Urban Activities Research Articles

Enhancing Outdoor Thermal Comfort with Shade-giving Trees in Humid Tropical Public Spaces: A Case Study of Alun-alun Bandung

Abstract Public spaces in urban areas function as places for visitors to socialize. These spaces are vital to the success of urban public activities. Adjustments to the microclimate in outdoor spaces have a significant impact on the thermal comfort of visitors. This research aims to assess visitors’ level of thermal comfort experienced in public areas, specifically in Alun-alun Kota Bandung and its surroundings. The site is divided into four distinct locations: (1) the central area; (2) the tree-shaded area; (3) the building-shaded area; and (4) the area with small vegetation. This study uses tools and simulation to analyze the relationship between outdoor activities and thermal comfort in its existing public space using quantitative methods. The study’s findings show that, while respondent responses vary across typologies, an analysis of the ENVI-met simulation reveals that they are nearly identical, indicating that it is generally warm. Furthermore, the slightly cool (-1 > PMV > -0.5) and neutral (-0.5 > PMV > 0.5) categories in typologies 2 and 4 produce distinct results. More shade-giving trees and the use of environmentally friendly materials that don’t reflect sunlight are two suggestions for enhancing the microclimate conditions for pedestrians’ thermal comfort in Alun-alun Kota Bandung.

Lisbon Urban Climate: Statistical Analysis/Approach for Urban Heat Island Effect Based on a Pioneering Urban Meteorological Network

The urban heat island (UHI) effect is a widely recognized phenomenon consisting of heat accumulation by dense urban construction and human activities, resulting in higher temperatures across urban areas compared to their surroundings. This article aims to quantify the UHI effect on several areas throughout the city of Lisbon, Portugal, with the main goal of validating, evaluating, and reinforcing urban climate adaptation and resilience strategies proposed in the recent scientific literature. A set of nine quality-controlled weather stations from the “Lisboa Aberta” network that are compliant with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards and installation requirements were used to characterize Lisbon’s UHI, in comparison to a reference weather station from the Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), located at Lisbon Airport. By applying a principal component analysis (PCA) in an innovative way to 10 urban indexes, it is shown that the thermal inertia in Lisbon’s urban areas is positively correlated with the UHI intensity and urban density, regardless of the daily heating/cooling cycle. Furthermore, the results show that land use also has an impact on the UHI effect, with continuous, vertical building areas showing the greatest deviations in comparison to the reference, averaging +1.8 °C. Contrastingly, horizontal building areas reveal an average deviation of +1.3 °C, with sparse, discontinuously built areas representing an average UHI effect of +0.2 °C. Finally, through a climatope analysis, it is determined that, across Lisbon, high-density urban areas and ventilation corridors are responsible for inducing average UHI effects of +1.7 °C and +0.2 °C, respectively.

URBAN REGENERATION OF LARGE HOUSING ESTATES THROUGH THE HQE²R APPROACH – CASE OF BAB EZZOUAR (ALGIERS)

This article aims to adapt HQE²R approach to the Algerian “large housing estates”, through urban regeneration as a catch-up project. These neighborhoods constitute today a large stock of housing, mostly in decay, which deserves to be renewed. Nevertheless, they remain desirable neighborhoods due to their strategic urban location. The methodology consists of establishing a shared diagnosis model of sustainable development called HQDIL for detailed description of ZHUN Soummam according to urban actors, then an SD indicators assessment model called INDI as a decision support tool for the benefit of local authorities and their partners. In our study, we opted for INDI-2012 repository as a new operational tool which makes it possible to produce sustainability profiles through 127 composite indicators and 234 secondary indicators, first of all for an initial diagnosis, then by drawing up a potential scenario which describes the contribution of the urban regeneration project to improving the quality of life. Perceived visually, the neighborhood’s critical state with regard to the SD objectives was confirmed following the results of the assessment by themes, especially the indicators dealing with the quality of life of the inhabitants. The potential scenario for the urban regeneration project showed a very satisfying sustainability profile, if an action plan were to be implemented. The scenario showed a significant improvement in the neighborhood’s level of sustainability of 47% compared to the initial situation. This study promises to lead to a sustainable transformation of large housing estates in Bab Ezzouar thanks to shared challenges and proactive policies.

