Upward Wind Research Articles

Orientation and speed of wind gusts causing abscission of wind‐dispersed seeds influences dispersal distance

Summary Abscission of seeds in some plant species occurs as a result of strong wind gusts that exert sufficient drag forces to liberate the seed from its parent. This may be an adaptive feature, as release into stronger wind gusts has been shown to lead to greater dispersal distances, which is likely to have evolutionary advantages. We test the hypotheses that (i) seeds released into upward wind gusts will, on average, travel further than those seeds released into wind gusts with horizontal or downward orientations and (ii) that the preferential abscission of seeds into upward wind gusts will result in the dispersal of seeds over greater distances. As a case study, we studied the abscission dynamics of Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (fleabane), which is an important weed with global distribution. Using abscission data obtained through a series of seed release experiments, we confirm that abscission of seeds in C. bonariensis is most likely to occur during strong and upward wind gusts. We demonstrate that, for a given wind speed, seeds released into upward wind gusts will, on average, travel further than those seeds released into wind gusts with horizontal or downward orientations. We also show that preferential release into upward wind gusts has some influence on the distance travelled, but the strength of this influence is dependent on the correlation between wind orientation and wind speed. For this particular study, the sensitivity of release to the horizontal wind speed seems to have a larger effect on the distance travelled than sensitivity to wind orientation.

AIRS retrieved CO2 and its association with climatic parameters over India during 2004–2011

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) retrieved mid-tropospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2) have been used to study the variability and its association with the climatic parameters over India during 2004 to 2011. The study also aims in understanding transport of CO2 from surface to mid-troposphere over India. The annual cycle of mid-tropospheric CO2 shows gradual increase in concentration from January till the month of May at the rate ~0.6ppm/month. It decreases continuously in summer monsoon (JJAS) at the same rate during which strong westerlies persists over the region. A slight increase is seen during winter monsoon (DJF). Being a greenhouse gas, annual cycle of CO2 show good resemblance with annual cycle of surface air temperature with correlation coefficient (CC) of +0.8. Annual cycle of vertical velocity indicate inverse pattern compared to annual cycle of CO2. High values of mid-tropospheric CO2 correspond to upward wind, while low values of mid-tropospheric CO2 correspond to downward wind. In addition to vertical motion, zonal winds are also contributing towards the transport of CO2 from surface to mid-troposphere. Vegetation as it absorbs CO2 at surface level, show inverse annual cycle to that of annual cycle of CO2 (CC-0.64). Seasonal variation of rainfall-CO2 shows similarities with seasonal variation of NDVI-CO2. However, the use of long period data sets for CO2 at the surface and at the mid-troposphere will be an advantage to confirm these results.

Effects of a semienclosed ocean on extratropical cyclogenesis: The dynamical processes around the Japan Sea on 23–25 January 2008

AbstractBased on a case study of an extratropical cyclone that developed rapidly near Japan on 23−25 January 2008, this paper proposes a new type of atmospheric response to a surface warming/cooling anomaly in the semienclosed Japan Sea, which is approximately half a synoptic‐scale baroclinic wavelength in size. The thermal effects of the Japan Sea during early cyclogenesis spread to the upper levels via an upward wind, when the trough of the baroclinic wave is located west of the Japan Sea. In the case of a relatively cold Japan Sea, the lower level air temperature decreases over the sea, and the baroclinic wave becomes weak around Japan in the early stage. As the cyclone progressively develops and travels east, the positive and negative geopotential height anomalies induced by the sea surface cooling increase over time in the lower level trough and the upper level ridge outside the Japan Sea, respectively. The temperature anomaly spreads to upper levels through the development of a warm conveyer belt. As the cyclone becomes fully developed, a geopotential height anomaly pattern similar to the west Pacific teleconnection forms as a result of the S‐shaped trough‐ridge structure in the middle and upper troposphere. The cooling/warming effect of the sea influences surface heat fluxes and precipitation in the Pacific region outside the Japan Sea via a synoptic‐scale atmospheric bridge caused by the traveling and developing cyclone and cold air outbreak.

