Upward Path Research Articles

High-Resolution Observation of Disk Spicules. I. Evolution and Kinematics of Spicules in the Enhanced Network

We present measurements of a 75 minute sequence of CCD spicule observations at Hα -0.65 Å, line center, and +0.65 Å. The observations were made in a region of enhanced network near disk center, where most spicules are longer and tilted further from the vertical than those in truly quiet Sun. Images were reregistered with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9. We identify the spicules as those elongated jets that radiate from elements of the magnetic network and are the main chromospheric features seen in the wing of Hα. Doppler images produced by red-blue subtraction show an upward radial velocity during the extension phase and a downward velocity during contraction for most spicules. Therefore, the spicules are truly moving up and down. There were a few plagelike cells filled with weak Hα emission, weak magnetic fields, and no spicules. We also found many multiple spicules. The data are presented with commentary on the accompanying videotape. <P />We analyzed the data to understand the spicule lifetimes and trajectories. We found that the entire set of wavelengths and Dopplergrams was required to separate overlapping spicules. Seventy-six of the 96 spicules studied appear in complete upward and downward trajectories The evidence on motions is not conclusive. Some proper motions are well represented by ballistic trajectories with initial injection velocity about 40 km s<SUP>-1</SUP> for highly inclined spicules. The small decelerations would require the spicules to be tilted typically 60°-70° from the line of sight. Since limb observations favor tilts around 30°, our observations must favor spicules tilted greatly from the radial, as one finds in these enhanced field regions. The positive correlation of lifetimes with projected lengths supports this model. However, the Dopplergrams show that the entire spicule rises and falls as a whole, which favors a fountain jet or some acceleration in the flux tube. The downward trajectory may be slightly offset toward the network center from the upward path. <P />Bright points often appear at the bases of spicules at Hα -0.65 Å, but during the peak extension or receding phase of the spicule rather than the beginning; therefore, the spicule is not a surgelike phenomenon (surges are usually initiated by Hα brightening or a subflare, invariably in a bipolar feature). Further, the magnetic elements, which match the Hα bright points exactly, show no change associated with the brightening. The geometry creates a problem for coronal heating models, as the spicule tops are at least 10" displaced from the bright-point bases, but no such offset appears in the K line, for example. There is some evidence that the spicule is generated several hundred kilometers above the photosphere.

Kafka's Way of Transcendence

Metaphysics is often a matter of ups and downs. Die Erste Philosophie, writes Hans-Georg Gadamer, namlich hat es mit den obersten Prinzipien der Dinge zu tun, mit dem, was allem Seienden ursprunglich zugrunde liegt (9). With regard to its metaphors, at least, metaphysics is a to these highest and lowest concerns of philosophy. This feature of philosophical rhetoric is prominent the work of Franz Kafka (cf. Corngold 104). Kafka uses the metaphor of the way to raise questions about philosophical method (cf. Neumann 470-72). This essay explores Kafka's use of the metaphor some short prose pieces, giving particular attention to the text which Max Brod entitled Von den Gleichnissen. The last quarter of the essay compares Kafka's metaphor of the way to related topoi developed by the Greek philosophers Heraclitus and Plato. The comparison serves to situate Kafka within an important tradition of philosophical prose.' In a series of meditations which Kafka collected on numbered notecards, this one comes first: Der wahre Weg geht uber ein Seil, das nicht der gespannt ist, sondern uber dem Es scheint mehr bestimmt stolpern zu machen, als begangen zu werden (H 30). 2 The aphorism, with its nicht/sondern construction, presents itself as contrary to common opinion. A declarative sentence followed by a pointed observation, it seems to offer the generally ignored, paradoxical truth about the true way. The true way criticized here is presumably a way of transcendence. Kafka's way is set against the backdrop of a traditionally straightforward and upward path of truth. Because a transcendent way is supposed to transcendere (to climb upward, over, and across), Kafka's formulation surprises us. The strangeness of the true way strikes us through an accumulation of unexpected contrasts, especially that between in der Hohe and knapp uber dem Boden. The way

Modified Soxhlet Extractor for Pedologic Studies

AbstractThe soxhlet apparatus has been used in the laboratory to stimulate geochemical weathering; however, the high extraction temperatures required in the soxhlet do not represent a realistic simulation of the weathering environment. A modified design of the original soxhlet did not eliminate the problems of extraction temperature or inaccurate volumes of solvent passing through the sample. These problems were solved by moving the extraction chamber away from the upward path of the refluxing solvent. Extraction temperature differences (approximately 52°C) were responsible for higher concentrations of leachate metal in the original soxhlet leachate when a minesoil sample was weathered. This modification permits exact volumes of solvent to be passed through the sample, as well as a reduction in extraction temperature that would allow study of the role of bacteria in the weathering process.