KAJIAN ESTETIKA PENERANGAN JALAN UMUM DI KAWASAN JALAN SENOPATI, JALAN SURYO, JALAN WOLTER MONGINSIDI, DAN JALAN GUNAWARMAN, JAKARTA SELATAN

Street Lighting is a public facility that is used to improve road safety by lighting the road at night and helping road users to see the road they are on more clearly at night. The areas around Jalan Senopati, South Jakarta, are residential and commercial areas where people are busy carrying out their daily activities. These three road areas are equipped with pedestrians and supporting facilities in the form of revitalized street lighting. The objects of this research are street lighting located in the areas of Jalan Senopati, Jalan Suryo, Jalan Wolter Monginsidi, and Jalan Gunawarman, South Jakarta. The focus of the research problem is the various forms and aesthetic elements of street lighting in the areas of Jalan Senopati, Jalan Suryo, Jalan Wolter Monginsidi, and Jalan Gunawarman, South Jakarta, and how aesthetics are applied to street lighting ornaments in these areas. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, to identify and describe the application of aesthetics to street lighting ornaments in the areas of Jalan Senopati, Jalan Suryo, Jalan Wolter Monginsidi, and Jalan Gunawarman, South Jakarta. The results of this research are that there is a diversity of aesthetic elements used in street lighting, namely in the form of the development of geometric shapes, local wisdom cultural ornaments, and forms of narrative depiction of urban activities in the area. Application of ornamental aesthetics to areas and empty spaces that does not interfere with the functional purpose and benefits of the product as street lighting in the area.

Threats and Membership of Kandovan in UNESCO

This research aims to explore the heritage and tourist zone of Kandovan in Iran, currently undergoing the UNESCO registration process, but facing rejection due to threats in the area. The primary goal is to offer valuable insights to the Kandovan municipality and officials, assisting them in recognizing and mitigating the prevailing threats to secure the designation of Kandovan as a UNESCO heritage site. The examination of the heritage zone in Kandovan, Iran, involved a comprehensive approach incorporating a literature review, interviews, and on-site observations. Interviews were conducted with Kandovan officials to inquire about the heritage criteria, existing challenges and threats, future initiatives, and notable transformations. Field observations were employed to assess the physical characteristics and layout of the heritage area, residents' interactions with the heritage sites, and issues affecting tourists, including accommodation shortages and architectural concerns. The findings of this study have identified the threats present in Kandovan, as acknowledged by UNESCO. The majority of these threats have emerged as a consequence of the expanding urbanization and tourism activities in Kandovan, emphasizing the need for effective management and controlled development in the area.

Plant native: comparing biodiversity benefits, ecosystem services provisioning, and plant performance of native and non-native plants in urban horticulture

AbstractPlant species used in urban horticulture are frequently non-native despite evidence that urban areas are regular points of introduction, often leading to invasions and negative impacts on biodiversity. Many horticulturalists assert that non-native plants are more successful and provide equal or greater habitat and ecosystem services than native plants. However, little research has compared native and non-native plants in urban systems. We present here a systematic literature review, using the PRISMA methodology, to assess three questions: (1) Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their ability to support faunal biodiversity in urban green spaces? (2) Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their provisioning of urban ecosystem services? 3)Do non-native species outperform natives in urban environments in terms of survival, growth, and fitness? We extracted data from 165 total papers. One hundred and twenty studies found that native plants outperform non-native plants on the response metric evaluated in the study, 57 demonstrated mixed impacts, 56 demonstrated no differences among plant origin, and 26 found non-native plants outperformed native plants. We found overwhelming evidence that native plants support higher faunal abundance and diversity than non-native plants in urban landscapes. Relatively few studies examined ecosystem services and plant performance, but we found that native plants support higher levels and diversity of ecosystem services and that many native plants can be used for horticulture, that is, they will survive and thrive in urban conditions. Native plants provide multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces, supporting urban biodiversity and provisioning ecosystem services than non-native plant species and should be prioritized in urban horticulture activities.