태양열 집열판에 작용하는 풍압계수 분포 특성

This paper attempted to bridge this gap by identifying the number of flat-plate solar collectors. The characteristics of wind pressure coefficients acting on flat-plate solar collectors which are most widely used were investigated for various wind direction. Findings from this study found that the location where the maximum wind pressure coefficient occurred in the solar collector was the edge of the collector. Regarding the characteristics according to the number of collectors, the paper found that downward wind pressure coefficient of the lower edge of the collector was higher than the upward wind pressure coefficient of the upper edge of the collector in the basic module (1 piece). However, as the number of collectors increases, the upward wind pressure coefficient of the upper edge become higher than the downward wind pressure coefficient of the lower edge. Finally yet important, it was found that the location of the maximum wind pressure coefficient was changed according to the number of solar collectors.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of the formation of strong noctilucent clouds

The 3-D Lagrangian model LIMA/ICE is used to track ice particles forming noctilucent clouds (NLC). Fifty strong NLC events at three different latitudes are analyzed. Visible particles are traced back to their nucleation sites as well as traced forward until sublimation. Particle nucleation occurs in bursts within areas of high supersaturation. We characterize NLC particle growth and vertical transport: Slow growth occurs below the mesopause up to ≈6h before observation. It is followed by rapid growth within the high water vapor zone around 83km during phases of upward winds. At the same time temperature perturbations in these cold phases of waves lead to a high supersaturation. Sublimation occurs quickly after maximum brightness, since sedimentation into subsaturated altitudes is accelerated by downward winds. The duration of particle visibility (β>10% of observed backscatter) is only ≈5h. The mean particle age of all NLC events at 69°N is around 36h, but particle age varies by more than 24h for the different events studied. Although the age of particles in strong NLC depends on latitude, the visibility period does not. The brightness of strong NLC depends mainly on background conditions during the last 3h before observation. This implies that local measurements, e.g. by lidar, are representative for the morphology of strong NLC on scales of several hundred kilometers.

이어도 해양종합과학기지에서의 3차원 바람성분에 따른 에어로솔 수 농도 변동 특성

To investigate variation of aerosol number concentration at each different size with three-dimensional (3D) wind components in ocean area, aerosol particles and 3D wind components were measured in the Ieodo Ocean Research Station, which is located to 419 km southwest from Marado, the southernmost island of Korea, from 25 June to 8 July 2010. The Laser Particle Counter (LPC) and ultrasonic anemometer were used to measure the size of aerosol particles and 3D wind components (zonal (u), meridional (v), and vertical (w) wind) respectively. Surface weather chart, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and sounding data were used to analyze the synoptic condition. The distribution of aerosol number concentration had a large variation from bigger particles more than 1.0 <TEX>${\mu}m$</TEX> in diameter by wind direction during precipitation. In the number concentration of aerosol particles with respect to the weather conditions, particles larger than 1.0 <TEX>${\mu}m$</TEX> in size were decreased and sustained to the similar concentration at smaller particles during precipitation. The increase in aerosol number concentration was due to the sea-salt particles which was suspended by southwesterly and upward winds. In addition, the aerosol number concentration with vertical wind flow could be related with the occurrence and increasing mechanism of aerosol in marine boundary layer.

Low-latitude mesospheric vertical winds observed using VHF radar

[1] Using long-term data (January 1998 to December 2009) collected from Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar located at a tropical station, Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India, variability of low-latitude mesospheric vertical wind is investigated for the first time. The emphasis is on sub-daily, monthly, seasonal and annual variabilities in vertical wind in the altitude region 65–85 km. Possible sources of errors in the vertical wind measurement at mesospheric altitudes from the MST radar are discussed. The observed mesospheric vertical wind is generally upward in all the seasons. During winter and summer, significant sub-daily variations are noticed followed by spring and fall equinoxes. The vertical wind can reach occasionally values as high as 5 ms−1 but most of the time (95%) it is, in general, less than ∼2.63 ms−1. The present observations are consistent with the general circulation features in recent models for low latitude locations with northward and upward wind prevailing throughout the year representing part of meridional circulation.

