Urate Uroliths Research Articles

Influence of four diets on uric acid metabolism and endogenous acid production in healthy Beagles

Abstract Objective To evaluate the influence of 3 diets used to dissolve or prevent ammonium urate uroliths in dogs, and a diet formulated for growth, on 24-hour excretions of uric acid, ammonia, net acid, titratable acid, bicarbonate, and creatinine: 24-hour urine volumes: pH values of 24-hour urine samples; plasma uric acid concentration; serum creatinine concentration; and endogenous creatinine clearance values. Design Randomized block. Animals Six reproductively intact female Beagles, 3.9 to 4.2 years old, weighing 8.5 to 11.1 kg. Procedures Four diets were evaluated for their ability to dissolve magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) uroliths (diet S); to minimize uric acid excretion (diet U); to minimize clinical signs associated with renal failure (diet K); and to promote growth in pups (diet P). Each diet was fed for 14 days; then 24-hour urine samples were collected. An adult maintenance diet was fed during a 7-day washout period. Results Consumption of diet U was associated with lowest plasma uric acid concentration, lowest 24-hour urinary uric acid, ammonia, titratable acid, and net acid excretions, lowest endogenous creatinine clearance values, highest 24-hour urinary bicarbonate excretion and urine pH values, and highest 24-hour urine volumes. Consumption of diet P was associated with opposite results; results of consumption of diets S and K were intermediate between those for diets U and P. Conclusion Consumption of diet U by healthy Beagles is associated with reduced magnitude of urinary excretion of uric acid and ammonia, with alkaluria, and with polyuria, which may be beneficial in the management of ammonium urate uroliths in dogs. Clinical Relevance Results support use of diet U for management of ammonium urate urolithiasis in dogs.(Am J Vet Res 1996;57:324-328)

Influence of two amounts of dietary casein on uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate urinary activity product ratios of healthy Beagles

SUMMARY Casein has been used as a protein source in diets designed to dissolve canine ammonium urate uroliths and to prevent their recurrence, because it contains fewer purine precursors than do many other sources of protein. However, an important question is whether reduced quantities of dietary casein have any benefit in modifying saturation of urine with urates. To answer this question, activity productd ratios of uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate were determined in 24-hour urine samples produced by 6 healthy Beagles during periods of consumption of a 10.4% protein, casein-based (10.4% casein) diet and a 20.8% protein, casein-based (20.8% casein) diet. Significantly lower activity product. ratios of uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate were observed when dogs consumed the 10.4% casein diet. Significantly lower 24-hour urinary excretions of ammonia and phosphorus were observed when dogs consumed the 10.4% casein diet. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of magnesium and 24-hour urine pH values were significantly higher when dogs were fed the 10.4% casein diet. These results suggest that use of the 10.4% casein diet in protocols designed for dissolution and prevention of uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate uroliths in dogs may be beneficial.

Influence of allopurinol and two diets on 24-hour urinary excretions of uric acid, xanthine, and ammonia by healthy dogs

SUMMARY Hyperxanthinuria and xanthine uroliths have been recognized with increased frequency in dogs with ammonium urate uroliths that had been given allopurinol. We hypothesized that dietary modification might reduce the magnitude of uric acid and xanthine excretion in urine of dogs given allopurinol. To test this hypothesis, excretion of metabolites, volume, and pH were determined in 24-hour urine samples produced by 6 healthy Beagles during periods of allopurinol administration (15 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) and consumption of 2 special purpose diets: a 10.4% protein (dry matter), casein-based diet and a 31.4% protein (dry matter), meat-based diet. Significantly lower values of uric acid (P = 0.004), xanthine (P = 0.003), ammonia (P = 0.0002), net acid (P = 0.0001), titratable acid (P = 0.0002), and creatinine (P = 0.01) excreted during a 24-hour period were detected when dogs consumed the casein-based diet and were given allopurinol, compared with the 24-hour period when the same dogs consumed the meat-based diet and were given allopurinol. For the same 24-hour period, urine pH values, urine volumes, and urine bicarbonate values were significantly (P = 0.0004, P = 0.04, and P = 0.002, respectively) higher during the period when the dogs were fed the casein-based diet and given allopurinol than when they were fed the meat-based diet and given allopurinol. Endogenous creatinine clearance was significantly (P = 0.006) lower when dogs were fed the casein-based diet and given allopurinol than when they were fed the meat-based diet and given allopurinol. Significantly lower concentrations of plasma uric acid (P = 0.0001), plasma xanthine (P = 0.01), and serum urea nitrogen (P = 0.0001) were detected when dogs consumed the casein-based diet and were given allopurinol than when they consumed the meat-based diet and were given allopurinol. On the basis of these results, use of the casein-based diet and allopurinol in protocols designed for dissolution of urate uroliths may be beneficial in preventing hyperxanthinuria and xanthine urolith formation.