Simulation Model for Petroleum Exploration and Its Applications: ABSTRACT

A computerized simulation model was constructed to synthesize the processes of petroleum generation, migration, and accumulation under relatively simple conditions. The model successfully simulated petroleum accumulation in an existing anticlinal gas field, and was used to estimate the possibility of fault and stratigraphic entrapment nearby. A geologic cross section of the area is divided into a series of vertical columns that are sectioned into rectangular cells representing successive intervals of time and corresponding strata. Four geologic processes are sequentially performed on each cell or pair of adjacent cells. First, sediment is deposited in a cell with its original thickness restored by removing the effects of compaction (deposition). Then, for each time-stratigraphic unit, the compaction caused by increasing time and depth of burial is calculated; the system also estimates the amount of petroleum generated, assuming it to be a function of temperature (compaction and petroleum generation). Primary migration is assumed to occur when petroleum saturation of source beds exceeds the residual amount normally present n thermally mature shale. Secondary migration is assumed to result from buoyancy alone; any petroleum which exceeds the hydrostatic trapping capacity of the shale seal is either allowed to migrate into a cell located along some upward path or escape to the surface (petroleum migration). The model was applied to the anticlinal East Niigata field, Japan, using carefully selected input parameters. Results made it possible to estimate migration paths and timing of entrapment in each producing zone. The model may also be applied to exploration problems. For example, it was used to estimate the possibility of petroleum entrapment in strata near the East Niigata field. Results of this experiment show that the simulation method is potentially useful for estimating the possibility and places of entrapment, especially for stratigraphic traps. End_of_Article - Last_Page 964------------

探鉱のためのシミュレーションモデル 原理および東新潟地域への応用

A computerized simulation model was constructed to synthesize the processes of petroleum generation, migration and accumulation under relatively simple conditions. The model was successfully simulated accumulation in an existing anticlinal gas field, and was used to estimate the possibility of fault and stratigraphic entrapment nearby.The geological cross section of the area is divided into a series of vertical columns, which are sectioned into rectangular cells representing successive intervals of time, and the strata deposited therein. Four geological processes are sequentially performed on each cell or on each pair of adjacent cells. First, sediment is deposited in the cell, with its original thickness restored by removing the effects of Compaction (Deposition). Then for each time-stratigraphic unit, the system calculates the amount of compaction caused by increasing time and depth of burial; also the amount of petroleum generated, which is assumed to be a function of temperature (Compaction and Petroleum Generation). Primary migration is assumed to take place when the petroleum saturation of the shale source beds exceeds the residual amount normally present in thermally mature shale. Secondary migration is assumed to result from buoyancy alone; any petroleum which exceeds the hydrostatic trapping capacity of the shale seal migrates into a cell located along some upward path or escapes to the surface (Petroleum Migration).The model was applied to the anticlinal East Niigata Field, Japan, using carefully selected input parameters. Results from the model made it possible to estimate the migration paths and the timing of entrapment in each producing zone under the assumed conditions. The model may also be applied to exploration problems. It was used to estimate the possibility of petroleum entrapment in homoclinal strata near the East Niigata Field under several assumed geological situations. Results of this experiment show that the simulation method is potentially very useful for estimating the possibility and places of entrapment, especially for stratigraphic traps.

Simulation Model for Petroleum Exploration

A computerized simulation model was constructed to synthesize the processes of petroleum generation, migration, and accumulation under relatively simple conditions. The model successfully simulated accumulation in an existing anticlinal gas field, and was used to estimate the possibility of fault and stratigraphic entrapment nearby. The geologic cross section of the area is divided into a series of vertical columns, which are sectioned into rectangular cells representing successive intervals of time and the strata deposited therein. Four geologic processes are sequentially performed on each cell or on each pair of adjacent cells: (1) deposition, (2) compaction, (3) petroleum generation, and (4) petroleum migration. First, sediment is deposited in the cell, with its original thickness restored by removing the effects of compaction. Then for each time-stratigraphic unit, the system calculates the amount of compaction caused by increasing time and depth of burial, and also the amount of petroleum generated, which is assumed to be a function of temperature. Primary migration is assumed when the petroleum saturation o the shale source beds exceeds the residual amount normally in thermally mature shale. Secondary migration is assumed to result from buoyancy alone; any petroleum which exceeds the hydrostatic trapping capacity of the shale seal migrates into a cell located along some upward path or escapes to the surface. The model was applied to the anticlinal East Niigata field, Japan, using carefully selected input parameters. Results made it possible to estimate the migration paths and the timing of entrapment in each producing zone under the assumed conditions. The model may also be applied to exploration problems. It was used to estimate the possibility of petroleum entrapment in homoclinal strata near the East Niigata field under several assumed geologic situations. Results of this experiment show that the simulation method is potentially very useful for estimating the possibility and places of entrapment, especially for stratigraphic traps.