Long-term impacts of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and precipitation

Aerosols alter cloud density and the radiative balance of the atmosphere. This leads to changes in cloud microphysics and atmospheric stability, which can either suppress or foster the development of clouds and precipitation. The net effect is largely unknown, but depends on meteorological conditions and aerosol properties. Here, we examine the long-term impact of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and rainfall frequencies, using a 10-year dataset of aerosol, cloud and meteorological variables collected in the Southern Great Plains in the United States. We show that cloud-top height and thickness increase with aerosol concentration measured near the ground in mixed-phase clouds—which contain both liquid water and ice—that have a warm, low base. We attribute the effect, which is most significant in summer, to an aerosol-induced invigoration of upward winds. In contrast, we find no change in cloud-top height and precipitation with aerosol concentration in clouds with no ice or cool bases. We further show that precipitation frequency and rain rate are altered by aerosols. Rain increases with aerosol concentration in deep clouds that have a high liquid-water content, but declines in clouds that have a low liquid-water content. Simulations using a cloud-resolving model confirm these observations. Our findings provide unprecedented insights of the long-term net impacts of aerosols on clouds and precipitation.

Application of eddy covariance to determine ecosystem-scale carbon balance and evapotranspiration in an agroforestry system

The inclusion of belts of trees in the agricultural areas of south-western Australia is gaining popularity, through perceived benefits in water use, biodiversity and carbon sequestration. However, water use and carbon assimilation are difficult to quantify at the ecosystem scale. In this research, we investigate the application of eddy covariance in a ‘belt and alley’ system. Footprint modelling indicated that the proportion of the signal from the tree belts was similar to the proportion of tree belts in the ecosystem. Eddy covariance units were installed in two adjacent fields: one containing belts of four-year-old oil mallee Trees 10 m wide planted 60 m apart; and one containing agricultural crops. Tree belts had little impact on wind direction or its standard deviation for any measurement height, and stationarity, integral turbulence and energy balance closure were similar for the two fields. Persistent upward wind flows were observed for wind directions aligned with the tree belts, suggesting the possibility of advection. For our experimental site, removal of data for winds aligned with the tree belts had a negligible impact on fluxes of carbon dioxide and water. During summer and autumn, the field containing oil mallees used 27 mm more water, and assimilated 0.93 Mg CO 2/ha more than the field without trees. Both daytime and night time CO 2 fluxes were greater in magnitude for the oil mallee field than the control field during summer. Water use by the trees was lower than other fields in the region where herbaceous perennials had been grown, and also lower than other estimates based on sap flow measurements. Further research will be necessary to determine the impact of spatial variability of water use on groundwater recharge at the catchment scale. Extra carbon storage associated with tree belts may increase their economic attractiveness to farmers in the region, but the impact of respiration after summer rainfall requires further investigation.

Spatial sampling of the thermospheric vertical wind field at auroral latitudes

[1] Results are presented from two nights of bistatic Doppler measurements of neutral thermospheric winds using Fabry-Perot spectrometers at Mawson and Davis stations in Antarctica. A scanning Doppler imager (SDI) at Mawson and a narrow-field Fabry-Perot spectrometer (FPS) at Davis have been used to estimate the vertical wind at three locations along the great circle joining the two stations, in addition to the vertical wind routinely observed above each station. These data were obtained from observations of the 630.0 nm airglow line of atomic oxygen, at a nominal altitude of 240 km. Low-resolution all-sky images produced by the Mawson SDI have been used to relate disturbances in the measured vertical wind field to auroral activity and divergence in the horizontal wind field. Correlated vertical wind responses were observed on a range of horizontal scales from ∼150 to 480 km. In general, the behavior of the vertical wind was in agreement with earlier studies, with strong upward winds observed poleward of the optical aurora and sustained, though weak, downward winds observed early in the night. The relation between vertical wind and horizontal divergence was seen to follow the general trend predicted by Burnside et al. (1981), whereby upward vertical winds were associated with positive divergence and vice versa; however, a scale height approximately 3–4 times greater than that modeled by NRLMSISE-00 was required to best fit the data using this relation.