Effect of Humic acid and levels of Zinc and Boron on Chemical Behavior of Zinc in Calcareous Soil

There are global concerns about the significant increase in the concentrations of heavy elements due to the increase in agricultural, urban and industrial activities, which poses a threat to the natural environment and humans. This study focused on studying the addition of humic acid and different levels of zinc on the presence of zinc in the soil in its different forms and its readiness for the plant to find the best concentration and with the presence or absence of humic acid. This study was carried out on the sunflower crop, as zinc was added at levels of (0, 15 and 30) kg h-1 and humic acid at two concentrations, (0 and 50) kg h-1. Zinc was extracted successively and total and available zinc was measured. The results indicated: Concentration of total and available Zinc associated with carbonate minerals, with oxides, and with organic matter in soil increased with increasing levels of Zinc added to soil, reaching 8.638, 1.049, 1.971, 1.658 and 1.625 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The effect of added humic acid was significant in reducing the concentrations of total Zinc, Zinc bound to carbonate minerals, bound to oxides and residues. The maximum concentrations in case of not adding acid reached 9.313, 1.8957, 1.424, and 4.300 mg kg-1 soil, respectively, while the effect was positively in increasing available concentration associated with organic matter, as concentration in case of adding humic acid reached 0.851 and 1.4584 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. In the case of adding humic acid, this study is considered good for the results it showed in increasing the available zinc with the presence of humic acid, which is reflected in the plant growth and maintaining this element within the recommended concentrations. We determined Zn speciation in the soil system and evaluated the effects of humic acid application on the basic soil properties and Zn bioavailability.

Challenges of Street Vending Market in Urbanization from Gender Perspective: The Case of Nifas Silk Lafto Sub City, Jemo-01 Area, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Street vending is informal market. There are debates about street vendors, some argue that they cause problems in urbanization activities like pedestrian & traffic congestion, pollution, crime, illegality and should be eliminated and other argue that they are essential for promoting urban economic activities and reduce unemployment. The aim of this study is to identify the main driving causes and challenges of street vending in Nifas Silk Lafto sub-city, Jemo- 01 Site from gender perspectives. Quantitative data collected from 216 questionnaires and qualitative data obtained from 36 key informants and in-depth interviewee. The quantitative data analyzed using, percentage frequency, correlation, Chi-square & Mann-Whitney U test and qualitative data processed using thematic analysis. The result indicate that the driving cause for street vending are, high family poverty (P, 0.001) and easy to enter (P, 0.001) to street vending are more significant in male than female. However, lack of other job option (P, 0.001) is more significant in female. Regarding the consequence of street vending market, traffic congestion and car accident (P, 0.004), encourage illegality (p, 0.003) were the major significant negative consequence of street vending market. Whereas street vending support economic activities and mobilize work force is the positive consequence that the p, 0.034 < 0.05 at 95%. Regarding challenge of vending market, the result found that great challenge for female than male (P, 0.002), according to qualitative analysis, theft, physical harassment, confiscation of goods, health problem were major challenge. In conclusion, street vending market has both negative and positive consequence in urbanization process and different root cause for both male and female.

Experimenting collaborative urbanism: the experience of megacity Jakarta

ABSTRACT In dealing with the complexity of urban challenges, what forms of governing practice that are available for a megacity to resort to? Can a megacity government rely on working with multiple actors to improve urban infrastructures and city resilience? Framed around the concept of collaborative urbanism, this article focuses on “collaboration” as a method of urban governance in a megacity of the Global South to address growing city problems. Situated in Jakarta, Indonesia, this article illustrates the emergence of collaborative urbanism out of political circumstances. The process involves an assemblage of urban actors organized to work together for urban sustainability. Two sectors of urban infrastructure are showcased to assess the efficacy of collaborative practices on building stronger resilience against urban risks in Jakarta. We argue that while democratic and institutional conditions are needed for collaborative urbanism to be meaningfully implemented, leadership matters a great deal in pushing for collaboration to work on the ground.

Exploring the temporal toxicity signature: A baseline evaluation of the heavy metal concentration in estuarine core sediments in the coastal region of cauvery delta, bay of bengal.

