Urban Cars Research Articles

Design and analysis performances of a 3.6 kW new three-phase charger based on synchronous buck converter with low harmonic distortion for urban cars

Design and analysis performances of a 3.6 kW new three-phase charger based on synchronous buck converter with low harmonic distortion for urban cars

STTF: An Efficient Transformer Model for Traffic Congestion Prediction

With the rapid development of economy, the sharp increase in the number of urban cars and the backwardness of urban road construction lead to serious traffic congestion of urban roads. Many scholars have tried their best to solve this problem by predicting traffic congestion. Some traditional models such as linear models and nonlinear models have been proved to have a good prediction effect. However, with the increasing complexity of urban traffic network, these models can no longer meet the higher demand of congestion prediction without considering more complex comprehensive factors, such as the spatio-temporal correlation information between roads. In this paper, we propose a traffic congestion index and devise a new traffic congestion prediction model spatio-temporal transformer (STTF) based on transformer, a deep learning model. The model comprehensively considers the traffic speed of road segments, road network structure, the spatio-temporal correlation between road sections and so on. We embed temporal and spatial information into the model through the embedding layer for learning, and use the spatio-temporal attention module to mine the hidden spatio-temporal information within the data to improve the accuracy of traffic congestion prediction. Experimental results based on real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art approaches.

Drone Navigation Using Region and Edge Exploitation-Based Deep CNN

Drones are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) utilized for a broad range of functions, including delivery, aerial surveillance, traffic monitoring, architecture monitoring, and even War-field. Drones confront significant obstacles while navigating independently in complex and highly dynamic environments. Moreover, the targeted objects within a dynamic environment have irregular morphology, occlusion, and minor contrast variation with the background. In this regard, a novel deep Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) based data-driven strategy is proposed for drone navigation in the complex and dynamic environment. The proposed Drone Split-Transform-and-Merge Region-and-Edge (Drone-STM-RENet) CNN is comprised of convolutional blocks where each block methodically implements region and edge operations to preserve a diverse set of targeted properties at multi-levels, especially in the congested environment. In each block, the systematic implementation of the average and max-pooling operations can deal with the region homogeneity and edge properties. Additionally, these convolutional blocks are merged at a multi-level to learn texture variation that efficiently discriminates the target from the background and helps obstacle avoidance. Finally, the Drone-STM-RENet generates steering angle and collision probability for each input image to control the drone moving while avoiding hindrances and allowing the UAV to spot risky situations and respond quickly, respectively. The proposed Drone-STM-RENet has been validated on two urban cars and bicycles datasets: udacity and collision-sequence, and achieved considerable performance in terms of explained variance (0.99), recall (95.47%), accuracy (96.26%), and F-score (91.95%). The promising performance of Drone-STM-RENet on urban road datasets suggests that the proposed model is generalizable and can be deployed for real-time autonomous drones navigation and real-world flights.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Digital forensics system based on dynamic path prediction and the competitiveness of cross-border e-commerce SMEs

With the continuous increase in the number of urban cars, the problem of vehicle road traffic congestion has become more and more serious. The traffic path dynamic system plays a vital role in alleviating road traffic congestion. By predicting the traffic flow of different sections of the city, the route can be optimized, so as to optimize the traffic route plan and effectively solve the traffic congestion problem. In order to accurately predict the traffic dynamics in each part, this article mainly studies the traffic flow forecasting technology and route dynamic selection technology from three aspects: basic principles, research status at home and abroad, and practical applications. Due to the rapid development of communication technology, smart mobile devices have become one of the mainstream communication tools in today’s society. It is gradually replacing computers as an important tool for information processing, storage, and dissemination. Therefore, the rapid development of forensic technology using mobile digital has become a new hot research issue. In the past 2 years, with the rapid development of the digital and information age, the development of cross-border e-commerce businesses based on the Internet has also shown an unstoppable trend. At present, China’s foreign trade is not optimistic. Cross-border e-commerce uses the Internet to break the limitation of information asymmetry between merchants and customers. Compared with traditional foreign trade, it has the advantages of low cost, high profit, and short order cycle. It is a small- and medium-sized enterprise in China. The development of international trade provides convenience and enhances the competitiveness of enterprises.