Influence of four diets containing approximately 11% protein (dry weight) on uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate urine activity product ratios of healthy Beagles

SUMMARY Urine activity product ratios of uric acid (aprua), sodium urate (aprna), and ammonium urate (aprau), and urinary excretion of 10 metabolites were determined in 24-hour urine samples produced by 6 healthy Beagles during periods of consumption of 4 diets containing approximately 11% protein (dry weight) and various protein sources: a 72% moisture, casein-based diet; a 10% moisture, egg-based diet; a 72% moisture, chicken-based diet; and a 71% moisture, chicken-based, liver-flavored diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher aprua, aprna, and aprau were observed when dogs consumed the egg-based diet, compared with the other 3 diets; there were no differences in these ratios among the other 3 diets. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of chloride, potassium, phosphorus, and oxalic acid were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the egg-based diet. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of sodium were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the egg-based diet, compared with the casein-based diet and the chicken-based, liver-flavored diet, but were not significantly different between the egg-based diet and chicken-based diet. Twenty-four-hour urine volume was similar when dogs consumed the 4 diets. Twenty-four-hour endogenous creatinine clearance was significantly (P < 0.05 lower when dogs consumed the casein based diet there were no differences among the other 3 diets. Although consumption all diets was associated with production alkaline urine, the 24-hour urine pH was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the egg-based diet. These results suggest that use diets containing approximately 10.5% protein (dry weight) and 70 moisture protocols designed for dissolution and prevention urate uroliths may be beneficial. The source dietary protein in canned formulated diets does not appear significantly influence the saturation of urine with uric acid, sodium urate, or ammonium urate.

Prevalence of cystine and urate uroliths in Bulldogs and urate uroliths in Dalmatians

Summary Data were evaluated from all dogs admitted to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UMVTH) between June 1, 1981 and Dec 31, 1991. During this period, uroliths were retrieved and analyzed from 452 of 37,574 dogs admitted. The odds that uroliths from Bulldogs were composed of cystine were 32.3 times greater than for other breeds evaluated. The odds that a Bulldog admitted was affected with cystine uroliths were 154.1 times greater than for other breeds. Cystine uroliths were retrieved only from male Bulldogs. The odds that uroliths from Bulldogs were composed of urate were 7.9 times greater than for other breeds. The odds that a Bulldog admitted was affected with urate uroliths were 43.0 times greater than for other breeds. Male Bulldogs were 14.3 times more likely to be affected with urate uroliths than were females. The odds that uroliths from Dalmatians were composed of urate were 228.9 times greater than for other breeds. The odds that a Dalmatian admitted was affected with urate uroliths were 122.4 times greater than for other breeds. Male Dalmatians were 16.4 times more likely to be affected with urate uroliths than were females. Data also were evaluated from files of canine uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center for quantitative mineral analysis between June 1, 1981 and Dec 31, 1991. During this period, 94 of 11,188 uroliths analyzed were obtained from Bulldogs and 387 were obtained from Dalmatians. The odds that uroliths retrieved from Bulldogs were composed of cystine were 40.7 times greater than for other breeds. Cystine uroliths were retrieved only from male Bulldogs. The odds that uroliths retrieved from Bulldogs were composed of urate were 16.4 times greater than for other breeds. Although 88.6% of urate uroliths were retrieved from male Bulldogs, the odds ratios for males were not significantly different than for females. The odds that uroliths retrieved from Dalmatians were composed of urate were 162.4 times greater than for other breeds. Although 93.0% of urate uroliths were retrieved from male Dalmatians, the odds ratio for males was not significantly different than for females.

Medical dissolution and prevention of canine and feline uroliths: diagnostic and therapeutic caveats.

