Urban Areas In China Research Articles

Anxiety Disorders among Left-Behind Children in Rural China: A Comprehensive Literature Review

With rapid urbanization leading to mass adult migration from rural to urban areas in China, a consequential demographic group called left-behind children has emerged. Often left in the care of relatives or on their own, these children experience extended periods of parental absence associated with various mental health implications, notably anxiety disorders. This paper explores anxiety disorders of left-behind Children including depressive symptoms, the effect of COVID-19 and bullying victimization among left-behind children in rural China through literature review. Further, it examines potential interventions from the implementation of online mental health interventions, strengthening community support systems, and policy and financial interventions. Additionally, the paper points towards the potential efficacy of community-based interventions, emphasizing the importance of a multi-pronged approach. The analysis promotes a more thorough investigation into the viability and effectiveness of these interventions, opening the door to better mental health outcomes for underprivileged kids in rural China.

Comparison of the ozone formation mechanisms and VOCs apportionment in different ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing in 2019 and 2020: Insights for ozone pollution control strategies

Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has been a tough issue in urban areas of China in the past decade. Clarifying the formation mechanisms of O3 and the sources of its precursors is necessary for the effective prevention of O3 pollution. In this study, a comparative analysis of O3 formation mechanisms and VOCs apportionment for five O3 pollution episodes was carried out at two urban sites (CRAES and CGZ) in Beijing in 2019 and 2020 by applying an observation-based modeling approach in order to obtain insights into O3 pollution control strategies. Results indicated that O3 pollution levels were generally more severe in 2019 than in 2020 during the observation periods. O3 formation at the two sites was both VOCs-limited on O3 polluted days and non-O3 polluted days. Stronger atmospheric oxidation capacity and ROx radicals cycling processes were found on O3 polluted days which could accelerate the local production of O3, and local photochemical production dominated the observed O3 concentrations at the two sites even on non-O3 polluted days. Emission reduction of VOCs should be a priority for mitigating O3 pollution, and alkenes and biogenic VOCs was the priority species at the CRAES and CGZ sites, respectively. Additionally, the reduction of oxygenated VOCs should also be important for the ozone control. Gasoline exhaust at the CRAES site, and solvent utilization and fuel evaporation at the CGZ site were main anthropogenic sources of VOCs. Therefore, local control measures should be further strengthened and differentiated control strategies of VOCs in the aspects of area, time, sources and species should be adopted in urban Beijing in the future. Overall, the findings of this study could provide a scientific understanding of the causes of O3 pollution and significant guidelines for formulating O3 control strategies from the perspective of different ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing.

Estimation of infiltration efficiency of ambient PM2.5 in urban residences of Beijing during winter

Fine particulate matter pollution has become a major public health concern in the urban areas of China. Ambient PM2.5 concentrations measured at fixed sites are commonly used as an exposure surrogate, although exposure to ambient PM2.5 primarily occurs in indoor environments. In this study, valid indoor and outdoor mass concentrations of PM2.5 during winter, were concurrently measured in 26 urban residences in Beijing. The infiltration factor (Finf), defined as the fraction of ambient PM2.5 which penetrates indoors and remains suspended, was estimated using a recursive model. The environmental conditions that significantly influenced Finf were screened using a general linear model and multiple regression analysis. Finf during winter was 0.52 ± 0.25 with large home-by-home variability. The results suggested that: (1) infiltration from outdoor to indoor environments remarkably reduced the concentrations of ambient PM2.5; and (2) using ambient PM2.5, as an exposure surrogate, can result in exposure misclassification. Improved ventilation was found to increase Finf, whereas an increase in indoor RH from 19.20 to 51.30% resulted in a reduction in Finf. The residences proximate to arterial roads were found to be prone for the infiltration of ambient PM2.5. There were remarkable seasonal differences in the infiltration behavior of ambient PM2.5.

The Profile of Stress and Coping Related to Successful Aging Among Chinese Migrant and Nonmigrant Grandparents.