Biometric Vehicle Access And Ignition System Using Fingerprint Recognition

As variety of urban cars is growing very increasingly with the economy, and considering the individuals are becoming a lot about vehicle thievery which creates larger market for anti vehicle theft products. After that A lots of anti theft devices are being installed in vehicle but result is still unsatisfactory. Since every kind of devices has its own drawbacks therefore ,enhanced system has been proposed in this paper to ensure the vehicle safety and track of vehicle in the event of theft of vehicle. In this system we are using fingerprint based authentication to ignite the engine in addition to key mechanism. In this system we are using a Fingerprint Module (R307),Dc motor ,Motor Driver IC, CP-2102 USB to TTL Module, A MC ATMega 328P on a Self Made ARD. Uno board. A Guiding Wire for guiding the Structure, and Software IDE (Arduino IDE) for Programming the MC. The Heart of the entire System is MC ATMega 328P which is completely responsible for entire operation of Biometric authentication access to owner of vehicle.

EPAS Fail-Safe Control using Differential Braking

One of the main systems for ground vehicles is the Electric Power Assisted Steering (EPAS). Due to its importance, a redundant system is usually implemented. This solution remain however expensive, especially for small urban cars. This paper proposes an alternative fail-safe control algorithm using this time differential braking. Controlling each brake apart generates a yaw moment enabling turning the vehicle. Optimal coordination is ensured due to the importance of this maneuver. Results show that differential braking, that already exist in most of passenger cars, is able to generate a sufficient additional yaw moment to help the driver steer his/her vehicle. This can reduce the space and the cost of the vehicle.

The Effect of Tire Pressure to Fuel Consumption of G19 Garuda Urban Cars

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tire pressure on fuel consumption for Garuda Urban Gasoline G19 in the Shell eco-marathon Asia, 2019. This research is a type of experimental research using FDR tires on the UG19. The research was conducted by applying the tire air pressure 50 Psi, 75 Psi, 80 Psi, and 90 Psi in each pressure test, the calculation of fuel consumption is carried out to determine the effect of energy consumption in each test of each pressure. The data analysis method was carried out by using descriptive analysis. The results showed that: By applying FDR tire pressure for UG19 cars with a pressure of 90 Psi, the fuel consumption reached 5.1 ml with the calculation of the achievement of energy consumption of 395 km / l. With the test results, it shows that giving an increase in tire pressure will greatly affect fuel consumption and energy consumption achievement.

The role of urban dispersion in rational energy usein the Islamic Republic of Iran

Introduction. Growing urbanization entails the construction of secondary and tertiary highways, buildings, development and protection of the infrastructure, aimed at improving the performance of cities; these actions are closely related to power consumption. The experience has proven that the functional planning of urban areas influences urban transportation. Therefore, the link between urban dispersion and types of transportation has turned into one of arguable points. Uncontrollable and spontaneous urban growth, irrational nation-wide traffic and area planning boost the daily use of cars in the cities. Therefore, the study of the factors that influence suburban sprawl can influence the reduction in the number of urban cars. On the whole, suburban sprawl in Iran increases the distance between home and workplace, shopping malls and entertainment centres, and influences the use of personal vehicles and motorcycles. And it can pollute urban air and generate urban heat islands.
 Materials and methods. The co-authors have taken advantage of the official statistics, examination findings, geographical maps, draft master plans for cities, integrated transportation plans, plans of engineering and communication infrastructures.
 Results. Any spontaneous expansion of cities, irrational power consumption cause inefficient use of resources and negative economic and social results. Problems of urban dispersion is a feature of the Anthropocene epoch.
 Conclusions. The co-authors employed document analysis (printed books, articles, and digital libraries). Rational energy consumption, harmonious urban development and gardening are only feasible if reliance on cars is eliminated. Also, given the development of information and communication technologies, withdrawal of cars from designs and plans of new cities in Iran may be of vital importance for the elimination of economic, social, and numerous other problems.

Efectos del cambio climático en la zona urbana turística y costera de Viña del Mar: levantamiento de daños para una inundación por marejadas y percepción de seguridad

Las ciudades costeras afrontan actualmente diversas problemáticas debido a los efectos del cambio climático. En el caso de la ciudad de Viña del Mar, se visualiza un aumento en la frecuencia e intensidad de eventos de oleaje extremo, por lo que la zona costera será donde este problema tendrá una mayor visibilidad. Este trabajo analiza el impacto de un evento de marejadas en una localidad densamente poblada y visitada por turistas (sector Avenida Perú, Población Vergara, Viña del Mar), así como de la percepción de seguridad que tienen residentes y turistas ante esta problemática. Mediante el análisis de datos de marejadas históricas, levantamiento de daños de un evento significativo y una encuesta de percepción de seguridad, se destaca el impacto negativo que tienen estos eventos en la infraestructura urbana situada contigua a la línea de costa, incluyendo mobiliario urbano, residencias, servicios turísticos y automóviles. Se constató una percepción de seguridad negativa y una necesidad de adaptación de infraestructura para reducir vulnerabilidad. La infraestructura analizada no se ha adaptado al riesgo de inundaciones costeras. Esta situación advierte de la obsolescencia de tipologías predominantes, las cuales son constantemente afectadas tanto en el período estival como invernal. Finalmente se discuten diversas opciones de adaptación de infraestructura, códigos de construcción, relocalización y uso de defensas blandas para reducir los efectos de futuros eventos de oleaje extremo.

