobeat have enjoyed no sustained research. This essay argues that a historiography of the Queens as social agents need account for the ways in which they navigated and aestheticized everyday social spaces beyond the Afrika Shrine. I suggest the concept of ‘stretching out’ space (to Kalakuta's everyday life) as critical to developing both a nuanced understanding of the Queens’ contributions to Afrobeat as well as their quests for individual and collective agency. I draw on a combination of personal interviews and theories of everyday life performance to argue for a more dynamic engagement with spatiality. This essay not only rethinks the Queens’ contributions to the Afrobeat subculture, but it also reconstitutes the everyday as a dialectical space of contestation around gender and agency for working-class women.

Asociación entre variables demográficas y socioeconómicas y mortalidad por cirrosis y otras enfermedades del hígado

Background: Cirrhosis is a serious public health problem worldwide. There are geographical, socioeconomic and demographic differences in mortality due to the disease. Aim: To establish an association between mortality from cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases and socioeconomic and demographic indicators in communes of the two largest regions of Chile, the Metropolitan Region (RM) and Biobio. Material and methods: Analysis of the mortality data from the Chilean Ministry of Health. Multiple regression models of smoothed standardized mortality ratios at the community level between 2001 and 2008, were carried out for men and women in relation to socioeconomic and demographic indicators. Results: Quite dissimilar phenomena were observed in these two regions. In RM, the risk of death is associated with urban communes of lower educational level (R2=53.6% in men, R2=62.3% in women). In men of the Biobio Region, the risk decreases along with the percentage of population belonging to originary populations (R2=9.1%). In women, the model also includes a variable that represents the service sector (R2=15.0%), that represents a greater risk. Conclusions: The association of mortality due to liver disease with other variables, changes according to the territory in which it is studied. Therefore, specific local studies are required to address this problem in depth. These studies will contribute to the design of locally relevant public policies, aimed at addressing health inequities and the prevention of liver diseases.

Analyse De La Promotion Du Genre Et De L’équité Dans Le Processus Du Développement Local : Cas Du PDC De La Commune De Matamèye

This study aims is to identify the level of integration of the female component in development actions at the level of the urban commune of Matamèye. It is based on an exploitation of the field data with the help of a maintenance guide, a questionnaire and the support of the Municipal Development Plan. The interview took place in the semi-structured form. It is clear that there are more than a hundred registered women's groups both in the commune and in the departmental service. These groups operate in the following activities: extraction of peanut oil, market gardening, manufacture of traditional spaghetti and garin yara. The promoters of these activities do not complain. Indeed, even if these results do not live up to expectations, we must encourage the initiatives of the municipality which try with little means to create a framework that allows these structures to evolve in complete independence. Nevertheless, there are conflicts of jurisdiction in the granting of official authorization to these groups between the supervisory authority and the newly elected administration. Each of the two parties believes that it is up to the municipality to issue them according to the local authorities code according to the ordinance n ° 2010-54 of 17 September 2010. That is why we say that the conflicts of competence between the supervisory authority and the newly elected government that often appear must not hamper local development actions, the principle for which decentralization has emerged.

Statistical analysis of indoor parameters an subjective responses of building occupants in a hot region of Indian ocean; a case of Madagascar island

The present research reports the results of a questionnaire-based statistical study of some complex parameters derived from subjective answers by occupants regarding thermal comfort in their area of residence. There is not enough data regarding comfort in residential environment in Madagascar. This will help to define guidelines for constructing more comfortable buildings in Madagascar and other countries on the Indian Ocean. The experimental field study was carried out in 5 big hospitals, 50 small and big shopping centers, 67 traditional buildings, and 25 schools, which were distributed in 25 districts with different micro-climates of the urban communes in Northern of Madagascar. A total of 1092 people were investigated by means of 250 interviews and 842 analysed questionnaires during rainy and dry seasons. The physical measurements of air temperature and other parameters were performed simultaneously. Results showed that there were no very great differences between males and females thermal sensations, humidity sensations, and air movement sensations. The air temperature and relative humidity have a significant impact on the thermal preference in the studied place. With air temperature between 22.9 and 27.2°C, relative humidity from 45.2 to 70.5%, associated with air speed varying from 0.15 to 0.45m/s, at least 80% of voters found their environment comfortable.

The Structural Balance Theory of Sentiment Networks: Elaboration and Test

Structural balance theory attends to a group’s network of sentiments and posits that this network alters over time toward particular structural forms. Current work on the theory is focused on understanding the mechanisms that alter sentiments as a function of the configuration of sentiments in which they are embedded. Although the theory assumes tension reduction mechanisms, there has been no effort to directly measure and model the temporal changes of individuals’ relational tensions that are predicted by the theory. This article elaborates and tests balance theory with an empirical analysis of its posited interpersonal tensions and their reductions via a sentiment conversion process. In addition, the authors open a new line of inquiry on the theory’s scope conditions and point to a community commitment condition that is involved in the realization of structural balance. Their analysis draws on a unique suite of multiwave measures obtained from the Urban Communes Data Set.