Around eight million older adults have internally migrated to take care of grandchildren in China. This study aimed to explore how Chinese migrant and nonmigrant grandparents perceived successful aging and how they coped with challenges to successful aging. Based on ecological systems theory, semistructured interviews were conducted among 21 grandparents (12 migrants, median age = 59 years old) from urban areas in China who provided noncustodial grandchild care. Deductive content analysis was employed to examine the data pertaining to the definition of successful aging, the stressors encountered, and coping strategies employed by both groups. Findings revealed that both migrant and nonmigrant grandparents placed a higher emphasis on family prosperity than their own physical health, in their definitions of successful aging. Although both groups experienced common stressors in the microsystem (e.g., intergenerational conflicts), migrant grandparents uniquely encountered stressors in the mesosystem (e.g., hardships in their close relationships) and in the macrosystem (e.g., uncertainty in aging preparation). In terms of coping, migrant grandparents exhibited a distinctive pattern of utilizing avoidant coping strategies when navigating intergenerational conflicts and planning for their later life, compared to nonmigrant grandparents. Our findings suggested that although migration was not associated with grandparents' definition of successful aging, migrant grandparents encountered specific challenges in achieving successful aging. This highlights the necessity of providing more support to grandparents through the family, community, or state, particularly to those who are migrants.

Protected areas effectively resisted 33.8% of urban development pressures in China during 2000–2018

Protected areas (PAs) are the primary defense against biodiversity loss. Urban development and expansion have subjected PAs to significant pressure, as they are rapidly approaching. However, our understanding of the interaction between urban development and PAs in China when urbanization accelerated from 2000 to 2018 remains limited. To address this gap, we have realized the dynamic mapping of China's urban expansion and proposed the urban footprint intensity index (UFI) and PAs' UFI (PUFI) to quantify the spatial distribution of urban development and its potential pressure on PAs. Using the Generalized linear mixed-effects models, we also investigated how PAs limit the increase in UFI from multiple perspectives. Our results reveal that while China's urban areas continue to expand annually by 6101.3 km2, the distance between the protected area (PA) and the urban area is shrinking at a rate of 1.39 km per year, maintaining a logarithmic form. The PAs in the eastern China and the southern China always have higher PUFI values from 2000 to 2018. By contrast, those in the northern and western China have lower PUFI values in 2000, which increase dramatically by 2018. Across our study area, PAs have effectively acted as barriers to urban development, resisting a substantial 33.8% increase in UFI within their boundaries. Location and initial urban development conditions surrounding PAs are critical factors impacting their effectiveness in resisting urban development. These findings offer valuable insights for future assessments of the effectiveness of PAs in resisting urbanization on a global scale. Moreover, this study provide crucial guidance for fostering urban development along more sustainable trajectories, thereby ensuring the long-term conservation of PAs worldwide.

The role of maternal age on adverse pregnancy outcomes among primiparous women with singleton birth: a retrospective cohort study in urban areas of China

Background Both young and advanced maternal age pregnancies have strong associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, there is limited understanding of how these associations present in an urban environment in China. This study aimed to analyze the associations between maternal age and pregnancy outcomes among Chinese urban women. Methods We performed a population-based study consisting of 60,209 singleton pregnancies of primiparous women whose newborns were delivered after 20 weeks’ gestation between January 2012 and December 2015 in urban areas of China. Participants were divided into six groups (19 or younger, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, 40 or older). Pregnancy outcomes include gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia, placental abruption, placenta previa, premature rupture of membrane (PROM), postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, low birthweight, small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), fetal distress, congenital microtia, and fetal death. Logistic regression models were used to assess the role of maternal age on the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes with women aged 25–29 years as the reference group. Results The risks of GDM, preeclampsia, placenta previa, and postpartum hemorrhage were decreased for women at a young maternal age and increased for women with advanced maternal age. Both young and advanced maternal age increased the risk of preterm birth and low birthweight. Young maternal age was also associated with increased risk of SGA (aOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.46–1.83) and fetal death (aOR 2.08, 95% CI 1.35–3.20). Maternal age over 40 years elevated the odds of placental abruption (aOR 3.44, 95% CI 1.47–8.03), LGA (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.09–1.98), fetal death (aOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.16–6.14), and congenital microtia (aOR 13.92, 95% CI 3.91–49.57). There were positive linear associations between maternal age and GDM, preeclampsia, placental abruption, placenta previa, PROM, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, LGA and fetal distress (all P for linear trend < .05), and a negative linear association between maternal age and SGA (P for linear trend < .001). The analysis of the associations between maternal age and adverse fetal outcomes showed U-shape for preterm birth, low birth weight, SGA, fetal death and congenital microtia (all P for quadratic trend < .001). Conclusions Advanced maternal age predisposes women to adverse obstetric outcomes. Young maternal age manifests a bidirectional effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes. The findings may contribute to improving women’s antenatal care and management.

