Urban Area Of Iran Research Articles

Environmental contamination with feces of free-roaming dogs and the risk of transmission of Echinococcus and Taenia species in urban regions of southeastern Iran

BackgroundDogs are the most important definitive hosts of zoonotic taeniid helminths worldwide. Different Echinococcus and Taenia species of domestic and wild carnivores pose a potential risk to human population. High populations of free-roaming dogs (FRDs) in urban areas of Iran and widespread contamination of the environment with dog feces is a potential source of infecting people living in the urban regions with cystic echinococcosis (CE). Our knowledge on the risk of CE transmission in the urban settings in the endemic regions is limited. The present study surveyed the species and genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato and other taeniids by examining feces of free-roaming dogs in the urban areas in the city of Kerman, southeastern Iran.MethodsThe city was divided into 100 consecutive blocks of which 25 blocks were randomly selected. Fecal samples of FRDs were counted, mapped and fresh samples were collected. Then Zinc chloride flotation, and sequential sieving was performed, and the samples were examined under an inverted microscope. Single individual taeniid eggs were isolated, partial nad1 gene was amplified and sequenced to identify species and genotypes.ResultsIn total 5607 fecal samples of dogs were mapped and 83 fresh samples were collected. Taeniid eggs were detected in nine fecal samples (10.8%) from seven out of the 25 city blocks (28.0%). Echinococcus eggs were found in four samples (4.8%) from three city blocks, two samples containing E. granulosus sensu stricto (2.4%), two samples containing E. canadensis G6/7 (2.4%). In addition, three samples contained eggs of Taenia hydatigena (3.6%), and one sample of Taenia serialis (1.2%).ConclusionsThis study documented the potential risk of CE transmission to humans resulting from the feces of dogs roaming freely in urban areas.Graphical

Contributors to fatigue among nurses working in critical care units: A qualitative study.

Fatigue is a growing concern among nurses who provide care to unstable and critically ill patients in critical care wards. It has various negative consequences for both nurses and patients. To explore and describe contributors to fatigue among nurses working in critical care units. A qualitative content analysis. Participants were 21 nurses chosen using purposeful sampling. They were working in different critical care units at different hospitals in nine urban areas of Iran. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data, and conventional content analysis was used to develop categories and subcategories. The analysis of data on the nurses' perspectives and experiences led to developing nine categories as contributors to fatigue: 'compassion fatigue', 'extensive network of interactions', 'sound and alarm fatigue', 'psychological tensions', 'managerial and organizational tensions', 'lack of motivation and incentives', 'individual characteristics of nurses', 'physical and mental pressure', and requirements of special care and situational complexity'. Understanding the factors that influence the experience of fatigue among nurses working in critical care units is essential for maintaining a reliable and high-quality health care environment within health care facilities. The experience of fatigue by critical care nurses can increase the possibility of practice errors, reduce patient safety and quality of care, and enhance staff burnout and turnover. Proactive policies should be formulated to assess nurses' fatigue levels and implement strategies for effective fatigue management. This approach aims to enhance both patient safety and job satisfaction in the workplace.

Temporal characteristics and health effects related to NO2, O3, and SO2 in an urban area of Iran

This study reports on temporal variations of NO2, O3, and SO2 pollutants and their related health effects in urban air of Khorramabad, Iran using AirQ 2.2.3 software. Based on data between 2015 and 2021, hourly NO2, O3, and SO2 concentrations increase starting at 6:00 a.m. local time until 9:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m., and 7:00 p.m. local time, respectively, before gradually decreasing. The highest monthly NO2, O3, and SO2 concentrations are observed in October, August, and September, respectively. Annual median NO2, O3, and SO2 concentrations range between 17 ppb and 38.8 ppb, 17.5 ppb–36.6 ppb, and ∼14 ppb–30.8 ppb, respectively. Two to 93 days and 17–156 days between 2015 and 2021 exhibit daily concentrations of NO2 and SO2 ≤ WHO AQGs, respectively, while 187–294 days have 8-h maximum O3 concentrations ≤ WHO AQGs. The mean excess mortality ascribed to respiratory mortality, cardiovascular mortality, hospital admissions for COPD, and acute myocardial infraction are 121, 603, 39, and 145 during 2015–2021, respectively. O3 is found to exert more significant health effects compared to SO2 and NO2, resulting in higher cardiovascular mortality. The gradual increase in NO2 and possibly O3 over the study period is suspected to be due to economic sanctions, while SO2 decreased due to regulatory activity. Sustainable control strategies such as improving fuel quality, promoting public transportation and vehicle retirement, applying subsidies for purchase of electric vehicles, and application of European emission standards on automobiles can help decrease target pollutant levels in ambient air of cities in developing countries.