Effects of excess attenuation on echosonde measurements

Quantitative active acoustic remote sensing measurements of atmospheric properties are seriously affected by the excess attenuation due to turbulence. An earlier paper [E. H. Brown and S. F. Clifford, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 788–794 (1976)] studied excess attenuation on a one‐way, line‐of‐sight path. This paper considers a more complex problem: the effects of attenuation by turbulence in the paths to and from a volume of scatterers on the accuracy of echosonde measurements of the turbulence parameters within that volume. The study shows that, for typical atmospheric turbulence profiles, the excess attenuation contributed by beam broadening on an upward path beginning at the transmitting acoustic antenna is much greater than the excess attenuation suffered by the sound scattered back to the receiving antenna.

Positive Discrimination by Area in Education: the EPA idea re‐examined

The main concern of this paper is with the policy of positive discrimination by area in education, and with a re-examination of the educational priority idea (EPA). But I want to begin by placing this discussion firmly in the present context of cuts, and pessimism about the future prospects for education. For we cannot ignore these major problems and concentrate narrowly on small areas; nor in looking at national policies and priorities can we afford to neglect the local area level. It is here that the effects of such national policies are played out. Faced with cuts in educational expenditure it is reasonable that those in education should protest and fight back vigorously, particularly where what is being cut has for long been an established part of the system not some new and expensive addition. The danger is that we adopt an essentially defensive position hanging on grimly to what we have got and waiting for better times, while everybody else does the same. This would be fine, if there were strong and positive reasons to hand for educational advance and expansion, and if the present cuts were merely a temporary check on an otherwise onward and upward path. But the squeeze could not have come at a worse time for education. Many of the arguments that fuelled educational expansion in the previous decade have been seriously challenged, and the breaches not repaired. Yet we continue to use these same arguments as if nothing had happened. In that sense we have lost our way, and need to retrace our steps and study the map again. It is far from clear that 'the great debate' on education and its outcome have provided the necessary chart for navigation. To mount an effective campaign for education requires not only resistance to cuts, but positive arguments about priorities, where expenditure should be increased and services extended. We need arguments powerful enough to take on the critics of educational expansion, and challenge the crude but increasingly dominant economic theory that tends to write off public expenditure, including that on education, as a drain on resources that could otherwise be turned to more productive use, or places excessive emphasis on the link between education and the workplace, and the role of education in industrial regeneration. Arguments about priorities are the best form of defence against cuts. Merely to reassert the importance of the educational system and educational expenditure in a technological society is likely to have a declining impact. Recent performance has not matched up to expectations. Nor is the formal educational system any longer automatically central to these developments. We may well see more of the apparently paradoxical cases, where the Manpower Services Commission recruits unemployed school teachers, whom the schools cannot afford to take on, and uses them, for example, to carry out educational research in primary schools [I].

Remote acoustical sensing of ocean parameters

We have conducted some measurements preliminary to the possible establishment of an environmental acoustic array off California. Some simultaneous two-way transmissions with sources and receivers at approximately 1 km depth and separated by 25 km will be discussed. For this geometry there exist essentially an upward path and a downward path; each has only a single turning point. At frequencies below a cycle per day we hope to use the array in a deterministic mode to study the drift of mesoscale eddies and intrusive features. At higher frequencies we expect to obtain information about the statistical properties of internal waves. Some preliminary results will be given.

Mathematics of the Pop Charts

We distinguish between a level on a sequence of charts (e.g. top level or 5th level) and a place on a single chart (e.g. 5th place on the 22nd week). A song occupies a place by halting there prior to a continued rise or fall of its path, or by stopping there if that place is at the highest level attained. A song which passes to a level higher (or lower) than level p without halting there bye-passes level p. The upward path of a song terminates at the first stopping place and the downward path commences at the last stopping place. Note : Level No. 1 is the lowest level and level P is the uppermost one. This is contrary to popular usage but makes the mathematics more conventional.