Building use and mixed-use classification with a transformer-based network fusing satellite images and geospatial textual information

Assigning detailed use categories to buildings is a challenging and relevant task in urban land use classification with applications in urban planning, digital city modelling and twinning. This study aims to provide the categorisation of buildings with detailed use information by considering the possibilities of mixed-use. Mixed-use combines different use forms, and serves as a new type of use category. We obtain attributive information by combining satellite imagery that reflects spatial information and textual information from publicly available point-of-interest data collected by citizens and available on online maps. We propose a multimodal transformer-based building-use classification method to capture and fuse these different data sources within an end-to-end learning workflow. We evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed method on four urban areas in China. Experiments show that the proposed method effectively maps building use according to eight types of fine-grain categories, with a Micro F1 score equal to 80.9%, and a Macro F1 score equal to 62% for Wuhan research area. The proposed method is able to harness the relationship between the features obtained from the different data sources and results in higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art fusion-based multimodal integration methods. The proposed method can effectively increase the attributive grain of building use resulting in high classification accuracy.

Analyzing the Pollution Sources and Mechanisms of Urban Rivers Based on Identifying the Molecular Signature of Dissolved Organic Matter

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an essential component of river pollutants. Under the new situation of black water treatment in urban areas of China, in view of the widespread problem of unclear sources of multiple pollutants, further analysis of DOM components in urban rivers from the molecular level is a key link to deeply explore the sources, causes, and mechanism of river pollution so as to achieve efficient management. In this study, the urban rivers in the central city were selected as the research object, and a total of five rivers were selected that were seriously affected by the discharge sewage of four combined and separated sewer systems, respectively. Using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), this study identified the molecular formulae and analyzed the elemental composition and compound groups of DOM in water and sediment samples at each site in dry and wet weather. The results showed that:①although CHO molecules and lignins were the main compounds in the urban river DOM, the high proportion of lipids, proteins, and heteroatomic compounds (especially CHOS molecules) revealed the anthropogenic pollution in rivers, which also led to the increase in DOC, TN, and NH+4-N. ②Surfactants such as C17H28O3S and C18H30O3S were ubiquitous in all urban rivers, which could be used as markers of domestic wastewater pollution. ③In wet weather, the rainfall inputs, storm runoffs, and hydraulic disturbance jointly led to the increase in the proportion of CHO molecules and lignin compounds; the decrease in proteins and lipids; the rise of DOC, TN, and NH+4-N concentrations in river water; and the decrease in DOC, TN, and NH+4-N concentrations and proteins and lipids in river sediments. ④The abundance of multi-heteroatomic compounds and condensed aromatics in the combined sewer system was higher than that in the separated sewer system, which may have been more severely polluted by domestic wastewater and storm runoff, especially kitchen wastewater. This study provides new insight for clarifying the critical causes of pollution in the new stage and provides an essential basis for further precision prevention and control of water pollution.

Coupling the effects of extreme temperature and air pollution on non-accidental mortality in Rencheng, China.

Extreme temperatures and air pollution have raised widespread concerns about their impact on population health. To explore the quantitative exposure risks of high/low temperatures and types of air pollutants on the health of various populations in urban areas in China, this study assessed the effects of temperature and air pollutants on daily non-accidental deaths in Rencheng District, Jining City, China from 2019 to 2021. A combination of Poisson regression models and distributed lag non-linear models was used to examine the relationships between temperature, air pollutants, and daily non-accidental deaths. We found that temperature and air pollutants had a significant non-linear effect on non-accidental mortality. Both high and low temperatures had a noticeable impact on non-accidental deaths, with heat effects occurring immediately and lasting 2-3 days, while cold effects lasted for 6-12 days. The relative risks of non-accidental deaths from PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 were highest in winter and lowest in autumn. The relative risk of non-accidental deaths from O3 was highest in spring, with no significant variations in other seasons. Older adults (≥75) and outdoor workers were at the greatest risk from temperature and air pollutant exposure. Exposure to extreme temperatures and air pollutants in the Rencheng District was associated with an increased mortality rate. Under the influence of climate change, it is necessary for policymakers to take measures to reduce the risk of non-accidental deaths among residents.

First identification and molecular subtyping of Blastocystis in free-living wild birds from urban Xinxiang, China.