Globally, the concentration of heavy metals and sediment toxicity analysis are significant liabilities to aquatic environments. This scrutiny outlines the sediment textures, heavy metals and toxicity status associated with environmental pollution indices in the core sediment of the Cauvery and Vettar estuaries, East coast of India. The impact of rapid industrialization, urbanization, harbour activities and agricultural activities influences on the twain estuary is a significant concern to designate the environment. The contamination status of the sediments affects the potential biodiversity, ecological risks and human health. A total of two core sediments were recovered from the Cauvery and Vettar estuaries in March 2023 to decipher the environmental pollution status. Meticulous observation of the textural studies underscores the prevalence of sand content in Cauvery, and Vettar sediments consist of predominate clay content and minor silt contents. Furthermore, the organic matter is augmented in the Vettar River due to the higher input of waste disposal, seaweeds and algae due to the surrounding landmass. Twain core sediments argue that heavy metal concentration is decreasing in order as Fe > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cr by using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry. Remarkable results of environmental pollution indices such as Igeo, Ef, Cf, Cd and mCd state very highly polluted, extreme enrichments, high contamination and very high degree of contamination. Furthermore, the potential ecological risk indices such as PLI, SQGs, and PERI argue polluted, medium to high toxicity and moderate adverse ecological risk to the estuarine regions. Statistical analysis of the heavy metal affirms the enrichment of Fe metals may derive from lithogenic and/or anthropogenic influences, and the other studied metals such as Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cr may be influenced by the anthropogenic activities in the aspect of point and non-point pollution sources. This could result from both estuaries undergoing higher pollution, in which the Vettar estuary is a considerable environmental risk zone compared to the Cauvery river due to the impact of industrial effluents and rapid urbanization activities. This finding underscores the urgent need for enhanced estuarine sediment quality study and comprehensive assessment of sediment toxicity, regulating the beneficial acumen for the government to follow the suitable remediation on the embellish policy of river and marine environments.

ИННОВАЦИИ В ЖИЗНЕННОМ ЦИКЛЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ BIM/ГИС

Innovation in the life cycle of construction is an important topic for the modern construction industry. The introduction of BIM (Building Information Modeling) and GIS (Geoinformation System) technologies into the construction process changes the traditional methodology of designing buildings and structures. The integration of BIM and GIS allows you to improve the accuracy and quality of information in design and construction. This is achieved through digital control and management of data stored in a single database accessible to all project participants. The use of system integration in the design of buildings makes it possible to display much more accurately the achievements of ergonomics and safety, work with energy, optimization of materials, as well as forecasting operating costs. Innovations in the construction life cycle can reduce time and financial costs, as well as improve the quality of work in the entire project delivery chain. This is important for various sectors, including residential construction, commercial real estate and infrastructure facilities. BIM and GIS also help to simplify the interaction between all project participants - from architects and engineers to builders and operational teams. This provides more effective problem solving and improves interaction throughout the project lifecycle. This study is dedicated to the topic of integration of BIM/GIS platforms. This article will describe the main terms and definitions, compare the functionality of the platforms under consideration. The advantages of technology integration will also be presented, the experience of using information modeling technologies used for urban planning activities on the example of a BIM model of a cafe building will be considered. The construction model will be exported from the BIM space to the GIS environment, during which some pros and cons of the transfers are identified, on the basis of which conclusions are formulated about the further application and integration of Graphisoft and Autodesk products.

Spatio-temporal analysis of land use and land cover dynamics in a part of Southern Nigeria

Agriculture, industrialization, transportation, urbanization and other anthropogenic activities have impacted on the natural cover of the earth surface, hence the dual concepts of land use and land cover (LULC). This study analyses spatio-temporal dynamics in LULC in part of southern Nigeria (path 189 and row 056) between 2002 and 2023using satellite imageries: namely, Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ETM+ of 2023, 2014 and 2002. The classification of land coverwas done with the aid of ArcGIS.The study revealed spatial dynamics in LULC over the study period. The percentage of the study area under cultivation increased from 7.96% in 2002, 17.79% in 2014 to 30.67% in 2023. Also, built-up area increased from 4.36% in 2002, 8.29% in 2014 but decreased to 7.06% in 2023. While areas of dense forest were 34.59% in 2002, 21.42% in 2014 and 11.57% in 2023, bare surface was 4.94% in 2014, 1.19% in 2002 and 25.34% in 2023.Oil spill was 6.13% in 2002, 6.42% in 2014 and 2.07% in 2023. Secondary regrowth/Plantation was 0.19%, 4.22% and 5.53% in 2002, 2014 and 2023 respectively. Water bodieswere 3.37% (2002), 7.06% (2002) and 11.27% (2023). The study recommends enactment of an enabling law or enforcement of existing laws governing forest protection and raising awareness and education of inhabitants on the need to preserve the natural land cover.