Hospital response challenges and strategies during COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study.

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare managers at hospitals did not have sufficient experiences to appropriately respond to the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to a lack of preparedness, many challenges arose in the healthcare system, and each country developed and implemented strategies depending on national policies. This study aimed to understand challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic and strategies used in Iranian hospitals. A qualitative research was conducted in four hospitals in an urban area of Iran. In-depth semi-structured interviews were performed with 32 participants including healthcare managers, nurses, and medical doctors. Data underwent qualitative content analysis. Four categories were developed: 'capacity expansion', 'management affairs', 'diagnostic services," and therapeutic services'. Each category consisted of 2-3 subcategories. Hospitals should be prepared to intelligently respond to future epidemics. It is necessary to develop a comprehensive epidemic plan for the management of disasters to reduce the impact of the epidemic and minimize the risk to public health and ensure that resources are allocated in an efficient and effective manner.

Spatial-temporal estimation of maximum temperature high returns periods for annual time series considering stationary/nonstationary approaches in Iran urban area

The maximum temperature in the annual time series is a variable with a broad impact on heatstroke, energy consumption, cooling system stability, peak water consumption, and cardiovascular patients. Due to climate change, variations in the high return period of maximum temperature in the annual time series are expected. Due to the significant impact of the high return period of maximum temperature in the annual series in urban areas, it is necessary to study its Spatial-Temporal variations in these areas. In this study, using long-term data from 41 urban areas in Iran, the Generalized additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) have been used to estimate changes in the return period of 100 and 50 of maximum temperatures. Findings show that in 83% of urban areas in Iran, the nonstationarity in the maximum temperature time series is statistically significant. Ignoring the nonstationarity has led to underestimating the maximum temperature in the high return period up to 2.6 °C and overestimating up to 7 °C. Also, the conventional stationary approach in most Iran urban areas has led to underestimating the hazard of annual maximum temperature. Compared to other areas, the western and southern urban areas of Iran are more clearly affected by the nonstationarity of maximum temperature in the annual time series, which means that the related designs in these areas should be corrected.

Smart care for dealing with nurses' alarm fatigue in the intensive care unit.

Alarm fatigue is a condition in which a person experiences sensory overload or desensitization in exposure to frequent non-actionable alarms. Nurses are the main users of alarms in health care and their behaviors for alarm management influence the occurrence of alarm fatigue. This qualitative research aimed to explore strategies used by nurses in dealing with nurses' alarm fatigue in the intensive care unit (ICU). Qualitative research was carried out. Eighteen nurses working in ICUs were selected purposefully and were invited to take part in individual semi-structured interviews. Collected data were analyzed using content analysis for developing categories and subcategories. Twelve ICUs in ten hospitals in four urban areas of Iran. The research's main category was "smart care" consisting of two categories of "technologic actions" and "non-technologic actions." Also, six subcategories were developed: "identifying the cause and taking timely actions", "personalized alarm settings", "reducing the number of unnecessary alarms", "effective teamwork", "improving the physical environment and ward arrangement", and "self-calmness". Smart care by nurses included a set of active and proactive interventions developed through thinking and reflection and the use of information, skills, and experiences in order to manage exposure to alarm fatigue. Strategies used by nurses to prevent alarm fatigue can reduce the physical and psychological burden caused by frequent exposure to alarms in the ICU and consequently can have direct impacts on the quality and safety of nursing care. Nurses in the healthcare process often experience alarm fatigue that is influenced by the cultural-contextual aspect of care and the care environment. Smart care in terms of technologic and non-technologic actions helps with the prevention of alarm fatigue.