Vehicle positioning based on UWB technology

In recent years, with the rapid increase of the number of urban cars, the vehicle internet is becoming a trend of smart transportion. In such vehicle network, accurate location is very crucial in many new applications such as autopilot, semi-autopilot and Car-to-x communications. UWB technology has been used for indoor closed range positioning and ranging widely, while UWB outdoor positioning and ranging research is relatively less. This paper proposed UWB as the vehicle positioning technology and developed a method based on two-way-ranging (TWR) to solve the ranging problem between vehicles. At the same time, the improved TOA method was used to locate vehicles, which has higher precision compared with traditional GPS or LBS. A hardware module is introduced and the simulation results show that the modules are capable of precise positioning for vehicles in vehicle network.

Reducing the ecological footprint of urban cars

ABSTRACTThis study develops the policy-making capabilities of the Ecological Footprint. The new capabilities we introduce in our Ecological Footprint model allow us to clarify policy options in the face of the increasing management complexity due to a more interconnected and uncertain world. We investigate the effectiveness of three illustrative policy options for reducing the Ecological Footprint of urban car transport: (1) improvements in efficiency/technology, (2) substitution with alternate fuel mixes, and (3) the reduction in demand by altering urban form. We investigate the success of policy options for a subnational case study jurisdiction in Australia, but in the uncertain global context. We use a resilience framework that considers critical social, economic, and environmental variables, multiple scales, and multiple possible futures. We find that delaying policy options to mitigate CO2 emissions from the transport sector will increase the risks borne by society as a result of future global uncertainty, the uncertain timing of globally coordinated action on climate change and the timing of peak oil. We also find that the success of local policy is affected by the global future which prevails. The use of the Ecological Footprint allows policy to be informed by the consequences of both CO2 emissions and increasing demand for land. The study provides a decision-making framework that allows local decision makers to make robust policy despite global uncertainty. This framework has wider applicability to other nations and/or subnational jurisdictions worldwide.

Research on Business Operating Model of New Energy Battery Electric Vehicles Used as Urban Logistics Cars

Nowadays, because of air pollution, the lack of energy and the rising demand of motor vehicles, china’s government has published much policy to encourage the development of the new energy car industry. However, it doesn’t work as expected for the lack of effective business model of the market promotion of the new energy car industry. The development of urban public environmental protection and logistics industry call a stable demand of urban logistics cars; and the environment pollution and traffic problem provide a wide space for the market of battery electric vehicles used as urban logistics cars. This paper analyzes current circumstances and problems of the market of new energy cars, provides a business operating model of battery electric vehicles, which is setting up an individual operating company, and states different operating models with different subject of operation. Based on all these conclusions, the paper discusses the implementation condition, process, economic benefit and relative policy advice of business promotion model of the individual operating company with a topic of battery electric vehicles used as urban logistics cars, in order to commercialize them from the demand of the market.

Electric Cars in the Rural Context: Developments in Wales

This paper considers the transition from internal combustion engine cars toward electric cars, deploying case studies of the use of these vehicles within the UK. It uses socio-technical transitions theory to highlight how such new technologies break through from disparate niches into the mainstream. At the present time, perhaps academic and policy focus appears to be placed upon the prospect of electric cars fulfilling an urban nicheas city cars, largely in recognition of their limited range. In contrast, the paper uses a case study of various electric car applications in the Welsh countryside to suggest that existing rural niches may offer beneficial insights into the use of the technology. The paper concludes with the contention that more attention should be given to electric cars in rural settings, with a need for future research to explore the little heralded potential that seems to be promised by such niches.

Design and Application of Virtual Parking Management Platform Based on LabVIEW

Intelligent parking management development platform based on LabVIEW imitates parking access control system, smart regional guidance system, parking information inquiry system and alarm information inquiry system. The system achieves kinds of functions, such as fast access, time charges, intelligent guidance, security alarm and so on. The development platform for intelligent parking management system can be applied to develop new features for the system. The platform simulates that the parking system combines the Internet of Things technology using the LabVIEW database connectivity tools package. It can develop new functions including urban parking guidance and smart reverse seeking cars in adapt to smart city development.