Virtual Assessment of Physical Activity-Related Built Environment in Soweto, South Africa: What Is the Role of Contextual Familiarity?

Understanding how urban environments shape physical activity is critical in rapidly urbanizing countries such as South Africa. We assessed the reliability of virtual audits for characterizing urban features related to physical activity in Soweto, South Africa. We used the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes Global tool to characterize pedestrian-related features from Google Street View images in four neighborhoods of Soweto. Neighborhoods were selected to represent different levels of deprivation. Inter-rater reliability was analyzed according to the rater's familiarity with the local area. The results show a higher inter-rater reliability was observed among auditors with greater contextual familiarity. Many measurements however generated inconclusive results due to either low variability in the raters' responses or the absence of the features in the streets. It is evident from our findings that virtual audits are efficient tools that can be used to assess the built environment. However, to ensure meaningful use of these tools in diverse settings, we recommend that auditors comprise of people with contextual familiarity.

Retraction Note: Simulation of China’s urban tourism activity based on improved density clustering algorithm

Retraction Note: Simulation of China’s urban tourism activity based on improved density clustering algorithm

Cartographies of infrastructural imaginations: mapping ecological utopias and dystopias in the Global South

This article provides the reader with a theoretical framework and a method of representing cities called cartographies of infrastructural imaginations. The study employs mapping methods from the fields of architecture, urban geography and visual cultures. The research inquires about the role of cartography in the analysis of discourses that define policies of water supply, food distribution and land-use regulation, which are three environmental challenges in cities. How can we identify and situate the urban actors that attend to such challenges in cities from the Global South? The research is empirically grounded in Mexico City, Shanghai and Bangalore, urban settlements with a history of colonial occupation in previous centuries. Their foreign interventions still shape urban imaginaries of these cities. The method of blending photographic analysis with maps aims to offer objective precision of geographical data and subjective street-level views of local stories. The intention is to understand where the infrastructural ideas come from, and how imaginaries flow to communicate visions about the development of the city. A central task here is to frame how power structures interact and represent their interests via utopian and dystopian narratives.

Trade-offs and synergies pattern evolution of ecosystem structure-resilience-activity-services (SRAS) in the Belt and Road Initiative region

This study develops an analytical framework comprising “ecosystem pattern – trade-off and synergy process – multidimensional response mechanism – future risk management” to investigate the evolution of trade-off and synergy patterns of SRAS performance and its sustainability among BRI nations and 80 representative cities. The synergistic levels of SRAS in BRI countries declined, but will increase in the future, the increased trend of BRI cities will transfer to decline in the future. The interaction of multi-dimensional human urban activities could achieve a stronger impact on SRAS performance synergies of BRI countries and cities, and the PD-LU and PD-ED were the dominant interaction influence chains, respectively. This study was the first one to holistically reveal the evolution of trade-off and synergy patterns of SRAS performances, at both nation and city levels, in the BRI region. It also contributes new perspectives from the BRI region to the sustainable urban planning, terrestrial ecosystems conservation, and urban ecological governance programs.

The Relationship Between Three-Dimensional Spatial Structure and CO2 Emission of Urban Agglomerations Based on CNN-RF Modeling: A Case Study in East China

Good urban design helps mitigate carbon dioxide emissions and is important for achieving global low-carbon goals. Previous studies have mostly focused on the two-dimensional level of urban socio-economic activities, urban land use changes, and urban morphology, neglecting the importance of the three-dimensional spatial structure of cities. This study takes 30 cities in East China as an example. By using urban building data and carbon emission datasets, four machine learning algorithms, BP, RF, CNN, and CNN-RF, are established to build a CO2 emission prediction model based on three-dimensional spatial structure, and the main influencing factors are further studied. The results show that the CNN-RF model performed optimally in both the testing and validation phases, with the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 0.85, 0.82; 10.60, 22.32; and 2.53, 1.92, respectively. Meanwhile, in the study unit, S, V, NHB, AN, BCR, SCD, and FAR have a greater impact on CO2 emissions. This indicates a strong correlation between urban three-dimensional spatial structure and carbon emissions. The CNN-RF model can effectively evaluate the relationship between them, providing strategic support for spatial optimization of low-carbon cities.