Blastocystis is a common enteric protist infecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife worldwide. However, data on the prevalence and subtype diversity of Blastocystis in free-living wild birds in urban districts are rare. In this study, a total of 138 fresh fecal samples from free-living wild birds were collected from three universities and three communities in Xinxiang, China, to explore the infection rate, Blastocystis subtypes present and zoonotic potential of this protist. Blastocystis presence was determined with nested-PCR amplification based on the partial small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) gene. Presence was detected from one community (Wupu) at an overall rate of 1.5% (2/136). Further DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses identified two ruminant-associated subtypes, ST10 (n = 1) and ST24 (n = 1), implying a cross-species transmission of Blastocystis from ruminants. This is the first report on the infection of ST10 and ST24 in free-living wild birds in an urban area in China. As potentially zoonotic subtypes, the occurrence of ST10 and ST24 suggests that these free-living birds could play a role in spreading Blastocystis to humans in Xinxiang.

Application of magnetic-nanoparticle functionalized whole-cell biosensor array for bioavailability and ecotoxicity estimation at urban contaminated sites

The bioavailability and ecotoxicity of pollutants are important for urban ecological systems and human health, particularly at contaminated urban sites. Therefore, whole-cell bioreporters are used in many studies to assess the risks of priority chemicals; however, their application is restricted by low throughput for specific compounds and complicated operations for field tests. In this study, an assembly technology for manufacturing Acinetobacter-based biosensor arrays using magnetic nanoparticle functionalization was developed to solve this problem. The bioreporter cells maintained high viability, sensitivity, and specificity in sensing 28 priority chemicals, seven heavy metals, and seven inorganic compounds in a high-throughput manner, and their performance remained acceptable for at least 20 d. We also tested the performance by assessing 22 real environmental soil samples from urban areas in China, and our results showed positive correlations between the biosensor estimation and chemical analysis. Our findings prove the feasibility of the magnetic nanoparticle-functionalized biosensor array to recognize the types and toxicities of multiple contaminants for online environmental monitoring at contaminated sites.

Culturable fungi from urban soils in China II, with the description of 18 novel species in Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes).

As China's urbanisation continues to advance, more people are choosing to live in cities. However, this trend has a significant impact on the natural ecosystem. For instance, the accumulation of keratin-rich substrates in urban habitats has led to an increase in keratinophilic microbes. Despite this, there is still a limited amount of research on the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in urban areas. Fortunately, our group has conducted in-depth investigations into this topic since 2015. Through our research, we have discovered a significant amount of keratinophilic fungi in soil samples collected from various urban areas in China. In this study, we have identified and characterised 18 new species through the integration of morphological and phylogenetic analyses. These findings reveal the presence of numerous unexplored fungal taxa in urban habitats, emphasising the need for further taxonomic research in urban China.

Evaluating carbon emissions of construction and demolition waste in building energy retrofit projects

Building energy retrofit (BER) is one of the priority tasks of China's ‘14th Five-Year Building Energy Efficiency and Green Building Development Plan’. The number of BER projects has dramatically increased in recent years in China, studies related to the management of construction and demolition waste (CDW) from BER projects have not kept pace. There is a need for more related studies, particularly for evaluating and mitigating the environmental impact of CDW from BER projects. This study aims to evaluate and mitigate carbon emissions from CDW of BER projects using a system dynamics (SD) approach through a case study BER project in the urban area of China. The SD model developed for this study includes sub-models for evaluating carbon emissions from the dismantlement of old components and the retrofit construction. Three scenarios were developed and the scenario analysis results reveal that the carbon emissions of CDW from the dismantlement of the old components account for higher carbon emissions than retrofit construction. Improving the inert waste recycling rate from 50% to 90% could save 2034.43 kg CO2 eq carbon emissions. Reducing 50% of CDW in BER construction could save 7673.06 kg CO2 eq carbon emissions. Improving WTE incineration rate from 50% to 100% could save another 50.53% of carbon emissions from the combustible waste. The SD simulation model provides a dynamic and non-linear scenario analysis platform for decision-makers to analyze the carbon emissions for managing CDW from BER projects.