Climate Change and Gender: Mapping Drought and Gender Gap in Literacy and Employment Sections in Iran between 2011 and 2016.

Background: Drought is one of the most frequent natural hazards in Iran. Gender analysis can highlight the different needs and capacities of men and women to manage drought hazards. Thus, the present study aimed to map drought and the gender gap in drought data based on the provincial zones in 2011 and 2016. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 stages establishing a database and spatial analysis. Data mapping was done based on provincial divisions, sex-disaggregated distribution of literacy, and employment rate as well as drought patterns in Iran in 2011 and 2016 using ArcGIS software. Descriptive statistics were applied to analyze and report the sex-disaggregated literacy and employment data. Results: About 80.73% and 75.27% of women and 80.89% and 74.74% of men experienced severe and very severe droughts in 2011 and 2016, respectively. Gender inequality in the aspects of literacy and employment in drought-affected regions was found in 2011 and 2016. Conclusion: Community-based planning and management in regions exposed to climate change are suggested for reducing the consequences of climatic disasters such as droughts. Women need to be empowered and trained for innovative livelihood activities in rural and urban areas in Iran and other developing countries affected by long-term droughts.

Spatiotemporal variations of internal dust events in urban environments of Iran, Southwest Asia.

This article investigates the Dust Storm Index (DSI) and its trend using the Mann-Kendall test, across urban areas of Iran on the monthly, seasonally, and annually scales from 2000 to 2018. The results showed that cities located in the humid region, especially Khoram Abad and Avaj, had the lowest DSI values, and the cities located in arid regions, particularly Zabol, Sarakhs, and Zahedan, had the highest DSI values during the study period. On a monthly basis, the positive trends were observed in most cities of Iran in March, October, and August, while the negative trends were mainly observed in Feb, May, and June. Birjand, Torbat Heydariyeh, Saveh, Shiraz, and Kerman showed an increasing trend of DSI in most months of the study period. On a seasonal scale, the autumn and summer DSI changes showed significant positive trends in 18% of the urban environments in Iran. A similar trend was observed for 17% and 15% of study urban areas in the spring and winter, respectively. On an annual scale, the significant upward trends in DSI were observed in 13% while its negative changes were found in 10% of study cities. These results can be useful for decision-makers and managers to take appropriate measures to reduce and control dust events in urban areas that have suffered from the increasing trend of dust events in the past years.

Investigating the Factors Affecting Housing rent in Urban Areas of Iran with Emphasis on Urban Grouping

Investigating the Factors Affecting Housing rent in Urban Areas of Iran with Emphasis on Urban Grouping

Is elevated ALT associated with lifestyle risk factors? A population-based survey.

Given the high prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the role of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in diagnosing liver injury along with the increasing prevalence of lifestyle risk factors, we aimed to evaluate the association between serum ALT level and lifestyle risk factors in a population-based survey. This was a population-based study conducted in rural and urban areas of Iran in 2016. Cluster sampling method was applied to enroll a total of 31,050 participants aged ≥ 18. Demographic data, anthropometric measures, and laboratory samples were gathered. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using three different cut-off levels for elevated ALT to assess the relationship between elevated ALT and lifestyle risk factors. The prevalence of elevated ALT was significantly higher in men with elevated body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WTH), hip circumference, and salt consumption, likewise, in women with higher BMI and WTH. In the multivariate logistic model adjusted for age and sex, high WTH (adjusted odds ratio: 1.73; 95% CI 1.52-1.96), BMI > 25 (1.51; 95% CI 1.29-1.76), hip circumference (1.26; 95% CI 1-1.58), and current smoking (0.67; 95% CI 0.56-0.8) were associated with elevated ALT levels using American cut-off (ALT > 33U/L for male and ALT > 25U/L for female). Only physical measurements (BMI, WTH) but not lifestyle risk factors were related to the increased ALT regardless of the selected cut-offs. As elevated ALT was associated with several lifestyle risk factors, stewardship programs should be established to modify lifestyle risk factors, such as abdominal obesity and physical inactivity. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01137-6.