ASSESSMENT OF TERRITORIAL COHESION WITH RESPECT TO UTILITY INFRASTRUCTURE OF COMMUNES IN POLAND IN 2005-2015

The purpose of this study is to assess the level of territorial cohesion of communes with respect to utility infrastructure in 2005-2015. Based on selected properties of utility infrastructure development, a synthetic technical infrastructure development index was calculated using statistical data from the Central Statistical Office’s Local Data Base for 2005, 2010, and 2015. Analysis of utility infrastructure development in studied years indicated large differences between commune types, number of their residents, and in regions, indicated by the coefficient of variation. Larger differences in the utility infrastructure development level were observed in urban communes, compared to urban-rural and rural communes. The most varied provinces were Małopolska and Silesia, the least varied – Kujawy-Pomerania and Łódź. Comparing coefficients of variation from 2005, 2010, and 2015, one can notice that these coefficients increase in 68% of studied communes. It means that these communes have a disadvantageous level of territorial cohesion with respect to utility infrastructure.

Prévalence des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire au sein des communautés urbaine et rurale dans la Wilaya de Tlemcen (Algérie) : l’étude de deux communes

BackgroundIn Algeria, few studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of genetic and environmental risk factors of cardiovascular diseases as a function of residence. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors according to sex and age in urban and rural communities in the Wilaya of Tlemcen (Algeria). Material and methodsA population survey was conducted on a representative sample of 864 individuals aged 20years and over, among inhabitants in urban and rural communes in the Wilaya of Tlemcen. Each subject answered the questionnaire on cardiovascular risk factors, underwent a physical examination and had a blood sample drawn. ResultsThe prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 6.6%, it was found to be higher in urban areas (8.4%) than in rural areas (4.6%). The prevalence of low HDL cholesterol levels was higher in urban (28.8%) than rural (23.9%) areas. The prevalence of family history of cardiovascular disease did not differ between the two sexes and between urban (15.7%) and rural (14.0%) areas. The prevalence of hypertension was higher in urban (28.0%) than in rural (16.8%) areas, and was highest among women aged 65 years or older in urban areas (67.3%) and in rural areas (66.6%). The prevalence of diabetes was higher among women living in urban areas (21.4%) compared with rural areas (15.4%). Obesity was much more frequent among women than among men in urban areas (24.7% in women and 9.5% in men) and in rural areas (28.3% in women and 8.3% in men). The prevalence of smoking was 45.8% for men and with no significant variations between urban areas and rural areas. ConclusionThe prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors according to sex and age in the two communes are high in two communes in the Wilaya of Tlemcen. However, the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were higher in women in urban than in rural areas. This finding focuses attention on the need for measures to reduce the prevalence of these cardiovascular risk factors in these communities. Factors such as sex age and area of residence are indicators to consider when targeting interventions.

‘How do you live?’: experiments in revolutionary living after 1917

This article places the idea of the social condenser in its historical and revolutionary context. It reveals the broader discourse from which this architectural theory was born, drawing on examples of activist experimental living and attempts to put Marxist visions of philosophical materialism (or material determinism) into practice. It puts forth the urban communes—collective co-habitative arrangements between youthful enthusiasts, usually based in student dormitories, requisitioned flats, or worker barracks—as the human (non-architectural) equivalent or precursor to the social condenser. Like the social condenser, it is argued, these groupings attempted to mould their material and social setting. They tried to remake everyday life, and recreate human consciousness in the process. In this sense, they offered a steppingstone to socialism: a means of instilling the requisite habits, morals and customs in the first generation of Soviets. By presenting the example of the urban communes as part of a wider ecosystem of experiments in revolutionary living, this article suggests that the social condenser was not designed to determine behaviours that had not yet been witnessed, but rather sought to enhance and extend collective and communal ideals already taking root in the world's first socialist state. Indeed, whilst the social condenser can be seen as a shining beacon of Soviet attempts to refashion life, the importance of this wider ecosystem is highlighted by the fact that contemporary attempts to fashion new architectural designs often remained isolated affairs. Beset with financial restrictions—the Soviet state coming into existence off the back of seven years of war, revolution and civil war between 1914 and 1921—such grand visions were never likely to become standardised creations. And yet, as this article makes clear, collective and communal experimentation would not be bound by these limitations.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT EFFICIENCY CASE OF OXYLAG WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, MHAYA (MOROCCO)

The wastewater from the urban commune of Mhaya (Morocco) was rejected directly into Ben Kazza river without treatment. This situation caused a widespread, massive, varied and insidious pollution of the environment. A wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has been constructed in 2010 in order to preserve the nature surrounding the center. Called Oxylag, the plant has a nominal capacity of 6000 Equivalent Inhabitants. It is based on intensive treatment and it is considered as pilot and unique in Morocco. The treatment is consisting on three basins ventilated by insufflation of artificial air and a basin of finishing.
 The present study aim is the assessment of the purification performance of this plant during 2012, through the analysis of the pollution parameters (COD, BOD5 and TSS), which is the subject of the Moroccan standards on the quality of domestic wastewater defined by the decree Number 1607-06 of 25 July 2006.
 The results show a high purification performance in terms of carbon pollution removal (93% for BOD5, 79% for COD and 64% for TSS).