Plato's Unhypothetical Principle

Plato's Unhypothetical Principle LYNN E. ROSE T~is PAP2R SUGO~STSa new interpretation of the unhypothetical first principle that Plato briefly mentions in the Republic. The interpretation will be supported by a preliminary examination of Plato's conception of the role of hypotheses in dialectic. As the following passages indicate, one of the reasons for distinguishing mathematicians from dialecticians is that they have different attitudes toward hypotheses and consequently use them in different ways: Those who are concerned with geometry and calculation and such matters hypothesize the odd and the even and the figures and three kinds of angles and other things related to these in each enquiry; taking these as known, they make them their hypotheses,zand do not expect to give any account of them either to themselves or to others, in that they are manifest to all. They start from these, go through the rest, and conclude consistently regarding that which they started out to investigate.2 The objects of dialectic . . . reason itself grasps by the power of dialectic, and it makes the hypotheses not starting points (hpx&~),but literally hypotheses (r~ 5pT~bwoS~), like steps (~t~a~tr) and starting-points (Sp~hr), so that, going up as far as the unhypotheticaJ (ro~hvm-o0~rou)to the starting-point of all (hpx~)v),it may grasp it, and, by again holding on to the things which depend on this, so descend to a conclusion (r~X~-~)~).a Both bpgil and apx/7 have been translated as "starting-point," but they are not starting-points in the same sense. The dialectician here begins by taking questioned hypotheses as starting-points (bpghs) and gives an account of each by deducing it from some further hypothesis or hypotheses. Then, if one of these latter hypotheses is questioned, he can continue in the same manner, always deducing the questioned hypothesis from other hypotheses, until finally he comes to base his argument on the unhypothetical principle. This unhypothetical is a starting-point (hpx~) in another sense: it is to be introduced as an ultimate premise from which we are to deduce some conclusion (reXevriT), usually a hypothesis which had been questioned but is now seen to follow from the unhypothetical principle. The auwbO~rov is presumably not the only hpxiT, since any hypothesis which remains unchallenged and undemonstrated and which is used in an argument is an ~px/1 or starting-point of that argument. It will be convenient to refer to the following diagram, in which I have indicated what it might be like to backtrack along the upward path via the denial of hypotheses . Suppose that the philosopher or dialectician wishes to establish the conclusion , T. He will show the interlocutor or student that T follows from the three 1For a summary of the various views which have been held about the sort of mathematical hypotheses Plato is referring to, see Richard Robinson, Plato's Earlier Dialectic (2nd ed.; Oxford: 1953), pp. 103-105. 2Republic, 510c2-d3. *Republic, 511b4-8. [189] 190 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY A ~ H7 H5 H6 H~ H 3 T T -- that which is to be shown (r~,~) H. -~ various hypotheses ( ~ ) A -- the unhypothetical (&v~r~rov) Each arrow represents a single argument; the head points to the conclusion, and a branch of the tail comesfrom each premise. hypotheses, H~, H~, and H~. If the interlocutor accepts these three hypotheses without question, the matter is settled, and T is accepted. In such an argument H1, H~, and H~would be apxaL or ultimate starting-points. But the interlocutor may either question or else deny one or more of the three hypotheses. Suppose he questions or denies H~. Then the dialectician must select one or more "higher" hypotheses -suppose he selects He--from which he must deduce the questioned hypothesis, H~. Again, the student may either accept or question H4. If He is questioned, it must then be deduced from still higher hypotheses (such as H6 and H6). This backtracking continues until the student has either accepted all the hypotheses upon which the now-expanded argument depends or else has been shown that the questioned hypotheses follow from the unhypothetical starting-point A. Thus, he might question H5...

Canada in a Changing World

NEARLY ceptions of the world and of Canada's place in it and of the capacity of Canada's political leaders to cope with it has made it evident to all shades of informed opinion that the world outside Canada's borders has been changing rapidly; and that some drastic rethinking of all major aspects of Canadian policy, domestic as well as international, is required if Canada is to emerge from the disheartening economic and political stagnation of the past five years and regain the upward path of prosperity and growth. There is no more important subject to discuss in Canada at the present time than the place of the country in a changing world. The swift march of events, especially the devaluation and the austerity crisis, has already overtaken the arguments which I expressed in a series of lectures delivered in Ottawa in February, 1962 ;x and I should like to present them in a more currently relevant form.