Long-term variation in the thermosphere: TIMED/GUVI observations

[1] Long-term changes in the thermospheric composition (O/N2 column density ratio) and exospheric temperature (Texo) have been examined. The data are obtained from TIMED/GUVI disk and limb measurements over half of a solar cycle from 2002 to 2007. The data indicate a positive correlation between O/N2 and solar EUV flux (Qeuv), despite large variability in O/N2 due to geomagnetic activity and season and local time effects. A function fitting provides quantitative specification of the O/N2 dependence on Qeuv. The magnitude of changes in O/N2 due to solar EUV variation between 2002 and 2007 is 40% of the mean (0.5) O/N2 over the same period and is of the same order to the changes in O/N2 due to nonsolar EUV effects (geomagnetic activity, season, and local time). Similar results are also obtained for the Texo dependence on Qeuv. The O/N2 dependence on Qeuv is due to thermal expansion or contraction that alters the reference height of the fixed N2 column density (1017 cm−2). This differs from the O/N2 depletion associated with high Texo during storm time where upward wind plays an important role.

LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION ON SCALAR TRANSFER PHENOMENA BETWEEN URBAN SURFACE AND ATMOSPHERE

The authors performed a numerical simulation of scalar transfer phenomena between an urban surface and atmosphere. A parallelized large-eddy simulation model was adopted for the simulation. Two types of regular block arrays, a square array and staggered array, were arranged on the floor of computational domains. It was assumed that area scalar source was installed on the floor of arrays and scalar fluxes were estimated by using a wall function based on a logarithmic law. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The flow statistics of the normalized wind speed and turbulence intensity above a canopy showed good agreement with that obtained experimentally. (2) Scalar profiles shows self-similarity after 3rd rows. (3) Scalar boundary layer develops rapidly especially the edge of the scalar source area because of upward wind due to roughness.

Influence of vertical wind on stratospheric aerosol transport

The main goals of this work are climatological analysis of characteristics of vertical wind in the stratosphere and estimation of potential opportunities of its influence on stratospheric aerosol particles. High-altitude, temporal, and latitude dependences of zonal mean vertical wind velocity for the period of 1992–2006 from the UKMO atmospheric general circulation model are analyzed. It is shown that monthly averaged amplitudes of the vertical wind are approximately ±5 mm/s, while annual averaged ones are ±1 mm/s. The upward wind can provide the vertical lifting against gravity for sufficiently large (up to 3–5 μm) aerosol particles with a density up to 1.0–1.5 g/cm3 at stratospheric and mesospheric altitudes. The vertical wind, probably, is a substantial factor for particle motion up to altitudes of 30–40 km and can change essentially the sedimentation velocities and the residence times of stratospheric aerosols. The structure of the averaged fields of vertical wind supposes the opportunity of formation of dynamically stable aerosol layers in the middle stratosphere. With the problem regarding the action of a permanent source of monodisperse particles near the stratopause taken as an example, it is shown that if the action of the averaged vertical component is taken into account along with the gravitational sedimentation and turbulent diffusion, the standard vertical profiles of the relative concentration of particles change cardinally. Estimations for the levitation heights for particles of different densities and sizes in the stratosphere under action of gravity and vertical wind pressure are presented.

Climate modelling study on mountain uplift and Asian monsoon evolution

Abstract Impacts of mountain uplift on the Asian monsoon and adjacent seas are investigated by climate model sensitivity studies. Two sets of general circulation model (GCM) experiments are performed. Using an atmosphere-ocean coupled GCM, a progressive mountain uplift experiment is performed. During boreal summer, monsoon precipitation is confined in the deep tropics around 10°N in the no-mountain case, but as mountains become higher, heavy rain areas move inland from the East Asian coast with stronger upward winds and increased rainfall over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau region. An increase of freshwater discharge from the Asian rivers results in a significant decrease of sea surface salinities over the Bay of Bengal, the South China, East China and Yellow Seas. A high-resolution atmospheric GCM experiment, which shows improvement in reproducing the present-day model climatology, gives more precise information on precipitation and the circulation changes caused by mountain uplift.