Comparison of Single and Multiple Hypotheses Test of Aggregation the “Pulses” and “Sugar and Sugar Cubes” in Urban Areas of Iran

Comparison of Single and Multiple Hypotheses Test of Aggregation the “Pulses” and “Sugar and Sugar Cubes” in Urban Areas of Iran

Simulating Potential Associated Socio-Economic Determinants With Sustainable Food Security (A Macro-Micro Spatial Quantitative Model).

Improving sustainable food security status, nowadays, is an important challenge globally, especially in developing countries. The policy goal should be equity—everyone has the same opportunity to be food secure—rather than equality—everyone gets the same subsidy. Since the culture and socioeconomic status within a country vary from region to region, collapsing all areas into a unique region may introduce errors and inaccurate results, as most studies carried out. This study assesses the geographical pattern of association between food security and socioeconomic factors in urban areas in Iran using a nationally and regionally representative household consumption-expenditure survey from 2010 to 2018. The logistic regression model and big data are used to achieve this goal. The results show that a substantial number of households face food insecurity in urban areas in Iran. Also, different geographic regions have various salient factors that affect food insecurity. Aggregation tests confirmed that researchers should estimate separate models for different provinces, states, and districts to assess and monitor the food security status of a country instead of estimating a unique model for the whole of the country. Geographical disparities should be considered as an important issue before suggesting any catch-all policies for a country. The geo-locational factor of households is a key determinant of the association between socioeconomic factors and food security in urban areas in Iran. In sum, the practical suggestions for improving Iranian households' food security in urban areas are as follows: (1) Developing job opportunities for the head of household. (2) Enhancing the potential for self-employment. (3) Facilitating the study of children within households including providing inexpensive uniforms, books, and materials, especially for poor households. (4) Supporting young couples in terms of accessing to financial resources and providing inexpensive essential equipment of home for them; and (5) Introduction of the importance of dietary diversity and different foods which can be cooked by using these food ingredients within a household. Comparative case studies using similar methodologies can test if our results are generalizable.

Happiness and Achievement Motivation among Iranian Nursing Students: A Descriptive Correlational Study.

Background Happiness and achievement motivation are two important concepts in students' lives. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the association between happiness and achievement motivation in undergraduate nursing students and examining their relationship with students' demographic characteristics. Method A descriptive correlational study was undertaken; 255 undergraduate nursing students enrolled in one nursing school in an urban area of Iran during the academic year 2017-2018 were included in the study using census method sampling. The demographic data questionnaire, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), and Hermans Achievement Motivation Questionnaire (HAMQ) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis. Results The total mean (SD) of happiness and achievement motivation scores were 40.73 (11.20) and 82.61 (7.50), respectively. There was a direct significant correlation between happiness and achievement motivation (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). An inverse significant association between happiness and students 21-24 years old (β = −3.99, p < 0.03) was found. There was a direct significant association between happiness and being married (β = 5.33, p = 0.03) and interest in nursing (β = 4.78, p = 0.02). Additionally, achievement motivation was associated directly with female gender (β = 1.93, p = 0.03) and interest in nursing (β = 3.71, p = 0.005) and inversely associated with studying in the fourth academic year (β = −3.06, p = 0.03) and history of course drops (β = −3.45, p = 0.002). Conclusion Our study indicated that there was a direct significant relationship between happiness and achievement motivation in undergraduate nursing students. Therefore, officials and nursing education lecturers should consider programs to increase students' happiness, such as counseling or emotional support programs and workshops.