Schoolchildren in China’s Protected Areas from a Sustainability Perspective: A Preliminary Study

Protected areas (PAs) are an important estate for sustainable development. Children in PAs are of particular concern, as they are potential future stakeholders of this estate, yet they may be the ones affected the most by the conservation and development programs in PAs. However, knowledge on children in PAs has been very limited, which threatens the probability of the success of both nature conservation and sustainable development. In this paper, we present the findings from a questionnaire survey targeted at schoolchildren in China’s PAs. Our sample consisted of 41 primary schools across China. We looked at 22 indexes of the sample, inferred the conditions in the whole PAs using an exact binomial test, and compared them with those in other rural or urban areas in China. We found that schoolchildren in PAs are substantially disadvantaged in terms of many indexes, both in school and at home. We discuss possible reasons, link these results to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and discuss some policy implications. With this preliminary study, we hope to stimulate additional research on the conditions of children in PAs and their potential implications for sustainable development.

Vertical exchange and cross-regional transport of lower-tropospheric ozone over Hong Kong

In recent years, the escalating ozone concentrations in urban areas of China have raised significant public concern. Due to the lack of long-term vertical observation, the characteristics of vertical distribution and long-range transport of ozone are still not well understood. This study utilized 27 years (1994–2020) of ozone sounding observations in Hong Kong, in conjunction with the ERA5 reanalysis data and HYSPLIT backward model, to examine the vertical structure and three-dimensional cross-regional transport of tropospheric ozone over Hong Kong. During spring, ozone concentrations above 850 hPa are found to be higher than those observed during other seasons. Conversely, ozone concentrations below 850 hPa are comparatively elevated in autumn. The stratospheric-tropospheric exchange (STE) process is a crucial factor contributing to high ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere, with 46.2% of trajectories crossing the tropopause and becoming concentrated mainly in the eastern Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. The study identified two obvious peaks in the lower troposphere above Hong Kong, with higher concentrations observed at approximately 700 hPa. The springtime ozone maximum is linked to the long-range cross-regional ozone transport from higher elevations in the Bay of Bengal and the Indo–China Peninsula, which moves eastward and downward under the influence of the southern branch trough. Additionally, transboundary transportation of fire emissions in Southeast Asia, influenced by monsoon circulation, also contributes to the high ozone concentrations during the observation. The autumn ozone maximum occurrs at approximately 925 hPa and is linked to boundary layer dynamics and the southward cross-regional transport of low-altitude ozone from the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta regions under the influence of the northeasterly Asian monsoon flow. The study advances our knowledge in understanding the vertical profile of ozone and emphasizes the importance of regionally-joint emission control particularly when meteorology-induced cross-regional transportation occurs.

Layout Optimization of Construction Waste Recycling Facilities for Development of New Urban Areas from Centralized and Decentralized Processing Collaboration Perspective

The generation, treatment and safe disposal of construction waste have become major problems in new urban areas of China. And the existing research has not been carried out based on the recycling characteristics of scattered, low efficiency and large negative externalities of construction waste processing in the development of new areas. This research studies the optimal location of construction waste centralized and decentralized processing facilities based on the characteristics of the generation end and the demand side of new urban areas. Firstly, grey relational analysis method is used to determine the location of centralized processing facilities. Then, a multi-objective integer programming model is built by comprehensively considering cost, side effect on society and carbon emissions during transportation, and the optimal location and dynamic adjustment of decentralized processing facilities are determined. Finally, taking the development of a new area in China as an example, the network of construction waste recycling facilities is established to verify the effectiveness of this model. The research results show that the layout strategy formulated with this method can maintain the dynamic optimal layout of the system from the perspective of the whole region, and realize the utilization of construction waste with low cost, low transport carbon emission and low social negative impact. The analysis method system established in this paper is universal, which can provide reference for the relevant government departments to plan the construction waste recycling facility network of the area, and provide guidance for the investment decisionmaking and operation management of related enterprises.

Effects of urbanization and lifestyle habits on the intestinal microbiota of adolescents in eastern China.