Temperature enhancements and vertical winds in the lower thermosphere associated with auroral heating during the DELTA campaign

[1] A coordinated observation of the atmospheric response to auroral energy input in the polar lower thermosphere was conducted during the Dynamics and Energetics of the Lower Thermosphere in Aurora (DELTA) campaign. N2 rotational temperature was measured with a rocket-borne instrument launched from the Andoya Rocket Range, neutral winds were measured from auroral emissions at 557.7 nm with a Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) at Skibotn and the KEOPS, and ionospheric parameters were measured with the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar at Tromso. Altitude profiles of the passive energy deposition rate and the particle heating rate were estimated using data taken with the EISCAT radar. The local temperature enhancement derived from the difference between the observed N2 rotational temperature and the MSISE-90 model neutral temperature were 70–140 K at 110–140 km altitude. The temperature increase rate derived from the estimated heating rates, however, cannot account for the temperature enhancement below 120 km, even considering the contribution of the neutral density to the estimated heating rate. The observed upward winds up to 40 m s �1 seem to respond nearly instantaneously to changes in the heating rates. Although the wind speeds cannot be explained by the estimated heating rate and the thermal expansion hypothesis, the present study suggests that the generation mechanism of the large vertical winds must be responsible for the fast response of the vertical wind to the heating event.

Modern pollen—vegetation relationships along an altitudinal transect in the central Pyrenees (southwestern Europe)

Modern proxy-calibration studies are a powerful tool for paleoecological interpretation. This paper analyzes the relationships among modern pollen rain, vegetation and altitude in the central Pyrenees, where several paleo-palynological studies have been developed, but a modern analog survey is still unavailable. The work analyzes the pollen content of moss polsters from different vegetation communities along an altitudinal transect, as well as the flora and vegetation using the Braun-Blanquet system. DCCA showed that altitude satisfactorily explains both vegetation ( r2 = 0.988) and pollen ( r 2 = 0.841) gradients. Besides the complexity of pollen—vegetation relationships, some regularities were found to be useful for paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretation. In general, altitudinal vegetation and pollen patterns show similarities, but pollen belts and boundaries are less well defined, likely because of the homogenizing effect of upward wind transport. Palynological differentiation of montane from subalpine/alpine belts is straightforward from the trends of the more significant pollen types, mainly the low-altitude deciduous trees and the high-mountain herbs. Palynological differences between subalpine and alpine belts, which boundary coincides with the treeline, are more subtle and need quantitative criteria and complementary proxies. From an individual point of view, four main groups of pollen were distinguished, in relation to their usefulness as vegetation and altitudinal indicators: (1) very good indicators, (2) good indicators, (3) non indicators, and (4) allochthonous pollen types. The first two groups resulted to be useful as indicator taxa for modern analogs for paleovegetational and paleoaltitudinal reconstruction, while the latter two groups should be interpreted with caution in paleoenvironmental studies.

On the sizes and observable effects of dust particles in polar mesospheric winter echoes

In the present paper, recent radar and heating experiments on the polar mesospheric winter echoes (PMWE) are analyzed with the radar overshoot model. The PMWE dust particles that influence the radar backscatter most likely have sizes around 3 nm. For dust to influence the electrons in the PMWE layers, it must be charged; therefore, we have discussed the charging of nanometer‐sized particles and found that the photodetachment effect, where photons of energy less than the work function of the dust material can remove excess electrons, probably is dominant at sunlit conditions. For moderate and low electron densities, very few of the dust smaller than ∼3 nm will be charged. We suggest that the normal requirement that disturbed magnetospheric conditions with ionizing precipitation must be present to create observable PMWE is needed mainly to create sufficiently high electron densities to overcome the photodetachment effect and charge the PMWE dust particles. We have also suggested other possible effects of the photodetachment on the occurrence rate of the PMWE. We attribute the lack of PMWE‐like radar scattering layers in the lower mesosphere during the summer not only to a lower level of turbulence than in winter but also to that dust particles are removed from these layers due to the upward wind draught in the summer mesospheric circulation system. It is likely that this last effect will completely shut off the PMWE‐like radar layers in the lower parts of the mesosphere.