The Curious Case of Professor Godbole: A Passage to India Re-Examined

Although many critics of E. M. Forster's A Passage to India have mentioned that Professor Godbole, the Hindu educator, behaves somewhat queerly during the course of the novel, no one, so far as I can discover, since the book's publication in 1924 has seemed to have any serious doubt that Godbole is a man of genuine goodwill or that he is the source of much that is good. This conventional attitude has been expanded upon within recent years by several critics who have put Godbole forward as Forster's primary spokesman for cosmic and divine truth. Forster's point, they claim, is that Hinduism is closer to this truth than any other religion; the author is using Godbole to make this revelation known. To James McConkey, one of the proponents of the Godbolean viewpoint, “the full measure of the success” of Forster's Indian novel “suggests that Forster has finally come to terms with himself and his universe.” These terms are imparted through Godbole “the only person in all the novels who becomes the character-equivalent of the Forsterian voice.” Godbole's position is “one of detachment from human reality and from the physical world, a detachment obtained by as complete a denial of individual consciousness as is possible, that denial and remove bringing with them a sense of love and an awareness of unity.” Hindu metaphysics “bears a number of definite relationships to the stabilized Forsterian philosophical position.” It is Godbole who is “the one most responsible for whatever sense of hope is granted” in the last section of the novel. The “way of Godbole is the only possible way: love, even though to exist it must maintain a detachment from the physical world and human relationships, offers the single upward path from the land of sterility and echoing evil.” To Hugh Maclean, another Godbolean adherent, Mrs. Moore, the elderly Englishwoman, finds completeness only after death through the intercession of Godbole; the latter “excludes nothing” from his spiritual life, and because of this he “will be able [ultimately] to encompass everything.” It is only Godbole whose mind has seized on the order of the universe. Forster is advocating above everything else that people should become like Godbole, one who is able to accomplish the “absorption of the self within a transcendental frame of reference.”

PHENOMENES ANORMAUX EN SISMIQUE REFLEXION*

AbstractAbnormal phenomenons such as refractions and diffractions are more readily seen on cross‐sections produced in magnetic processing offices than on single records. The result is that the understanding of these phenomenons intervenes more and more in the interpretation of the data.Our purpose is to proceed here to a restatement of the geometric properties related to these phenomenons and to make an attempt to distinguish between what is useful for the interpretation and what is not.To begin with we shall call our attention on diffractions and refractions over faults permitting to recognize the faults or to precise them, then on diffractions caused by irregularities of the surface forming the common boundary of heterogeneous media (more or less deep erosion surface, basement rock, …). The following phenomenons are classified as parasites: refractions following very shallow horizons, mostly related to topographic accidents, diffractions on the upward path caused by shallow faults, diffractions in the horizontal plane, found either in marine seismic or in case of heterogeneities “wrapt up” inside of an homogeneous overthrust.

The Economics of Insanity

To read the business press you would think that the present state of the American economy is nothing to get excited about. Just a mild little recession, we are told, such as we have had three times since World War II; unless something unexpected happens, it should be all over some time next year and we'll be back on the onward and upward path. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Plato's Hypothesis and the Upward Path

Plato's Hypothesis and the Upward Path

MEASUREMENT OF WINDS AT ELEVATIONS OF 30 TO 80 KILOMETERS BY THE ROCKET-GRENADE EXPERIMENT

Abstract Thirty-two values of wind velocity between 30 and 80 kilometers have been obtained from six Aerobee rocket flights made at night at White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico (32°N), between July 1950 and November 1951. The average wind velocity in a horizontal layer at a particular altitude was determined from the effect of the wind on a sound wave traveling downward through the layer. The sources of the sound waves were grenades, ejected and exploded along the upward path of the rocket. The positions of the grenades, the travel times of the sound waves to a point of the ground almost directly underneath the grenades, and the angles of arrival of the waves at the ground are the data required for the calculations. The wind directions were found to be easterly in summer and westerly in autumn and winter. The wind speeds were a maximum at about 55 km, the largest measured speed having been 104 meters per second.

Book Review: V. Religion and Missions: The Upward Path

Book Review: V. Religion and Missions: The Upward Path

The Evolution of Empire

NO matter what may be the subject of investigation, the process of evolution always appears as a progressive movement from the simple to the complex, from homogeneity to heterogeneity. It is so in zoology when the simple self-contained cell by segmentation sets out on the upward path of organisation; it is so in sociology when the primitive homogeneous community through division of labour takes the first step in civilisation; it is so in art; it is so in letters; it is so in all the multifarious domains of human experience, and the evolution of empire forms no exception to the rule. In every case the method is the same. The course pursued is a zig-zag or spiral, which tends now towards difference and again towards agreement; there is a constant ringing of the changes between variation and integration, and the goal is ultimately reached under the simultaneous or alternate influence of the forces of separation and union.