Medical protocols designed to promote the dissolution of canine and feline struvite uroliths, the dissolution of canine ammonium urate and cystine uroliths and the prevention of all major types of canine and feline uroliths have been developed. However, because the causes of different types of uroliths vary, the medical protocols for their dissolution and prevention also vary. When the diagnosis of the underlying causes of uroliths becomes the rule rather than the exception, therapeutic failures should become the exception rather than the rule.

Dissolution of Canine Ammonium Urate Uroliths

Medical therapy that may be effective in promoting dissolution of canine ammonium urate uroliths includes the following: reduction of dietary purines, reduction in in vivo production of uric acid, and alkalinization of urine.

Etiopathogenesis of Uric Acid and Ammonium Urate Uroliths in Non-Dalmatian Dogs

The etiopathogenesis of uric acid, sodium acid urate, and ammonium acid urate uroliths in non-Dalmatian dogs appears to be a complex phenomenon. It may involve one or more pathologic and/or physiologic processes acting independently or in concert to increase urinary concentration of lithogenic substances that result in initiation, growth, and retention of urate uroliths. Increased urine uric acid concentration and/or urinary excretion of uric acid appear to be primary predisposing factors in urate lithogenesis. Specific disorders resulting in hyperuricuria may involve abnormalities of increased synthesis, diminished biodegradation, and/or enhance excretion of uric acid. In addition, ammonium ion, hydrogen ion, and other organic and inorganic urine constituents appear to have major influences on urate urolith formation. Unfortunately, many specific disorders of uric acid metabolism and other factors promoting or inhibiting urate urolith formation remain poorly characterized in the majority of non-Dalmatian dogs with urate urolithiasis. Growing awareness of the significance of urate uroliths in non-Dalmatian dogs should encourage further investigation into the identification, characterization, and quantitation of parameters influencing urate lithogenesis. Results of such studies are required for development of practical and effective strategies for treatment and prevention of canine urate urolithiasis.

Low uricase activity in the Dalmatian dog simulated in mongrels given oxonic acid

ARTICLESLow uricase activity in the Dalmatian dog simulated in mongrels given oxonic acidTF Yu, AB Gutman, L Berger, and C KaungTF Yu, AB Gutman, L Berger, and C KaungPublished Online:01 Apr 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.4.973MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByGrain free diets for utility dogs during training work: Evaluation of the nutrient digestibility and faecal characteristicsAnimal Nutrition, Vol. 5, No. 3Uricosuric and Hypo-Uricemic ActivityUricosuric and Hypo-Uricemic Activity21 April 2015Renal System in Safety PharmacologyActivity on Urinary TractSafety Pharmacology of Drugs for the Urinary TractThe dalmatian defect: A hepatic endocrinopathy of urate transport1 January 2005 | Arthritis & Rheumatism, Vol. 52, No. 8Evaluation of the association between sex and risk of forming urate uroliths in DalmatiansJournal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 227, No. 4Activity on urinary tract1Multiple intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantations in the dalmatian dogSurgery, Vol. 127, No. 2Renal activityFanconi Syndrome in a Labrador RetrieverJournal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 6Uric acid degrading enzymes, urate oxidase and allantoinase, are associated with different subcellular organelles in frog liver and kidneyJournal of Cell Science, Vol. 107, No. 4The fate of administered purines in the Dalmatian Coach HoundJournal of Comparative Pathology, Vol. 96, No. 3Uric acid uptake in erythrocytes of Beagle and Dalmatian dogsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 85, No. 3Etiopathogenesis of Uric Acid and Ammonium Urate Uroliths in Non-Dalmatian DogsVeterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Vol. 16, No. 1Serum urate concentrations in the Dalmatian Coach HoundJournal of Comparative Pathology, Vol. 95, No. 2Urolithiasis in Hereditary Renal HypouricemiaDefect of uric acid uptake in Dalmatian dog liverExperientia, Vol. 40, No. 12Renal Handling of UrateGoutUrate CalculiSpontaneous Fanconi syndrome in the dogMetabolism, Vol. 27, No. 1Use of the Uricase-Inhibited Rat as an Animal Model in Toxicology25 September 2008 | Clinical Toxicology, Vol. 13, No. 1Tubular Handling of Allantoin in the Rat KidneyDrugs Affecting the Renal Handling of Uric AcidHypouricemiaArthritis & Rheumatism, Vol. 18, No. S1Handling of allantoin by the rat kidneyPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 357, No. 3-4Supplement: 21st rheumatism reviewArthritis & Rheumatism, Vol. 17, No. 5Action of 4-prenyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (DA 2370) on an experimental hyperuricosuria in the ratPharmacological Research Communications, Vol. 5, No. 2Hypouricemia due to isolated renal tubular defectThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 53, No. 3Renal mechanisms for regulation of uric acid excretion, with special reference to normal and gouty manSeminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, Vol. 2, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 220Issue 4April 1971Pages 973-979 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1971 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.4.973PubMed5551153History Published online 1 April 1971 Published in print 1 April 1971 Metrics

Renal excretion of uric acid in the dog.