Households' food expenditures in urban areas of Iran: An application of small area estimation

&#x0D; Background: A fundamental factor for human development is food, and inequalities in nutrition have been related to inequalities in health .The purpose of this study was to estimate Household Food Expenditure (HFE) in urban areas of Iran at district-level using small area estimation (SAE) methods.&#x0D; &#x0D; Design and Methods: We used the Fay-Herriot model, the well-known area-level model of SAE. The main data was urban data of HFE collected by Statistical Centre of Iran at 2013. The environment of our study was urban area of Iran and study unit was household.&#x0D; Results: Findings showed that average number of room at each household, migration rate, proportion of male headed households(PMH) and Proportion of the active population`s employed at district level had a significant effect on HFE. Comparison between aggregated province estimates and estimates reported by SCI was not significant (P=0.609). The lowest and the highest HFE belong respectively to Pishva district with 27,067 thousand rials(TRs) and to Boyer-Ahmad district with 85,175 TRs.&#x0D; Conclusions: Small-area estimation is advantageous for surveillance of HFE at the district level. This method allows documentation of geographic disparities and improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of HFE in urban areas of Iran.&#x0D;

The Effect of Supplemental Health Insurance on Out-of-Pocket Payments for Elderly Households in Urban Areas of Iran: Hackman Sample Selection Model

Objectives: Considering the growth of the elderly population and the need of the elderly for health services and the importance of supplementary insurance on improving the quality of life of the elderly households, this study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementary health insurance on out-of-pocket payments for elderly households in urban areas of Iran. Methods &amp; Materials: This descriptive-analytical and applied study was conducted at the national level using the two-stage Hackman econometric method in Stata 16 software in 2021. The sample size was 6171 elderly households which data was extracted from different sections of the cost and income questionnaire of Iranian urban households in 2019. Results: Increasing age, education, and employment of the head of the household, increasing household size, having a private home, increasing per capita health expenditures and income of household had a positive effect on the probability of purchasing medical insurance. Increasing the age, level of education and employment of the head of the household led to an increase in out-of-pocket payments for the elderly household by 61164, 84466 and 140032 Rials per month, respectively. Having supplementary health insurance, living in provinces with high human development and being an elderly head of household increased the out-of-pocket payments to 606207, 849739 and 109274 Rials per month, respectively. Conclusion: Elderly households were less likely than other households to purchase supplementary health insurance and having supplementary health insurance by an elderly household led to an increase in out-of-pocket payments compared to other elderly households. Therefore, to reduce out-of-pocket payments, increase coverage Insurance of health goods and services required by the elderly as well as reduction of the elderly franchise is offered.

The effects of Melissa officinalis leaf extract on anxiety among patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries

Background andobjectivesIn European Traditional Medicine and Iranian Traditional Medicine, Melissa officinalis L. is commonly regarded as an anti-anxiety agent. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Melissa officinalis leaf extract on anxiety among patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries. MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial (RCT), 80 candidates for orthopedic surgery were selected by purposeful sampling in an urban area of Iran. These patients were assigned to intervention and control groups using minimization methods. The intervention group consumed 500 mg capsules containing Melissa officinalis leaf extract at 4 pm and 10 pm on the day before the surgery. In the control group, the patients consumed a 500 mg capsule containing starch as a placebo at hours similar to those in the intervention group. Data gathering tools were a demographic questionnaire and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The STAI questionnaires were completed before the intervention and again at 8:00 am on the next day before the surgery. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18. ResultsAccording to the results, no significant difference was found between the two groups before the intervention (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.67). But there was a significant difference between the two groups on the next day before the surgery, and the mean anxiety level was lower in the intervention group (Mann-Whitney test, P < 0.05). ConclusionsResults of the present study showed that Melissa officinalis extract could reduce anxiety among patients before surgery.