Owing to urbanization, living habits have changed widely, leading to alterations in the intestinal microbiota of urban residents. However, there are few studies on the characteristics of intestinal microbiota of adolescents living in different urbanized areas in China. A total of 302 fecal samples collected from adolescent students in eastern China were examined. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to identify the fecal microbiota. These data were combined with questionnaire survey results to investigate the effect of urbanization on the intestinal microbiota of adolescents in eastern China. Moreover, the role of lifestyle habits in this relationship was also evaluated. The results revealed significant differences in the structure of the intestinal microbiota among adolescents living in regions with different levels of urbanization. Adolescents living in urban regions had a significantly higher proportion of Bacteroides (p < 0.001, FDR = 0.004), whereas those living in towns and rural regions had higher proportions of Bifidobacterium (p < 0.001, FDR < 0.001) and Prevotella (p < 0.05, FDR = 0.019). The diversity of the intestinal microbiota was higher in urban residents than in adolescents living in towns and rural regions (p < 0.05). In addition, the differences in intestinal microbiota across individuals living in cities, towns, and rural regions were related to dietary preferences, flavor preferences, and sleep and exercise durations. Adolescents who ate more meat had more Dorea (LDA = 3.622, p = 0.04), while the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella is higher among adolescents who ate more condiments (LDA = 4.285, p = 0.02). The abundance of Dialister was significantly increased in adolescents with longer sleep durations (LDA = 4.066, p = 0.03). Adolescents who exercised for a long duration had more Faecalibacterium than those who exercised for a shorter duration (LDA = 4.303, p = 0.04). Our research has preliminarily demonstrated that there were differences in the composition of Gut microbiome in stool samples of adolescents living in different urbanized areas, and provide a scientific basis for the maintenance of a healthy intentional microbota in adolescences.

Built environment interventions for emission mitigation: A machine learning analysis of travel-related CO2 in a developing city

The transport sector accounts for more than one-fifth of global CO2 emissions. Reducing fossil fuel consumption and travel-related CO2 emissions (TCE) is a major approach to mitigating global climate change. Urban planners worldwide propose to promote low-carbon travel by changing the built environment. Therefore, understanding the relationships between built environment variables and TCE is key to the development of land use and transportation policies. Using 2019 regional household travel data from Zhongshan, a polycentric urban area in China, this study developed a gradient boosting decision trees model to estimate the relative importance of built environment variables in predicting TCE and their nonlinear associations with TCE. Built environment variables collectively contribute nearly half of the predictive power to predicting TCE, suggesting the potential of built environment interventions. Among them, location accessibility to city-level and township-level centers and population density are the top-three important features in predicting TCE. Furthermore, most built environment variables show threshold relationships with TCE. The results suggest that polycentric development, intensification of town centers, and densification of street networks are conducive to TCE mitigation. These findings inform planners of effective ranges of built environment variables to promote low-carbon travel.

Spatial and component analysis of urban flood Resiliency of kunming city in China

In the context of global climate change and impending urbanization, improving the ability of cities to withstand rainstorms and floods has become a significant challenge in the global urbanization process. Many countries have put forward flood prevention and control measures to cope with global climate change. In this context, the flood toughness analysis and evaluation have been conducted in the Kunming urban area in China as a primary research method, based on urban flood toughness construction, quantitative and visual expression. An evaluation model of urban flood resilience was established by considering the research objects based on the theories and methods of system dynamics, social ecosystems, and the current situation of the research region. The data service consciousness ability, traffic facilities, flood control ability, and the social factors such as comprehensive thinking of natural factors, economic factors, social and cultural factors in the study region. The quantitative factor weighting and GIS visualization methods were used to establish a research area of 100 m * 100 m fishing nets. For the first time, a high-precision spatial distribution map of flood toughness was generated for the main urban area of Kunming. The spatial differentiation characteristics of flood toughness in the area were further analyzed to comprehensively evaluate flood control capacity by a comparative study of historical records of flood disaster points in the region in 2020. The findings of this paper reveal and quantify the influence and factors in urban flood disasters and provide support for subsequent urban construction and flood planning decision-making.

Research on the Popularity and Impact of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator on Young People in China

Self-concept is always an essential part of individuals. A personality test can help people recognize the connections between themselves and the mass society. In recent two years, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, or MBTI, has become significantly popular among young people in China. Most past research focuses on the theories and implications of MBTI but does not have a clear investigation of how the wide use of MBTI would have an impact on people. This paper will target MBTI as the research subject, discussing its advantages and limitations as well as the possible impacts on young people in disseminating MBTI. A questionnaire will be distributed randomly to young people from different regions of China, combining past research and psychological concept with the result of the questionnaire to help the analysis and conclusion. The research concludes that young people, mostly in urban areas in China, are highly exposed to the MBTI test. The dissemination of MBTI could contribute to interior factors (psychological aspects) and exterior factors (social aspects). From the data analysis, the reliability of MBTI is still under discussion. In general, most people believe their personality types resemble themselves. However, there are pros and cons that result from the popularity of MBTI. For example, most noticeably, judging a person purely based on their personality test results.