Utilizing deep transfer learning to discover changes in landscape patterns in urban wetland parks based on multispectral remote sensing

Urban wetland parks are essential for protecting ecosystems and alleviating urban heat island effects. Owing to the impact of urban sprawl and human activities, habitats in wetland parks have become increasingly fragmented, evoking an urgent need to accurately monitor and analyze such changes. In this study, a transfer learning-based ResNet-18 method was proposed to classify the landscape patterns of urban wetland parks by integrating the advantages of remote sensing technologies, i.e., long-time series of Gaofen-2 and high-accuracy data of unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing. The proposed method solves the dual problems of low precision and sparse sample data in landscape pattern classification. By employing the proposed method, we realized long-time-series, high-accuracy analysis of landscape pattern changes in a national wetland park. Our results showed that the overall accuracy was 90.69–97.96 % and Kappa coefficient was stable between 0.865 and 0.968, fully verifying the effectiveness and reliability of our method. We revealed a shrinking trend in the area of water bodies along with an expanding trend in the area of other land types. Thus, our findings reflect the significant impact of urban sprawl on the landscape patterns of wetland parks.

Multi‐Hazard Interrelationships and Risk Scenarios in Urban Areas: A Case of Nairobi and Istanbul

AbstractThis paper introduces a methodology for characterizing the breadth of natural hazard types, hazard interrelationships, and risk scenarios in Global South urban areas, focusing on Nairobi, Kenya, and Istanbul, Türkiye. Our approach involves (a) a comprehensive characterization of multi‐hazards and their interrelationships in an urban setting, (b) collaborative development of relevant multi‐hazard scenarios with local disaster risk reduction (DRR) stakeholders, and (c) analysis of the potential for integrating these scenarios into urban DRR efforts. Using a critical review of 135 sources (academic and gray literature, databases, online, and social media), we identify 19 natural hazard types that might influence Nairobi and 23 in Istanbul. We further identified in Nairobi 88 and Istanbul 105 hazard interrelationship pairs (e.g., an earthquake triggering landslides) out of a possible 576 interrelationships. These findings are cataloged in an extensive database, which informs the creation of multi‐hazard risk scenario exemplars for each city. These exemplars are refined through stakeholder engagement, involving four workshops (47 participants) and nine semi‐structured interviews with local DRR stakeholders. Despite the identified benefits, this engagement reveals a significant gap in integrating multi‐hazards into current urban policy and practice. Governance challenges are highlighted as a key barrier, but opportunities for better integration are also identified, including evolving policies and growing awareness among urban actors. Our approach, particularly relevant in data‐scarce urban areas of low‐ and middle‐income countries, provides a framework for exploring multi‐hazard issues in various urban contexts.

Estimation of land surface temperature and LULC changes impact on groundwater resources in the semi-arid region of Madhya Pradesh, India

The land surface temperature (LST) changes influence on many factors such as land use and land cover (LULC), vegetation and water resources etc. Now a day’s urban population growth, industrial development and human activity are increased due to human migration and urban expansion. The surface temperature is very harmful to vegetation, groundwater level, and ecosystem health. Urban pollution growth and air pollution factor is also playing important role for increase and decrease the LST with climate change impact. Demand of drinking water are increases particular in the urban city due to the population growth and urban expansion, which all of this direct effect on surface and groundwater sources and resources. Hence we have been chosen the latest technologies such as remote sensing (RS), Geographic information System (GIS) and Google Earth Engine (GEE) are very effective for mapping, monitoring and assessment of spatial maps of LST, LULC, and NDVI (Normalised differential vegetation index) estimation. In this study, main focus on the LULC of 2011 and 2021 were classified using random forest (RF) algorithm, ML and remote sensing datasets. LULC were divided into four categories i. e. agricultural land, built up land, waterbody and waste land. For better understanding about the growth of LST, this study examines the association between LST and NDVI change, what vegetation condition impact on the LST. The main and important results have been found the built-up land and LST positive correlation due to increases both the factors in the urban area. LST increases gradually and its bad effect on the green land, water level and expansion of barren land. The range of LST is 43.60 °C to 45.30 °C. Less vegetation cover showing highest LST and vice versa. All of the LST, NDVI, and LULC direct effect on the groundwater availability in the area. This paper important result found the built-up land and LST both are increased in 2021, NDVI and LST having negative correlation. The results of study can very much useful for understanding the LST, NDVI and LULC, these factors what impact on groundwater availability in the study area.