The piloted transition to flaming in smoldering fire retarded and non‐fire retarded polyurethane foam

AbstractThe piloted transition from smoldering to flaming, though a significant fire safety concern, has not been previously extensively studied. Experimental results are presented on the piloted transition from smoldering to flaming in non‐fire retarded (NFR) polyurethane foam and the fire retarded polyurethane foam Pyrell®. The samples are small blocks, vertically placed in the wall of an upward wind tunnel. The free surface is exposed to an oxidizer flow and a radiant heat flux. The smolder product gases pass upwards through a pilot. The experiments on NFR foam show that the smolder velocity and peak smolder temperature, which increase with the oxygen concentration and heat flux, are strongly correlated to the transition to flaming event, in that there are minimum values of these parameters for transition to occur. The existence of a minimum smolder velocity for ignition supports the concept of a gaseous mixture reaching a lean flammability limit as the criterion for the transition to flaming. To compensate for the solid‐ and gas‐phase effects of the fire retardants on the piloted transition in Pyrell, it was necessary to increase the oxygen concentration and the power supplied to the smolder igniter and the pilot. The piloted transition is observed in oxygen concentrations above 17% in NFR foam and above 23% in Pyrell. The results show that although Pyrell is less flammable than NFR foam, it is still susceptible to smoldering and the piloted transition to flaming in oxygen‐enriched environments, which is of interest for special applications such as future space missions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Composite Atmospheric Environments of Jet Contrail Outbreaks for the United States

Abstract The cirrus-level “condensation trails” (contrails) produced by jet aircraft are considered to influence surface climate and its recent changes. To reveal the synoptic atmospheric environments typically associated with multiple co-occurrences of contrails occurring in otherwise clear or partly cloudy skies (outbreaks) for the United States, and ultimately to assist in forecasting these events, a composite (i.e., multicase average) “synoptic climatology” at regional scales is developed for the midseason months (January, April, July, October) of 2000–02. The NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data that emphasize upper-troposphere (UT) variables are allied with manually identified outbreaks appearing on satellite Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer digital data, using a geographic information system. The highest frequencies of outbreaks by far occur in the Midwest (32.6% of all-U.S. total), followed by the Northeast (17.6%) and Southeast (17.2%). In these regions, all of which have a high density of jet air traffic, an additional 2% cirrus cloud coverage from outbreak-related contrails is inferred. Large interannual and interseasonal variations in contrail outbreak frequencies support the role of meteorological variations. For most regions, the outbreak-associated synoptic circulation composite conditions involve UT ridging and a higher and colder tropopause than the climatological average; meridionally enhanced gradients of the UT vertical motion, located between sinking air to the east (in the ridge) and rising air to the west, in advance of a trough; similarly strong gradients of mid–upper-troposphere humidity, comprising dry air located to the east and moist air to the west; and horizontal speed shear ahead of an advancing jet stream. Notwithstanding, there is a geography (i.e., areal differentiation) to contrail outbreak environments: composites for the Northeast suggest an influence of land–sea contrasts on synoptic systems and, therefore, on contrail outbreaks. For the Northwest, there is evident a greater impact of horizontal wind shear contrasted with other regions. The synoptic climatology results are supported by the all-U.S. averages of contrail outbreak UT conditions [climate diagnostics (CDNs)] previously determined for early–mid-September periods of 1995–2001. Moreover, a comparison of these CDNs with those derived for nearby thick natural clouds, including cirrus, helps to clarify their different synoptic associations: the UT conditions typical of thick clouds represent an intensification of those associated with contrail outbreaks and include the greater upward vertical motion, moister air, and stronger westerly winds characteristic of a trough. Given the location of most contrail outbreaks downstream of multilayered cloud systems, contrails may help to extend the “natural” cirrus and cirrostratus spatial coverage.

Magnetothermal Wind Visualized by Numerical Computation

This study describes the numerical evaluation of the transient and steady state characteristics of a magnetothermal wind created by the Kelvin force inside the bore space of a super-conducting magnet. The model system designed to evaluate the present numerical computations is composed of two coaxial circular pipes with open ends. The outer pipe, acting as the cooling pipe, corresponds to the bore space of the super-conducting magnet, while the inner pipe, acting as the heating pipe, is installed inside this bore space. The vertical magnetic gradient generated in the bore space as a source of the Kelvin force was replaced by that generated by the electric current circulating within the circular electric coil. The computed results indicated that the generation direction, the flow rate, and the flow pattern of the magnetothermal wind strongly depended on the position of the circular electric coil. For instance, when the circular electric coil was placed at the lower end of the heating region, the free convection was accelerated by the Kelvin force and an upward magnetothermal wind with a maximum flow rate was created. On the other hand, when the circular electric coil was placed at the upper end of the heating region, the free convection was suppressed by the Kelvin force and a downward magnetothermal wind was created.