Anxiety and depression among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

IntroductionDuring a pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) are exposed to many stresses that predispose them to psychological disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the anxiety and depression level of HCWs and determine the relationship between them in terms of their demographic characteristics. Material and methodsThis study used a cross-sectional design. The participants consisted of clinical, administrative, and cleaning staff who were working in a referral COVID-19 hospital in an urban area of Iran. The census sampling method was used for recruiting the participants from May to August 2020. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale were employed to collect data. Then, data were analyzed using multivariable linear regression analysis. ResultsOne hundred forty HCWs participated in this study. The mean scores of anxiety and depression were 6.64 (4.86) and 18.21 (10.59), respectively. There was a significant direct association between anxiety and depression (P < 0.001). In addition, female gender (P = 0.01) and having a history of infection with COVID-19 (P = 0.001) were associated with a higher level of anxiety. Moreover, having a history of being quarantined due to COVID-19 was associated with a higher level of depression (P = 0.03). ConclusionAccording to the findings of the present study, considering the mental health of HCWs during the generalized anxiety outbreak of COVID-19 should be a priority, and appropriate interventions should be planned to improve their psychological condition.

Effect of Benson and progressive muscle relaxation techniques on sleep quality after coronary artery bypass graft: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effect of Benson relaxation (BR) and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) techniques on the sleep quality of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. MethodThis study was a three-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial. 120 patients who underwent CABG surgery at two academic hospitals in an urban area of Iran were randomly allocated into three groups (40 per group): the BR, PMR, and control groups. Patients in the BR and the PMR groups performed relevant exercises twice a day for four weeks. Sleep quality was measured before and immediately after the intervention using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. ResultsWithin-group comparison in the BR (t = 3.51, p = 0.001) and the PMR (t = 4.58, p < 0.001) group showed that the overall sleep quality showed a significant improvement after the intervention when compared to baseline. The between-group comparison showed that both the BR and PMR groups showed significant improvements in subjective sleep quality (F = 3.75, p = 0.02), habitual sleep efficiency (F = 4.81, p = 0.01), and overall sleep quality (F = 5.53, p = 005) when compared to the control group after the intervention. However, no statistically significant differences were identified among the three study groups in terms of sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbances, sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction after the intervention (p > 0.05). ConclusionThe study showed that a four-week program of both PMR and BR can be effective in the overall improvement of sleep quality in patients following CABG. Further research is required to replicate the findings of the present study.

Aromatherapy Massage vs. Foot Reflexology on the Severity of Restless Legs Syndrome in Female Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis.

This study aimed to compare the effects of reflexology and aromatherapy massage on the severity of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in 105 female patients undergoing hemodialysis. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in a hemodialysis center with 48 beds in a high turnover hospital in an urban area of Iran. Intervention groups received reflexology (n = 35) and aromatherapy massage using lavender essential oil (n = 35) for 24 sessions, and the placebo group (n = 35) received simple foot massage. The restless legs syndrome rating scale was used to assess RLS severity in the groups before the intervention and after 4 and 8 weeks of the interventions. Results obtained by the mixed model analysis 3 * 3 (3 groups * 3 times) revealed the significant effect of time, group, and the time–group interrelationship (p = 0.001). Aromatherapy massage reduced the RLS severity, but reflexology did not appear to cause any significant reduction in it. Therefore, we suggest that aromatherapy massage be incorporated into routine care for relieving the ailment and suffering of patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Investigation and simulation of flood inundation hazard in urban areas in Iran

Extensive impervious area and the man-made streams are the characteristics of urban areas. In recent years, rapid urbanization has led to change of rural areas into urban areas, and urban runoff will increase as the result of spread and growth of impervious areas. Land use changes, increasing urbanization, unauthorized construction, inefficiency of sewage system and increased impervious surface in urban areas have significant impacts on inundation hazard. Therefore, to manage urban areas and prioritize regions to inundation elimination problems, the area most affected by inundation should be determined. In this study, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used to simulate the rainfall-runoff in the study area. The simulated runoff in the SWMM model is used as input to the HEC-RAS model and determines inundation hazard zones in 5, 25 and 50 return periods. Then, six factors such as distance from the main channel, slope, land use, drainage density, the main channel slope and elevation were selected to determine inundation hazard map using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that the combined model (SWMM and HEC-RAS) was suitable to analyze urban inundation and determine inundation hazard zones on urban areas. Simulated results can be used to develop urban inundation hazard forecasts. In addition, the result of inundation hazard map indicates that 8.2% of the case study is determined as a high hazard zone.