Energy and Environmental Impacts of Urban Buses and Passenger Cars–Comparative Analysis of Sensitivity to Driving Conditions

A methodology is suggested for a comparative analysis of energy and environmental impacts of various urban transport modes. A total emission indicator is used as a tool for integral assessment of vehicle emissions. An environmental impact factor is suggested in order to compare between the various transport modes that use different energy sources. Vehicle occupancy values, yielding equality of the specific environmental impact factors and specific energy consumption of the compared transport modes are used for the analysis purposes. This methodology is applied for a comparison between the buses and the passenger cars at various levels of service, road gradients and urban road types. The comparison results reveal that the environmental impact of the bus for driving at an urban access road falls below the one of the passenger car when the bus occupancy is 14–18 persons. Urban buses turn out to be energetically beneficial over passenger cars at occupancy values substantially lower compared with those providing a similar environmental impact.

Evaluation of the Implementation of a Low Emission Zone in Lisbon

The city of Lisbon, like many others in the EU region, introduced a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) as a tool for improving air quality in its city centre. This kind of emission reduction schemes is always controversial since it might lead to significant changes in the daily behaviours of its inhabitants. In order to evaluate the effects of the measure, an estimation of the impact of the introduction of the Lisbon LEZ was performed. Real traffic counting and fleet characterization combined with CORINAR-based emission inventory methodology allowed to estimate the impacts of three different scenarios applied to the “business as usual” condition (current vehicle fleet) ranging from “no circulation from non- compliant vehicles” to an “aggressive fleet renewal”. Results highlight the high percentage of atmospheric emissions of PM10 and NOx that might result from certain fleets like taxis and buses, especially because there was an emphasis in standardized/normalized estimations (emissions per 1000 vehicles) in order to allow different strategic approaches. The total reduction of PM10 emissions associated to each scenario vary between 6 ton.year-1 (scenario 2) and 8 ton.year-1 (scenario 1), or 25% and 34% less emissions. In terms of NOxemission reductions vary between 6 ton.year-1 (scenario 2) and 57 ton.year-1 (scenario 1), or 1% and 7% less emissions. The Lisbon LEZ is therefore much more efficient in reducing PM10 emissions compared to NOx. Major reduction in PM10 and NOx emissions are to be expected with a moderate intervention in the (relatively old) taxi fleet in Lisbon while for passenger cars the impact is limited. However in absolute terms and due to its urban mileage passenger cars should also continue being included in Lisbon LEZ. Simultaneously, an effort in the increase of dedicated lanes for public transport should be made, for further reductions in PM10 and NOx emissions.

THE INFLUENCE OF BRAKING TIME ON HEAT FLOW THROUGH THE FRICTION SURFACES OF THE FRICTION ELEMENTS OF DISK BRAKES FOR RAILWAY VEHICLES / STABDYMO LAIKO ĮTAKA ŠILUMOS SRAUTUI, SKLINDANČIAM GELEŽINKELIO TRANSPORTO PRIEMONIŲ DISKINIŲ STABDŽIŲ ELEMENTŲ PAVIRŠIŲ TRINTIES METU / ВЛИЯНИЕ ВРЕМЕНИ ТОРМОЖЕНИЯ НА ТЕПЛОВОЙ ПОТОК, ОБРАЗУЮЩИЙСЯ ИЗ-ЗА ТРЕНИЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТЕЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ДИСКОВЫХ ТОРМОЗОВ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫХ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ

Disk brakes were first introduced on the suburban and urban coaches and high speed freight cars (V > 120 km/h) for the following reasons: shoe brakes reached their potential limits, especially at high speeds; the maintenance of disc brakes is cheaper; greater comfort; the friction coefficient of disk brake elements (friction pad and brake disc) presents lower variation in velocity and pressure; disk brakes present lower temperatures of friction surfaces. The determination of uniform heat flow through the friction elements of disk brakes is very important since the early designing stage. Such way one avoids overheating both disk brakes and friction pads that may result when the physical properties (chemical and mechanical) of materials are not correctly matched and have negative effects on braking efficiency (small coefficient of friction, large braking distance etc.) This work studies the influence of braking time (30 s, 40 s, 50 s, 60 s) on the uniform heat flow of the friction element surface. Note that in the same area of disk brake friction 0.4 m2, heat flow decreases with an increased duration of braking, leading to longer braking space. At the same time, if pressure on the pad of disk brake friction decreases, heat flow increases. Santrauka Pirmą kartą diskiniai stabdžiai buvo panaudoti sausumos transporto priemonėse (taip pat ir geležinkelio) dėl tokių priežasčių: būgninių stabdžių kaladėlės nusidėvi, ypač esant dideliems greičiams; diskinių stabdžių remonto darbams reikia skirti mažiau išlaidų; diskiniai stabdžiai patogesni; didelis diskinių stabdžių stabdymo efektyvumas; mažesnė diskinių stabdžių trinties paviršių temperatūra stabdant. Labai svarbu nustatyti šilumos srautą, sklindantį per diskinių stabdžių elementus trinties metu dar ankstyvuoju projektavimo etapu. Tai padeda išvengti diskinių stabdžių ir greta jų esančių elementų perkaitimo, kuris gali atsirasti, kai medžiagos parinktos neteisingai ir pasikeitusios jų fizinės, cheminės ar mechaninės savybės po perkaitinimo daro neigiamą poveikį stabdymo efektyvumui (mažas trinties koeficientas, ilgas stabdymo kelias ir t. t.). Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kokią įtaką stabdymo laikas (30 s, 40 s, 50 s, 60 s) daro šilumos srautui į besitrinančius elementų paviršius trin Transport, 2011, 26(1): I a–I d I c ties (stabdymo) metu. Pažymėtina, kad toje pačioje diskinių stabdžių trinties srityje (stabdymo plotas—0,4 m2) šilumos srautas mažėja didėjant stabdymo trukmei ir todėl didėja stabdymo kelias. Tuo pat metu, jeigu diskinių stabdžių trinties sritis (stabdymo plotas) mažėja, šilumos srautas didėja. Резюме Дисковые тормоза впервые были применены в наземных транспортных средствах (в том числе и железнодорожных) из-за следующих причин – колодки барабанных тормозов быстро изнашиваются при больших скоростях, работы по ремонту дисковых тормозов требуют меньше затрат времени и средств, они более удобны и характеризуются большей эффективностью торможения, при торможении меньше нагреваются трущиеся поверхности. Очень важно на ранней стадии проектирования дисковых тормозов определить тепловой поток, образующийся из-за трения поверхностей элементов тормозов. Данная информация поможет предотвратить перегрев элементов самих дисковых тормозов и элементов, находящихся рядом с ними. Перегрев тормозов возможен из-за неправильно подобранных материалов их элементов. После перегрева изменившиеся физико-механические и химические свойства элементов тормозов могут отрицательно влиять на эффективность торможения (малый коэффициент трения, длинный путь торможения и т. д.). Автор исследует влияние времени торможения (30, 40, 50, 60 с) на тепловой поток, образующийся из-за трения поверхностей элементов дисковых тормозов во время торможения. Необходимо отметить, что при той же области трения элементов (площадь трения – 0,4 м2) тепловой поток уменьшается при увеличении времени торможения, поэтому увеличивается путь торможения. В то же время при уменьшении области трения элементов (площади трения) дисковых тормозов тепловой поток увеличивается.

Slower, smaller and lighter urban cars

Rising global car ownership levels generate a variety of problems, including traffic congestion, oil depletion, air pollution and traffic accidents. These problems are usually most severe in urban areas. This paper examines the potential for large reductions in maximum speed, size and mass of urban cars to ameliorate these problems. It is found that cutting maximum speeds would significantly lower the frequency and severity of traffic accidents, especially in the third world, where fatality rates per vehicle are very high. If cars carried a maximum of two to four persons, car length and width could be reduced. Such cars would require smaller lane widths and less parking space, thus helping to ease traffic congestion. The combination of smaller and slower vehicles means that car mass can also be greatly reduced, which in turn reduces fuel use and, with it, urban air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.

Response speeds and response times of urban police patrol cars in Ottawa, Canada

When planning or simulating the operations of radio patrol cars, it is necessary to know the response time and response speed. In the present work the response speed was measured for downtown and surburban cars in order to facilitate computer simulations of patrol operations. Recorders were installed in the cars and records of dispatch delay, travel time, distance, response time, service time, and percentage of time per shift answering calls, were kept. Curves (which may be of general application) were fitted to the data for each parameter. The most probable average speed of the downtown car was 16 mph and of the suburban cars, 25 mph and 27 mph. Because of different average distances, however, the response times were comparable. Good agreement was found berween average travel times calculated from a formula given by R.C. Larson and travel times found experimentally in the present work.