Flood risk assessment in selected communes of the Łódź region

The aim of the article is to assess the present level of land development of flood risk areas in selected communes of the Łódź province in the context of potential negative consequences for people, the natural environment, cultural heritage and economic operations. The research includes urban as well as urban and rural communes (9 communes in total) of the Łódź province which display high and very high flood risk levels according to the methodology used in Flood protection operating plan for the Łódź province from 2013 ( Plan operacyjny… 2013). Uniejów and Warta have the highest synthetic flood risk levels due to the surface occupied by buildings and areas assigned to individual risk categories. In turn, Łowicz and Tomaszów Mazowiecki (town) display the highest general flood risk level due to diversification of buildings and areas of individual risk categories.

Dezintegracja zlepieńców miejsko-wiejskich w Polsce w latach 2008 – 2016

The main object of this paper was an analysis of the causes and effects of the disintegration of urban-rural conglomerates (urban communes with a dual, urban and rural spatial character). In the years 2008-16 4 urban communes changed their status into urban-rural (Szczawnica in 2008, Czarna Woda in 2014, Wladyslawowo in 2015 and Pieszyce in 2016), which involved a secession of 15 rural administrative units. In the justifications of the Council of Ministers regulations financial benefits and functional, structural-spatial and social factors were indicated as the reasons for, that the changes in the status of communes. In the nearest years secession tendencies are most probable in the case of towns divided into rural administrative units and towns containing separate settlements of a rural character (former villages). Secession of rural administrative units in the case of urban communes can be formally conducted in three ways: changing the commune status from urban to urban-rural, dividing the urban commune into two communes (urban and rural) and through the incorporation of rural administrative units functioning in city borders into existing rural communes.

Review of 'Living the Revolution: Urban Communes and Soviet Socialism 1917-1932'

Review of 'Living the Revolution: Urban Communes and Soviet Socialism 1917-1932'

Towards recycling and waste reduction in Mohammedia, Morocco

Like all municipalities, the city of Mohammedia has to bear a significant cost for the treatment of its waste. In all, €2·72 million has been spent on the collection and processing of 78 608 t of household and similar waste produced in 2013. The urban commune of Mohammedia, which has a daily waste production of 0·807 kg per capita, has been trying to reduce waste production by upstream sorting and recovery; whereas waste reduction is only possible at the source. Treatment processes only could reduce the amount of waste that has to be disposed of. A study of the waste arisings through characterisation of the household waste produced by the city of Mohammedia enabled to know how much waste is generated, how much waste is recyclable, the percentage of fermentable organic materials, the percentage of non-recyclable materials and the estimated cost of disposal of such waste.

The normative role of public opinion in the republican experience of Renaissance Venice

Challenging the traditional view that credits the emergence of public opinion to the Enlightenment era, this article claims that the modern Western roots of the concept can be already identified in the political environment of the urban communes in late medieval and Renaissance Europe. Consequently, its focus is on the role that public opinion played in the constitutional framework of one of the most prominent European city-states, the Republic of Venice. In order to capture the complexity of the issue, the study juxtaposes normative political ideals against the social praxis of Venetian political life. This historical excursion culminates with an account of the dramatic defeat at Agnadello in 1509, which serves as a backdrop illustrating not only the deep impact that public opinion exercised over Venetian domestic politics but also the extensive international role that it played in the realm of the Renaissance world of politics, economics, and warfare.

Factors of Neonatal Morbidity at the Provincial Hospital Center of Missour

Background: Although neonatal mortality decreases in different regions of the world, it is still a major problem in developing countries and particularly in Morocco. Purpose: The aims of this study are to examine the characteristics of pregnant women in the hospital center in the urban commune of Missour as well as the morphological data of the newborn and identify the risk factors implicated in neonatal morbidity. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of collected data from records of women who gave birth in the Maternity of Missour during 2012. As well as a prospective study conducted at the maternity in 2013. Results: A total of 1108 women were included in this retrospective survey, of which 45% come from areas located far from the hospital center of the province and sometimes the access is tough in winter. Only 55.1% of pregnancy was followed. Among 1121 births, 49 babies (4.3%) showed a problematic birth situation: 31 (2.7%) newborns were hospitalized in pediatrics, of which 14 are premature. Neonatal mortality rate is 0.6% that is to say 7 early deaths. The risk factors associated to neonatal morbidity are gestational age and weight birth (in 50% of the cases, 85.7% of deaths are premature infants less than 1500 g). 14 (1.2%) were referred and 11 (0.9%) malformed were noticed. The prospective study states that among the 194 women analyzed, 89.7% are housewives. 89.1% have no medical coverage and 25.4% are illiterate. Only 29.2% benefit from a blood sample during pregnancy and 50% benefit from regular ultrasound follow-up. Conclusion: Mortality and neonatal morbidity constitute a public health priority in Morocco. Our work insists on the interest of an organized support of the newborn from the community to the different levels of the health pyramid.