ARTICLESRenal excretion of uric acid in the dogGH Mudge, J Cucchi, M Platts, JM O'Connell, and WO BerndtGH Mudge, J Cucchi, M Platts, JM O'Connell, and WO BerndtPublished Online:01 Aug 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.215.2.404MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByEffects of Endogenous Ascorbate on Oxidation, Oxygenation, and Toxicokinetics of Cell-Free Modified Hemoglobin after Exchange Transfusion in Rat and Guinea Pig10 July 2007 | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 323, No. 1The dalmatian defect: A hepatic endocrinopathy of urate transport1 January 2005 | Arthritis & Rheumatism, Vol. 52, No. 8Evaluation of the association between sex and risk of forming urate uroliths in DalmatiansJournal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 227, No. 4Plasma purine turnover metabolites in women with normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated with induced hypertension as compared to fetal well-being indicesJournal of Perinatal Medicine, Vol. 28, No. 5Canine Urate UrolithiasisVeterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Vol. 29, No. 1Fanconi Syndrome in a Labrador RetrieverJournal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 6Urate excretion by the cat kidneyComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 102, No. 4The Association of Nephrolithiasis and Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney DiseaseAmerican Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol. 11, No. 4The fate of administered purines in the Dalmatian Coach HoundJournal of Comparative Pathology, Vol. 96, No. 3Uric acid uptake in erythrocytes of Beagle and Dalmatian dogsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 85, No. 3Etiopathogenesis of Uric Acid and Ammonium Urate Uroliths in Non-Dalmatian DogsVeterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Vol. 16, No. 1Serum urate concentrations in the Dalmatian Coach HoundJournal of Comparative Pathology, Vol. 95, No. 2Defect of uric acid uptake in Dalmatian dog liverExperientia, Vol. 40, No. 12Renal Handling of UrateRenal excretion of urate: Factors determining the actions of drugsKidney International, Vol. 18, No. 5Urinary Excretion of Uric Acid in Nonhuman Mammalian SpeciesSpontaneous Fanconi syndrome in the dogMetabolism, Vol. 27, No. 1Use of the Uricase-Inhibited Rat as an Animal Model in Toxicology25 September 2008 | Clinical Toxicology, Vol. 13, No. 1Nature of the uricosuric effect of tienilic acid, a new diureticKidney International, Vol. 12, No. 2Renal tubular handling of drugsThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 62, No. 4Interaction between renal transport of diodone, glucose, and urates in dogsBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. 83, No. 2Effect of splanchnicotomy on the renal excretion of uric acid in anaesthetzed dogsPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 368, No. 3The Use of Clearance Methods for the Determination of Sites of Action of Diuretics in the KidneyDrugs Affecting the Renal Handling of Uric AcidDauertherapieSpezielle ProblemeTubular Handling of Uric Acid in MammalsRENAL TUBULAR TRANSPORT OF PARACETAMOL AND ITS CONJUGATES IN THE DOG19 July 2012 | British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 54, No. 3Handling of uric acid by the rat kidneyPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 338, No. 4Hypouricemia due to isolated renal tubular defectThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 53, No. 3Renal mechanisms for regulation of uric acid excretion, with special reference to normal and gouty manSeminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, Vol. 2, No. 1Cholecystography and NephrotoxicityNew England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 285, No. 6Handling of uric acid by the rat kidneyPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 324, No. 4Nineteenth rheumatism review. Part-IIIArthritis & Rheumatism, Vol. 13, No. 5Renal Function Tests in Laboratory AnimalsThe Influence of Hypertonic Saline Infusions Upon the Fractional Reabsorption of Urate and Other Ions in Normal and Hypertensive ManCirculation, Vol. 41, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 215Issue 2August 1968Pages 404-410 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1968 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.215.2.404PubMed5665173History Published online 1 August 1968 Published in print 1 August 1968 Metrics